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  1. What do we learn about the Swacch Bharat Mission from the NFHS-5 fact sheets?
    Autor*in: Spears, Dean; Franz, Nathan; Coffey, Diane
    Erschienen: January 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    How much did rural sanitation in India change under the five years of the Swacch Bharat Mission? The best nationally representative statistics on sanitation in India have long come from the Demographic and Health Surveys, known as the National Family... mehr

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    How much did rural sanitation in India change under the five years of the Swacch Bharat Mission? The best nationally representative statistics on sanitation in India have long come from the Demographic and Health Surveys, known as the National Family and Health Surveys in India. The fifth round, conducted in 2019 and 2020, was interrupted by the pandemic, but limited summary statistics have been released for some states. Here we analyze these statistics. We conclude that about half of the rural population in the four large Indian states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh continued to defecate in the open at the end of the Swacch Bharat Mission.

     
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    hdl: 10419/243458
    Schriftenreihe: IZA policy paper ; no. 172
    Schlagworte: India; sanitation; open defecation; Swacch Bharat Mission; SBM; NFHS
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 9 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Foundations of utilitarianism under risk and variable population
    Autor*in: Spears, Dean; Zuber, Stéphane
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne, Paris

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    Schriftenreihe: Documents de travail du Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne ; 2021, 17
    Schlagworte: Social risk; population ethics; utilitarianism; expected critical-level generalized utilitarianism; prioritarianism
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten)
  3. Foundations of utilitarianism under risk and variable population
    Autor*in: Spears, Dean; Zuber, Stéphane
    Erschienen: June 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Utilitarianism is the most prominent family of social welfare functions. We present three new axiomatic characterizations of utilitarian (that is, additively separable) social welfare functions in a setting where there is risk over both population... mehr

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    Utilitarianism is the most prominent family of social welfare functions. We present three new axiomatic characterizations of utilitarian (that is, additively separable) social welfare functions in a setting where there is risk over both population size and the welfares of individuals. First, we show that, given uncontroversial basic axioms, Blackorby et al.'s (1998) Expected Critical-Level Generalized Utilitarianism (ECLGU) is equivalent to a new axiom holding that it is better to allocate higher utility-conditional-on-existence to possible people who have a higher probability of existence. The other two novel characterizations extend classic axiomatizations of utilitarianism from settings with either social risk or variable-population, considered alone. By considering both social risk and variable population together, we clarify the fundamental normative considerations underlying utilitarian policy evaluation.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245566
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14515
    Schlagworte: social risk; population ethics; utilitarianism; expected critical-level generalized utilitarianism; prioritarianism
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. How likely is it that courts will select the US President?
    the probability of narrow, reversible election results in the Electoral College versus a national popular vote
    Autor*in: Geruso, Michael; Spears, Dean
    Erschienen: October 2020
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 27993
    Schlagworte: Präsidentschaftswahl; Wahlsystem; Gerichtsbarkeit; USA
    Umfang: 25 Seiten, Illustrationen
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  5. The asymmetry of population ethics
    experimental social choice and dual-process moral reasoning
    Autor*in: Spears, Dean
    Erschienen: August 2019
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Population ethics is widely considered to be exceptionally important and exceptionally difficult. One key source of difficulty is the conflict between certain moral intuitions and analytical results identifying requirements for rational (in the sense... mehr

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    Population ethics is widely considered to be exceptionally important and exceptionally difficult. One key source of difficulty is the conflict between certain moral intuitions and analytical results identifying requirements for rational (in the sense of complete and transitive) social choice over possible populations. One prominent such intuition is the Asymmetry, which jointly proposes that the fact that a possible child's quality of life would be bad is a normative reason not to create the child, but the fact that a child's quality of life would be good is not a reason to create the child. This paper reports a set of questionnaire experiments about the Asymmetry in the spirit of economists' empirical social choice. Few survey respondents show support for the Asymmetry; instead respondents report that expectations of a good quality of life are relevant. Each experiment shows evidence (among at least some participants) of dual-process moral reasoning, in which cognitive reflection is statistically associated with reporting expected good quality of life to be normatively relevant. The paper discusses possible implications of these results for the economics of population-sensitive social welfare and for the conflict between moral mathematics and population intuition.

     
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    hdl: 10419/207363
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12537
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Those who can't sort, steal
    caste, occupational mobility, and rent-seeking in rural India
    Autor*in: Lawson, Nicholas; Spears, Dean
    Erschienen: August 2019
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Three important features of Indian labor markets enduringly coexist: rent-seeking, occupational immobility, and caste. These facts are puzzling, given theories that predict static, equilibrium social inequality without conflict. Our model explains... mehr

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    Three important features of Indian labor markets enduringly coexist: rent-seeking, occupational immobility, and caste. These facts are puzzling, given theories that predict static, equilibrium social inequality without conflict. Our model explains these facts as an equilibrium outcome. Some people switch caste-associated occupations for an easier source of rents, rather than for productivity. This undermines trust between castes and shuts down occupational mobility, which further encourages rent-seeking due to an inability of workers to sort into occupations. We motivate our contribution with novel stylized facts exploiting a unique survey question on casteism in India, which we show is associated with rent-seeking.

     
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    hdl: 10419/207364
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12538
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Why variable-population social orderings cannot escape the repugnant conclusion
    proofs and implications
    Autor*in: Spears, Dean; Budolfson, Mark
    Erschienen: October 2019
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The population literature in theoretical economics has long focused on attempts to avoid the repugnant conclusion. We advance the literature by proving that no social ordering in population economics can escape the repugnant conclusion in all... mehr

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    The population literature in theoretical economics has long focused on attempts to avoid the repugnant conclusion. We advance the literature by proving that no social ordering in population economics can escape the repugnant conclusion in all instances. As we show, prior results depend on a formal definition of the repugnant conclusion that artificially excludes some repugnant cases. In particular, the literature traditionally formalizes the repugnant conclusion to exclude cases that include an unaffected subpopulation. We relax this normatively irrelevant exclusion, and others. We prove that any candidate social ordering that satisfies either a basic axiom of Aggregation or Non-Aggregation implies some instance of the repugnant conclusion. Therefore, the repugnant conclusion provides no methodological guidance for theory or policymaking, because it cannot discriminate among candidate social orderings. This result is of practical importance because evaluation of important climate or development policies depends on comparing social welfare across populations of differing sizes.

     
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    hdl: 10419/207492
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12668
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten)
  8. Inversions in US Presidential elections
    1836-2016
    Autor*in: Geruso, Michael; Spears, Dean; Talesara, Ishaana
    Erschienen: September 2019
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 26247
    Schlagworte: Präsidentschaftswahl; Geschichte; USA
    Umfang: 51 Seiten, Illustrationen
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  9. Neonatal death in India
    birth order in a context of maternal undernutrition
    Autor*in: Coffey, Diane; Spears, Dean
    Erschienen: April 2019
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We document a novel fact about neonatal death, or death in the first month of life. Globally, neonatal mortality is disproportionately concentrated in India. We identify a large effect of birth order on neonatal mortality that is unique to India:... mehr

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    We document a novel fact about neonatal death, or death in the first month of life. Globally, neonatal mortality is disproportionately concentrated in India. We identify a large effect of birth order on neonatal mortality that is unique to India: later-born siblings have a steep survival advantage relative to the birth order gradient in other developing countries. We show that India's high prevalence of maternal undernutrition and its correlation with age and childbearing can explain this pattern. We find that Indian mothers exit the underweight body mass range at an internationally comparatively high rate as they progress through childbearing careers.

     
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    hdl: 10419/196786
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12288
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 77 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Birth order, fertility, and child height in India and Africa
    Autor*in: Spears, Dean; Coffey, Diane; Behrman, Jere R.
    Erschienen: April 2019
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The poor state of child health in India has generated a number of puzzles that have received attention in the literature. A recent focus on birth order has produced contradictory results. Coffey and Spears (2019) document an early-life survival... mehr

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    The poor state of child health in India has generated a number of puzzles that have received attention in the literature. A recent focus on birth order has produced contradictory results. Coffey and Spears (2019) document an early-life survival advantage in India accruing to later birth orders, which they interpret as the result of a pattern of improving maternal nutrition over mothers' childbearing careers. In apparent contrast, Jayachandran and Pande (2017) show, using the same set of demographic surveys, a disadvantage in child height for later birth orders in India relative to Africa's birth order gradient. They interpret this pattern as discrimination against later birth-order children in India. This paper resolves the apparent contradiction, showing how differing correlations between sibsize (a child's number of siblings) and household wellbeing can account for the empirical findings of both studies: A mother having higher fertility, rather than lower, implies more socioeconomic disadvantage within India than within Africa. Accounting for sibsize reverses the apparent Indian laterborn disadvantage in child height, reversing the interpretation of Jayachandran and Pande. In short, a child's sibsize (or, equivalently, its mother's fertility) is an omitted variable in Jayachandran and Pande's analysis of birth order effects. Resolving these puzzles is critical for human development policy to combat the enduring challenges of disproportionately high rates of stunting and neonatal death in India, where one-fifth of global births occur.

     
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    hdl: 10419/196787
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12289
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 73 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Willingness to sacrifice for climate mitigation in representative samples of Indian adults
    Autor*in: Spears, Dean; Hathi, Payal; Coffey, Diane
    Erschienen: April 2019
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Under the Paris Agreement, each country submits national pledges that reflect common but differentiated responsibility. Policy-makers therefore need to understand the mitigation policy interests of domestic populations, especially in developing... mehr

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    Under the Paris Agreement, each country submits national pledges that reflect common but differentiated responsibility. Policy-makers therefore need to understand the mitigation policy interests of domestic populations, especially in developing countries where survey data are relatively scarce. Here we describe results from a new survey-experiment that is representative of adults in the Indian state of Rajasthan and city of Mumbai: most respondents report willingness to sacrifice to achieve climate mitigation.

     
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    hdl: 10419/206963
    Schriftenreihe: IZA policy paper ; no. 147
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Utilitarianism is implied by social and individual dominance
    Autor*in: Gustafsson, Johan; Spears, Dean; Zuber, Stéphane
    Erschienen: October 2023
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The expectation of a sum of utilities is a core criterion for evaluating policies and social welfare under variable population and social risk. Our contribution is to show that a previously unrecognized combination of weak assumptions yields general... mehr

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    The expectation of a sum of utilities is a core criterion for evaluating policies and social welfare under variable population and social risk. Our contribution is to show that a previously unrecognized combination of weak assumptions yields general versions of this criterion, both in fixed-population and in variable-population settings. We show that two dimensions of weak dominance (over risk and individuals) characterize a social welfare function with two dimensions of additive separability. So social expected utility emerges merely from social statewise dominance (given other axioms). Moreover, additive utilitarianism, in the variable-population setting, arises from a new, weak form of individual stochastic dominance with two attractive properties: It only applies to lives certain to exist (so it does not compare life against non-existence), and it avoids prominent egalitarian objections to utilitarianism by only applying if certain correlations are preserved. Our result provides a foundation for evaluating climate change, growth, and depopulation.

     
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    hdl: 10419/282688
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16561
    Schlagworte: social risk; variable population; utilitarianism
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten)
  13. Heat, humidity, and infant mortality in the developing world
    Autor*in: Geruso, Michael; Spears, Dean
    Erschienen: July 2018
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn, Germany

    We study how extreme weather exposure impacts infant survival in the developing world. Our analysis overcomes the absence of vital registration systems in many poor countries by extracting birth histories from household surveys. Studying 53... mehr

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    We study how extreme weather exposure impacts infant survival in the developing world. Our analysis overcomes the absence of vital registration systems in many poor countries by extracting birth histories from household surveys. Studying 53 developing countries that span five continents, we find impacts of hot days on infant morality that are an order of magnitude larger than corresponding estimates from rich country studies, with humidity playing an important role. The size and implied geographic distribution of harms documented here have the potential to significantly alter assessments of optimal climate policy.

     
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    hdl: 10419/185177
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 11717
    Schlagworte: Kindersterblichkeit; Wetter; Klima; Entwicklungsländer
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Heat, humidity, and infant mortality in the developing world
    Autor*in: Geruso, Michael; Spears, Dean
    Erschienen: July 2018
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 24870
    Schlagworte: Kindersterblichkeit; Wetter; Klima; Entwicklungsländer
    Umfang: 30 Seiten, Illustrationen
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  15. Changes in open defecation in rural North India: 2014-2018
    Autor*in: Gupta, Aashish; Khalid, Nazar; Desphande, Devashish; Hathi, Payal; Kapur, Avani; Srivastav, Nikhil; Vyas, Sangita; Spears, Dean; Coffey, Diane
    Erschienen: January 2019
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn, Germany

    Since October 2014, the Government of India has worked towards a goal of eliminating open defecation by 2019 through the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM). In June 2014, we reported the results of a survey of rural sanitation behaviour in north India.... mehr

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    Since October 2014, the Government of India has worked towards a goal of eliminating open defecation by 2019 through the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM). In June 2014, we reported the results of a survey of rural sanitation behaviour in north India. Here, we report results from a late 2018 survey that revisited households from the 2014 survey in four states: Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. Although rural latrine ownership increased considerably over this period, open defecation remains very common in these four states. There is substantial heterogeneity across states in what the SBM did and how. Many survey respondents report that the SBM attempted to coerce latrine construction, including by withholding or threatening to withhold government benefits. ST and SC households were especially likely to face coercion. Variation in SBM coercion is correlated with variation in sanitation outcomes: in villages where more people report coercive SBM activities, more people also reported switching to latrine use. These outcomes suggest the need for transparent, fact-based public dialogue about the SBM: its costs and benefits, its accomplishments and means.

     
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    hdl: 10419/193359
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12065
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Bounded rationality as deliberation costs
    theory and evidence from a pricing field experiment in India
    Autor*in: Spears, Dean
    Erschienen: 2009
    Verlag:  Center for Economic Policy Studies, Princeton, NJ

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    Schriftenreihe: CEPS working paper ; 195
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (44 S.), graph. Darst.
  17. Who is the identifiable victim?
    caste interacts with sympathy in India
    Autor*in: Deshpande, Ashwini; Spears, Dean
    Erschienen: 2012
    Verlag:  CDE, New Delhi

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Centre for Development Economics, Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics ; 211
    Schlagworte: Soziale Norm; Soziales Verhalten; Soziale Gruppe; Experiment; Indien
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (25 S.)
  18. Village sanitation and children's human capital
    evidence from a randomized experiment by the Maharashtra government
    Autor*in: Hammer, Jeffrey S.; Spears, Dean
    Erschienen: 2013
    Verlag:  World Bank, Sustainable Development Network, Water and Sanitation Program, Washington, DC

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    Schriftenreihe: Policy research working paper ; 6580
    Schlagworte: Kanalisation; Biologische Daten; Humankapital; Gesundheit; Ernährung; Feldforschung; Indien
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (40 S.), graph. Darst.
  19. Effects of early-life exposure to sanitation on childhood cognitive skills
    evidence from India's total sanitation campaign
    Autor*in: Spears, Dean; Lamba, Sneha
    Erschienen: 2013
    Verlag:  World Bank, Sustainable Development Network, Water and Sanitation Program Unit, Washington, DC

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    Schriftenreihe: Policy research working paper ; 6659
    Schlagworte: Kanalisation; Kinder; Gesundheit; Kognition; Humankapital; Indien
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (47 S.), graph. Darst.
  20. What doesn't kill you makes you poorer
    adult wages and the early-life disease environment in India
    Autor*in: Lawson, Nicholas; Spears, Dean
    Erschienen: 2014
    Verlag:  World Bank, Water Global Practice Group, Washington, DC

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    Schriftenreihe: Policy research working paper ; 7121
    Schlagworte: Kanalisation; Krankheit; Gesundheitsvorsorge; Lohn; Indien
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (43 S.), graph. Darst.
  21. How much international variation in child height can sanitation explain?
    Autor*in: Spears, Dean
    Erschienen: 2013
    Verlag:  World Bank, Sustainable Development Network, Water and Sanitation Program, Washington, DC

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Weitere Identifier:
    Schriftenreihe: Policy research working paper ; 6351
    Schlagworte: Kinder; Biologische Daten; Kanalisation; Entwicklungsländer
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 53 S., 3,85 MB), graph. Darst.
  22. Economic decision-making in poverty depletes behavioral control
    Autor*in: Spears, Dean
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Center for Economic Policy Studies, Princeton, NJ

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    Format: Online
    Schriftenreihe: CEPS working paper ; 213
    Schlagworte: Armut; Verhalten; Kognition; Zeitverwendung; Experiment; Amerika; Indien
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (40 S.), Ill., graph. Darst.
  23. Utilitarianism is implied by social and individual dominance
    Autor*in: Gustafsson, Johan; Spears, Dean; Zuber, Stéphane
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne, Paris

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    Schriftenreihe: Documents de travail du Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne ; 2023, 16
    Schlagworte: Social risk; variable population; utilitarianism
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten)
  24. Sanitation, disease externalities, and anemia
    evidence from Nepal
    Autor*in: Coffey, Diane; Geruso, Michael; Spears, Dean
    Erschienen: December 2016
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

    Standort:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Druck
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 22940
    Schlagworte: Kanalisation; Externer Effekt; Kinder; Krankheit; Nepal
    Umfang: 47 Seiten, Illustrationen
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  25. Neighborhood sanitation and infant mortality
    Autor*in: Geruso, Michael; Spears, Dean
    Erschienen: 2015

    Standort:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 21184
    Schlagworte: Kanalisation; Kindersterblichkeit; Indien
    Umfang: 53 S., graph. Darst.
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    Parallel als Online-Ausg. erschienen