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  1. Social position and fairness views
    Erschienen: March 2021
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    We link survey data containing Danish people’s perceptions of where they rank in various reference groups and fairness views with administrative records on their income history, life events, and reference groups. People know their income positions... mehr

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    We link survey data containing Danish people’s perceptions of where they rank in various reference groups and fairness views with administrative records on their income history, life events, and reference groups. People know their income positions well, but believe others are closer to themselves than they really are. The perceived fairness of inequalities is strongly related to current social position, moves with shocks to social position (e.g., unemployment or promotions), and changes when people are experimentally shown their actual positions. People view inequalities within education group and co-workers as most unfair, but underestimate inequality the most exactly within these reference groups.

     

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    hdl: 10419/235298
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 8928 (2021)
    Schlagworte: social position; fairness views; inequality; misperceptions; information experiment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 93 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Perceptions and preferences for redistribution
    Erschienen: 14 October 2021
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP16638
    Schlagworte: redistribution; Fairness; immigrants; mobility; survey; Experiments; beliefs
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 13 Seiten)
  3. Perceptions of Racial Gaps, their Causes, and Ways to Reduce Them
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Using new large-scale survey and experimental data, we investigate how respondents perceive racial inequities between Black and white Americans, what they believe causes them, and what interventions, if any, they think should be implemented to reduce... mehr

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    Using new large-scale survey and experimental data, we investigate how respondents perceive racial inequities between Black and white Americans, what they believe causes them, and what interventions, if any, they think should be implemented to reduce them. We intentionally oversample Black respondents, cover many cities in the US, and survey both adults and very young people aged 13 to 17. In the experimental parts, we consider the causal impact of information on racial inequities (such as the evolution of the Black-white earnings gap or the differences in mobility for Black and white children) and explanations for these inequities (i.e., the deep-seated roots and long-lasting consequences of systemic racism) on respondents' views. Although there is heterogeneity in how respondents perceive the magnitude of current racial gaps in economic conditions and opportunities, the biggest discrepancies are in how they explain them. There is a stark partisan gap among white respondents, particularly in the perceived causes of racial inequities and what should be done about them. White Democrats and Black respondents are much more likely to attribute racial inequities to adverse past and present circumstances and want to act on them with race-targeted and general redistribution policies. At the same time, white Republicans are more likely to attribute racial gaps to individual actions. These views are already deeply entrenched in teenagers based on their race and their parents' political affiliation. A policy decomposition shows that the perceived causes of racial inequities correlate most strongly with support for race-targeted or general redistribution policies, a finding confirmed by the experimental results

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29245
    Schlagworte: Ethnische Diskriminierung; Schwarze Menschen; Weiße; USA
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  4. The Effects of Taxes on Innovation
    Theory and Empirical Evidence
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Income taxes are typically set to raise revenues and redistribute income at the lowest possible efficiency costs, which result from the distortions in individual behaviors that taxes entail. Individuals can respond along many margins, such as labor... mehr

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    Income taxes are typically set to raise revenues and redistribute income at the lowest possible efficiency costs, which result from the distortions in individual behaviors that taxes entail. Individuals can respond along many margins, such as labor supply, tax avoidance and evasion, and geographic mobility. But one margin that taxes may affect -- innovation -- is less frequently considered. Conceptually, taxes reduce the expected net returns to innovation inputs and can reduce innovation. Much like other margins of responses to taxes, this efficiency cost must be taken into account. Innovation is done by a relatively small number of people, but it is nevertheless likely to have widespread benefits. While inventors may have divergent motivations, such as social recognition or the love of discovery, they also face an economic reality. How strongly innovation responds to taxes is an empirical question that has been the subject of a growing body of recent work. In this paper, I study how to account for innovation when setting personal income and capital taxation. I distinguish between two cases: one in which the government can set a differentiated tax on inventors and one in which the government is constrained to set the same tax on all agents. I provide a model that flexibly accounts for the spillovers generated by innovation and the non-pecuniary benefits inventors receive from innovation and derive tax formulas expressed in terms of estimable sufficient statistics. The second part of the paper discusses the empirical evidence on the effects of taxes on the quantity, quality, and location of innovation, as well as tax avoidance and income shifting done through innovation

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29359
    Schlagworte: Steuerpolitik; Innovation; Steuerwirkung
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  5. Perceptions and Preferences for Redistribution
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    The relationship between the degree of inequality and the demand for redistribution has been a central question in political science and political economy. The famous median-voter model predicts that higher inequality, reflected in a growing gap... mehr

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    The relationship between the degree of inequality and the demand for redistribution has been a central question in political science and political economy. The famous median-voter model predicts that higher inequality, reflected in a growing gap between the income of the average and the median voter, should lead to increased demand for redistribution, as policymakers cater to the median voter's preferences (Meltzer and Richard, 1981). Yet, using data from OECD countries, Kenworthy and McCall (2008) show that, despite increases in inequality in those countries, there was no corresponding increase in demand for redistribution. Part of the explanation of this puzzle lies in the realization that it is not only (or even mainly) reality, but perceptions that shape support for policy. This article will explore recent evidence using large-scale social economics surveys and experiments that sheds lights on beliefs about inequality, social mobility, diversity and immigration, social position, and understanding of how policies work

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29370
    Schlagworte: Einkommensverteilung; Umverteilung; Öffentliche Meinung; Medianwähler-Modell; Präferenztheorie; Sozialökonomik; Neue politische Ökonomie
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  6. The effects of taxes on innovation
    theory and empirical evidence
    Erschienen: 04 October 2021
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP16608
    Schlagworte: Innovation; Income taxation; Capital taxation; Spillovers; inventors
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten)
  7. Perceptions of racial gaps, their causes, and ways to reduce them
    Erschienen: 09 September 2021
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP16529
    Schlagworte: redistribution; survey; Perceptions; race; discrimination; Segregation; intergenerationalmobility; taxation; Online Experiment; Fairness
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 152 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Trust in scientists in times of pandemic
    panel evidence from 12 countries
    Erschienen: 03 October 2021
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP16600
    Schlagworte: Trust in scientists; Trust in the government; COVID-19; NPIs; compliance
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Clearing the bar
    improving tax compliance for small firms through target setting
    Erschienen: 28 August 2020
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP15215
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Understanding tax policy
    how do people reason
    Erschienen: 28 August 2020
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP15216
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 109 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Social position and fairness views
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  CEBI, Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen

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    hdl: 10419/258948
    Schriftenreihe: CEBI working paper series ; 21, 04
    Schlagworte: social position; fairness views; inequality; misperceptions; information experiment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 92 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. A Policy Matrix for Inclusive Prosperity
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    One of the biggest challenges that countries face today is the very unequal distributions of opportunities, resources, income and wealth across people. Inclusive prosperity - whereby many people from different backgrounds can benefit from economic... mehr

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    One of the biggest challenges that countries face today is the very unequal distributions of opportunities, resources, income and wealth across people. Inclusive prosperity - whereby many people from different backgrounds can benefit from economic growth, new technologies, and the fruits of globalization - remains elusive. To address these issues, societies face choices among many different policies and institutional arrangements to try to ensure a proper supply of productive jobs and activities, as well as access to education, financial means, and other endowments that prepare individuals for their participation in the economy. In this paper we offer a simple, organizing framework to think about policies for inclusive prosperity. We provide a comprehensive taxonomy of policies, distinguishing among the types of inequality they address and the stages of the economy where the intervention takes place. The taxonomy clarifies the differences among contending approaches to equity and inclusion and can help analysts assess the impacts and implications of different policies and identify potential gaps

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w28736
    Schlagworte: Inklusives Wachstum; Finanzielle Inklusion
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  13. Eliciting people's first-order concerns
    text analysis of open-ended survey questions
    Erschienen: 18 January 2022
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP16929
    Schlagworte: Befragung; Politische Einstellung; Erhebungstechnik; Surveys; open-ended questions; preferences; political economy; taxation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Inequalities in the times of a pandemic
    Erschienen: 04 January 2022
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP16856
    Schlagworte: COVID; policy; Inequality
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Understanding of trade
    Erschienen: 11 May 2022
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP17301
    Schlagworte: Amerikaner; Politische Einstellung; Freihandel; Außenwirtschaftspolitik; USA; Trade; Surveys; Perceptions; Experiment; trade policy; protectionism
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 102 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Understanding of Trade
    Erschienen: May 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    I study how people understand and reason about trade and which factors shape their views on trade policy. I design and run large-scale surveys and experiments in the U.S. to elicit respondents' knowledge and understanding of trade. I also ask about... mehr

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    I study how people understand and reason about trade and which factors shape their views on trade policy. I design and run large-scale surveys and experiments in the U.S. to elicit respondents' knowledge and understanding of trade. I also ask about their perceived economic gains and distributional impacts from trade and their views on trade restrictions and compensatory redistribution for those hurt by trade. People's understanding of the price, wage, and welfare effects of trade is mixed. In general, respondents are optimistic about the efficiency gains from trade, but also understand that there may be adverse distributional consequences from it. Respondents' own exposure to trade through their sector, occupation, skill, and local labor market shapes their perceptions of the impacts of trade on themselves, others, and on the broader U.S. economy. I also find patterns consistent with the idea of "diffuse gains and concentrated losses'': respondents' perceived benefits as consumers are nonsalient and unclear to them, while those in at-risk jobs starkly perceive the threats from trade. Beyond material self-interest, people have broader social and economic concerns that strongly influence their views on trade policy. The belief that is most predictive of support for open trade is that trade generates efficiency gains. Furthermore, people who believe that those hurt by trade can be helped using other tools (compensatory redistribution) do not oppose free trade, even if they think that it will entail adverse distributional consequences. The results highlight the importance of compensatory redistribution as an indissociable part of trade policy in people's minds

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30040
    Schlagworte: Amerikaner; Politische Einstellung; Freihandel; Außenwirtschaftspolitik; USA; Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior; Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making; Trade; Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  17. Fighting Climate Change
    International Attitudes Toward Climate Policies
    Erschienen: July 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Using new surveys on more than 40,000 respondents in twenty countries that account for 72% of global CO2 emissions, we study the understanding of and attitudes toward climate change and climate policies. We show that, across countries, support for... mehr

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    Using new surveys on more than 40,000 respondents in twenty countries that account for 72% of global CO2 emissions, we study the understanding of and attitudes toward climate change and climate policies. We show that, across countries, support for climate policies hinges on three key perceptions centered around the effectiveness of the policies in reducing emissions (effectiveness concerns), their distributional impacts on lower-income households (inequality concerns), and their impact on the respondents' household (self-interest). We show experimentally that information specifically ad-dressing these key concerns can substantially increase the support for climate policies in many countries. Explaining how policies work and who can benefit from them is critical to foster policy support, whereas simply informing people about the impacts of climate change is not effective. Furthermore, we identify several socioeconomic and lifestyle factors - most notably education, political leanings, and availability of public transportation - that are significantly correlated with both policy views and overall reasoning and beliefs about climate policies. However, it is difficult to predict beliefs or policy views based on these characteristics only

     

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  18. How to Run Surveys
    A Guide to Creating Your Own Identifying Variation and Revealing the Invisible
    Erschienen: September 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Surveys are an essential approach for eliciting otherwise invisible factors such as perceptions, knowledge and beliefs, attitudes, and reasoning. These factors are critical determinants of social, economic, and political outcomes. Surveys are not... mehr

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    Surveys are an essential approach for eliciting otherwise invisible factors such as perceptions, knowledge and beliefs, attitudes, and reasoning. These factors are critical determinants of social, economic, and political outcomes. Surveys are not merely a research tool. They are also not only a way of collecting data. Instead, they involve creating the process that will generate the data. This allows the researcher to create their own identifying and controlled variation. Thanks to the rise of mobile technologies and platforms, surveys offer valuable opportunities to study either broadly representative samples or focus on specific groups. This paper offers guidance on the complete survey process, from the design of the questions and experiments to the recruitment of respondents and the collection of data to the analysis of survey responses. It covers issues related to the sampling process, selection and attrition, attention and carelessness, survey question design and measurement, response biases, and survey experiments

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30527
    Schlagworte: Erhebungstechnik; Methodologie; Aktionsforschung; Datenerhebung; Feldforschung; Verhaltensökonomik; Micro-Based Behavioral Economics; General; General; General
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  19. DP17586 How to Run Surveys
    a guide to creating your own identifying variation and revealing the invisible
    Erschienen: 19 October 2022
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP17586
    Schlagworte: Surveys
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 103 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Fighting climate change
    international attitudes toward climate policies
    Erschienen: 24 October 2022
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP17602
    Schlagworte: Climate change; Climate policies; Carbon tax; Perceptions; Survey; Experiment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 153 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Taxation and migration
    evidence and policy implications
    Erschienen: 04 April 2019
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP13649
    Schlagworte: Arbeitsmigranten; Steuerpolitik; Europa; Dänemark; USA
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Taxation and innovation
    what do we know?
    Erschienen: 19 May 2020
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Title of paper
    diversity, immigration, and redistribution
    Erschienen: 26 December 2019
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP14254
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 9 Seiten)
  24. Wealth and Property Taxation in the United States
    Erschienen: March 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We study the history and geography of wealth accumulation in the US, using newly collected historical property tax records since the early 1800s. The US General Property Tax was a comprehensive tax on all types of property (real, personal, and... mehr

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    Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    We study the history and geography of wealth accumulation in the US, using newly collected historical property tax records since the early 1800s. The US General Property Tax was a comprehensive tax on all types of property (real, personal, and financial), making it one of the first "wealth taxes." Drawing on many historical records, we construct long-run, consistent, high-frequency wealth series at the county, state, and national levels. We first document the long-term evolution of household wealth in the US since the early 1800s. The US experienced extraordinary wealth accumulation after the Civil war and until the Great Depression. Second, we reveal that spatial inequality in the US has been large and highly persistent since the mid-1800s, driven mainly by Southern states, whose long-run divergence from the rest of the US predated the Civil War. Before the Civil war, enslaved people were assessed as personal property of the enslavers, representing almost one-half of total taxable property in Southern states. In addition to the moral and ethical issues involved, this system wrongly counted forced labor income as capital. The regional distribution of wealth and the effects of the Civil war appear very different if enslaved people are not included in the property measure. Third, we investigate the determinants of long-term wealth growth and capital accumulation. Among others, we find that counties with a higher share of enslaved property before the Civil War or higher levels of wealth inequality experienced lower subsequent long-run growth in property

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Format: Online
    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w31080
    Schlagworte: Vermögen; Eigentum; Vermögensverteilung; Vermögensteuer; Grundsteuer; Räumliche Verteilung; USA; Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth; Environmental Accounts; General; State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue; Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination; U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913; Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  25. Inequalities in the Times of a Pandemic
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This paper summarizes the research on some of the major inequalities that have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic across OECD countries. It reviews findings related to inequalities across the income distribution, sectors and regions, gender,... mehr

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    Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    This paper summarizes the research on some of the major inequalities that have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic across OECD countries. It reviews findings related to inequalities across the income distribution, sectors and regions, gender, and inequalities in education inputs for children from different socioeconomic backgrounds

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29657
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Einkommensverteilung; Branchenentwicklung; Gleichberechtigung; Bildungschancen; Bibliometrie; OECD-Staaten
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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