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  1. Inequality in Mortality between Black and White Americans by Age, Place, and Cause, and in Comparison to Europe, 1990-2018

    Although there is a large gap between Black and White American life expectancies, the gap fell 48.9% between 1990-2018, mainly due to mortality declines among Black Americans. We examine age-specific mortality trends and racial gaps in life... mehr

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    Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) / Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universitätsbibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Although there is a large gap between Black and White American life expectancies, the gap fell 48.9% between 1990-2018, mainly due to mortality declines among Black Americans. We examine age-specific mortality trends and racial gaps in life expectancy in rich and poor U.S. areas and with reference to six European countries Inequalities in life expectancy are starker in the U.S. than in Europe. In 1990 White Americans and Europeans in rich areas had similar overall life expectancy, while life expectancy for White Americans in poor areas was lower. But since then even rich White Americans have lost ground relative to Europeans. Meanwhile, the gap in life expectancy between Black Americans and Europeans decreased by 8.3% Black life expectancy increased more than White life expectancy in all U.S. areas, but improvements in poorer areas had the greatest impact on the racial life expectancy gap. The causes that contributed the most to Black mortality reductions included: Cancer, homicide, HIV, and causes originating in the fetal or infant period Life expectancy for both Black and White Americans plateaued or slightly declined after 2012, but this stalling was most evident among Black Americans even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. If improvements had continued at the 1990-2012 rate, the racial gap in life expectancy would have closed by 2036. European life expectancy also stalled after 2014. Still, the comparison with Europe suggests that mortality rates of both Black and White Americans could fall much further across all ages and in both rich and poor areas

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29203
    Schlagworte: Sterblichkeit; Schwarze Menschen; Weiße; Vergleich; USA; Europa
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  2. Inequality in mortality between black and white Americans by age, place, and cause, and in comparison to Europe, 1990-2018

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    LZ 161
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    Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim
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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP16589
    Schlagworte: Life expectancy; racial disparity; area-level socioeconomic status; international comparison;
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Inequality in mortality between Black and White Americans by age, place, and cause, and in comparison to Europe, 1990-2018

    Although there is a large gap between Black and White American life expectancies, the gap fell 48.9% between 1990-2018, mainly due to mortality declines among Black Americans. We examine age-specific mortality trends and racial gaps in life... mehr

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    DS 4
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    Although there is a large gap between Black and White American life expectancies, the gap fell 48.9% between 1990-2018, mainly due to mortality declines among Black Americans. We examine age-specific mortality trends and racial gaps in life expectancy in rich and poor U.S. areas and with reference to six European countries. Inequalities in life expectancy are starker in the U.S. than in Europe. In 1990 White Americans and Europeans in rich areas had similar overall life expectancy, while life expectancy for White Americans in poor areas was lower. But since then even rich White Americans have lost ground relative to Europeans. Meanwhile, the gap in life expectancy between Black Americans and Europeans decreased by 8.3%. Black life expectancy increased more than White life expectancy in all U.S. areas, but improvements in poorer areas had the greatest impact on the racial life expectancy gap. The causes that contributed the most to Black mortality reductions included: Cancer, homicide, HIV, and causes originating in the fetal or infant period. Life expectancy for both Black and White Americans plateaued or slightly declined after 2012, but this stalling was most evident among Black Americans even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. If improvements had continued at the 1990-2012 rate, the racial gap in life expectancy would have closed by 2036. European life expectancy also stalled after 2014. Still, the comparison with Europe suggests that mortality rates of both Black and White Americans could fall much further across all ages and in both rich and poor areas. Significance Statement From 1990-2018, the Black-White life expectancy gap fell 48.9% though progress stalled after 2012 as life expectancy plateaued or declined. If improvements had continued at the 1990-2012 rate, the racial gap in life expectancy would have closed by 2036. Black life expectancy in 1990 started below European or White American levels but grew at a faster rate: the gap between Europeans and Black Americans decreased by 8.3% between 1990-2018. In 1990 White Americans and Europeans in rich areas had similar life expectancy, while White Americans in poor areas had lower life expectancy than poor Europeans. But all White Americans have lost ground relative to Europeans. Current incomebased life expectancy gaps are starker in the U.S. than in comparable European countries.

     

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    hdl: 10419/245796
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14745
    Schlagworte: life expectancy; racial disparity; area-level socioeconomic status; international comparison
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Long-term care in the Netherlands
    Erschienen: November 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We describe the financing and use of long-term care in the Netherlands. Public long-term care insurance is universal and comprehensive; user fees are low compared to other countries. We use linked survey and administrative data to document the... mehr

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    Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) / Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universitätsbibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    We describe the financing and use of long-term care in the Netherlands. Public long-term care insurance is universal and comprehensive; user fees are low compared to other countries. We use linked survey and administrative data to document the distribution of the need for long-term care in the 65+ population, long-term care costs and how they are paid for. The findings reveal that no other country spends more per capita on publicly financed formal care than The Netherlands. A potential reason is that the threshold to receive formal care appears to be lower in the Netherlands than in other countries. Still, a considerable share of the adult population provides informal care. Caregiving is concentrated in specific demographic groups. The costs of informal care provision are considerable, but as a share of total spending on long term care they are smaller than in most developed countries. Adding the costs of informal care to formal care expenditures changes the view on who bears the costs of long-term care

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w31823
    Schlagworte: Häusliche Pflege; Pflegeversicherung; Niederlande; General; Health Insurance, Public and Private; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers

  5. On decomposing the causes of health sector inequalities with an application to malnutrition inequalities in Vietnam
    Erschienen: 2001
    Verlag:  World Bank, Development Research Group, Public Services for Human Development [u.a.], Washington, DC

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 480 (2714)
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    Schriftenreihe: Policy research working paper ; 2714
    Schlagworte: Gesundheitswesen; Kinder; Ernährung; Vietnam
    Umfang: 19 S
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  6. Paying for health care
    quantifying fairness, catastrophe, and impoverishment, with applications to Vietnam, 1993 - 98
    Erschienen: 2001
    Verlag:  World Bank, Development Research Group, Public Services for Human Development, Washington, DC

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 480 (2715)
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    Schriftenreihe: Policy research working paper ; 2715
    Schlagworte: Gesundheitsfinanzierung; Gesundheitskosten; Vietnam
    Umfang: 48 S, graph. Darst
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  7. Cut-point shift and index shift in self-reported health
    Erschienen: 2003

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 899 (2003.042)
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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 2003-042
    Schlagworte: Gesundheit; Meinungsforschung; Befragung; Kanada
    Umfang: 24 S
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  8. De veredeling van lasten en baten van gezondheidszorg over inkomensgroep en

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    C 178368
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    Sprache: Niederländisch
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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 90,2
    Schlagworte: Gesundheitskosten; Einkommensverteilung; Niederlande
    Umfang: 81 S. : graph. Darst
  9. Every crisis has a silver lining?
    unravelling the pro-cyclical pattern of health inequalities by income
    Erschienen: [2018]
    Verlag:  Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    It is well known that income and health are positively associated. Much less is known about the strength of this association in times of growth and recession. We develop a novel decomposition method that focuses on isolating the roles played by... mehr

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    DS 432 (2018,66)
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    It is well known that income and health are positively associated. Much less is known about the strength of this association in times of growth and recession. We develop a novel decomposition method that focuses on isolating the roles played by government transfers versus market transfers on changes in income-related health inequality (IRHI) in Europe. Using the European Union Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) panel data for 7 EU countries from 2004 to 2013, we decompose the changes in IRHI while focusing on possible effects of the 2008 financial crisis. We find that such inequalities rise in good economic times and fall in bad economic times. This pattern can largely be explained by the relative stickiness of old age pension benefits compared to the market incomes of younger groups. Austerity measures are associated with a weakening of the IRHI reducing effect of government transfers.

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/185585
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; TI 2018, 066
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Better off at home?
    effects of a nursing home admission on costs, hospitalizations and survival
    Erschienen: [2018]
    Verlag:  Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Aging-in-place policies substitute home care for nursing home admissions (NHA). They appear to be a win-win by keeping public spending in check and being in line with personal preferences, but have hitherto not been evaluated. We study the impact of... mehr

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    DS 432 (2018,60)
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    Aging-in-place policies substitute home care for nursing home admissions (NHA). They appear to be a win-win by keeping public spending in check and being in line with personal preferences, but have hitherto not been evaluated. We study the impact of NHA eligibility using Dutch administrative data and exploiting variation between randomly assigned assessors in their tendency to grant admission. The impact on mortality is zero, but with considerable effect heterogeneity. Moreover, aging-in-place policies come at the cost of increased curative care, especially hospital admissions, and do not reduce total healthcare spending, suggesting they may not be a win-win after all.

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/185579
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; TI 2018, 060
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. The kids are alright - labour market effects of unexpected parental hospitalisations in the Netherlands
    Erschienen: [2018]
    Verlag:  Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Unexpected negative health shocks of a parent may reduce adult children's labour supply via informal caregiving and stress-induced mental health problems. We link administrative data on labour market outcomes, hospitalisations and family relations... mehr

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    DS 432 (2018,49)
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    Unexpected negative health shocks of a parent may reduce adult children's labour supply via informal caregiving and stress-induced mental health problems. We link administrative data on labour market outcomes, hospitalisations and family relations for the full Dutch working age population for the years 1999-2008 to evaluate the effect of an unexpected parental hospitalisation on the probability of employment and on conditional earnings. Using a difference-in-differences model combined with coarsened exact matching and individual fixed effects, we find no effect of an unexpected parental hospitalisation on either employment or earnings for Dutch men and women, and neither for the full population nor for subpopulations most likely to become caregivers. These findings suggest that the extensive public cover-age of formal long-term care in the Netherlands provides sufficient opportunities to deal with adverse health events of family members without having to compromise one's labour supply.

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/185568
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; TI 2018, 049
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Health effects of caring for and about parents and spouses
    Erschienen: [2018]
    Verlag:  Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Informal caregiving is a potentially attractive alternative to formal care but may entail health costs for the caregiver. We examine the mental and physical health impact of providing informal care and disentangle the caregiving effect - the effect... mehr

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    DS 432 (2018,50)
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    Informal caregiving is a potentially attractive alternative to formal care but may entail health costs for the caregiver. We examine the mental and physical health impact of providing informal care and disentangle the caregiving effect - the effect of caring for someone in need - from the family effect - the effect of caring about someone in need. We account for potential endogeneity in the caregiving decision and control for previous health status using Arellano-Bond difference GMM models. We use four waves (2010-2013) of panel data from the Dutch Study on Transitions in Employment, Ability and Motivation (STREAM). We find that caregiving harms the mental health of caregivers; this effect is mainly present for spousal caregivers. A negative health shock of a family member also has a direct negative effect on mental health, providing evidence of a family effect. These findings imply that most studies may have overestimated the negative health effects of caregiving by not accounting adequately for the family effect. As the caregiving effect differs strongly between various types of caregivers, policies to counteract this effect should specifically target subgroups of caregivers that carry the largest burden of informal caregiving.

     

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    hdl: 10419/185569
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; TI 2018, 050
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten)
  13. Equal long-term care for equal needs with universal and comprehensive coverage?
    an assessment using Dutch administrative data
    Erschienen: [2018]
    Verlag:  Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    The Netherlands is one of the few countries that offer generous universal coverage of long-term care (LTC). Does this ensure that the Dutch elderly with similar care needs receive similar LTC, irrespective of their income? In contrast with previous... mehr

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    DS 432 (2018,98)
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    The Netherlands is one of the few countries that offer generous universal coverage of long-term care (LTC). Does this ensure that the Dutch elderly with similar care needs receive similar LTC, irrespective of their income? In contrast with previous studies of inequity in care use that relied on a statistically derived variable of needs, our paper exploits a readily available, administrative measure of LTC needs, stemming from the eligibility assessment organized by the Dutch LTC assessment agency. Using exhaustive administrative register data on 616,934 individuals aged 60 and older eligible for public LTC, we find a substantial pro-poor concentration of LTC use that is only partially explained by poorer individuals' greater needs. Among those eligible for institutional care, higher-income individuals are more likely to use - less costly - home care. This pattern may be explained by differences in preferences, but also by their higher copayments for nursing homes and by greater feasibility of home-based LTC arrangements for richer elderly. At face value, our findings suggest that the Dutch LTC insurance "overshoots" its target to ensure that LTC is accessible to poorer elderly. Yet, the implications depend on the origins of the difference and one's normative stance.

     

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    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/205287
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; TI 2018, 098
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Does price competition damage healthcare quality?
    Erschienen: [2018]
    Verlag:  Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    One of the reasons why regulators are hesitant about permitting price competition in healthcare markets is that it may damage quality when information is poor. Evidence on whether this fear is well-founded is scarce. We provide evidence using a... mehr

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    DS 432 (2018,40)
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    One of the reasons why regulators are hesitant about permitting price competition in healthcare markets is that it may damage quality when information is poor. Evidence on whether this fear is well-founded is scarce. We provide evidence using a reform that permitted Dutch health insurers and hospitals to freely negotiate prices for elective procedures. Unlike previous research that has relied on indicators of the quality of urgent treatments, we take advantage of the plausible absence of selection bias in our setting to identify the effect on quality of non-acute hip replacements. Using administrative data on all admissions to Dutch hospitals, we find no evidence that increased exposure to price competition reduces quality measured by readmission rates, despite the lack of publicly available information on this outcome. In fact, there is evidence of a temporary, positive impact on quality. Our estimated null effect over the full post-liberalization period is robust.

     

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    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/185559
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; TI 2018, 040
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Growing richer and taller
    explaining change in the distribution of child nutritional status during Vietnam's economic boom

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 899 (2007.008)
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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 2007,008
    Schlagworte: Unterernährung; Gesundheit; Einkommensverteilung; Wirtschaftswachstum; Dekompositionsverfahren; Regressionsanalyse; Vietnam
    Umfang: [37] S., graph. Darst.
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  16. The health penalty of China's rapid urbanization

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 899 (2009.016)
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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 2009,016
    Schlagworte: Agglomerationseffekt; Gesundheit; Soziale Kosten; China
    Umfang: 39 S.
  17. Are urban children really healthier?
    evidence from 47 developing countries

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 899 (2007.035)
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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 2007,035
    Schlagworte: Kinder; Gesundheit; Stadt; Ernährung; Kindersterblichkeit; Entwicklungsländer
    Umfang: 43 S., graph. Darst.
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  18. Measurement of horizontal inequity in health care utilisation using European panel data

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 899 (2007.059)
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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 2007,059
    Schlagworte: Soziale Ungleichheit; Gesundheitsversorgung; Messung; Panel; EU-Staaten
    Umfang: 28 S., graph. Darst.
  19. What explains the rural-urban gap in the infant mortality
    household or community characteristics

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 899 (2007.067)
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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 2007,067
    Schlagworte: Kindersterblichkeit; Räumliche Verteilung; Dekompositionsverfahren; Subsahara-Afrika
    Umfang: 44 S., Kt.
  20. Health, financial incentives and retirement in Spain

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 899 (2008,093)
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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 2008,093
    Schlagworte: Ältere Arbeitskräfte; Altersgrenze; Entscheidung unter Unsicherheit; Gesundheit; Schock; Vergleich; Anreiz; Gesetzliche Rentenversicherung; Spanien
    Umfang: 44 S., graph. Darst.
  21. Can subjective survival expectations explain retirement behaviour?

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    W 1612 (188)
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    Schriftenreihe: DNB working papers ; 188
    Schlagworte: Sterblichkeit; Altersgrenze; Entscheidung unter Unsicherheit; Intertemporale Entscheidung; Ältere Arbeitskräfte; England
    Umfang: 32 S.
  22. Long run returns to education
    does schooling lead to an extended old age?

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 899 (2009.037)
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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 2009,037
    Schlagworte: Bildungsertrag; Sterblichkeit; Kausalanalyse; Niederlande
    Umfang: 32 S., graph. Darst.
  23. Measurement of inequity in health care with heterogeneous response of use to need

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    DS 432 (2011,155)
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/87522
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 2011,155
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (33 S.)
  24. Rising inequalities in income and health in China
    who is left behind?

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/87351
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 2012,091
    Schlagworte: Wirtschaftswachstum; Einkommensverteilung; Soziale Mobilität; Soziale Ungleichheit; China
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (35 S.), graph. Darst.
  25. The wear and tear on health
    what is the role of occupation?

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/87432
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 2013,143
    Schlagworte: Berufsgruppe; Gesundheitsrisiko; Panel; Deutschland
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (25 S.), graph. Darst.