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  1. The use of space syntax in urban transport analysis
    limits and potentials
    Autor*in: Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes; Holanda, Frederico Rosa Borges de; Medeiros, Valério Augusto Soares de; Barros, Ana Paula
    Erschienen: January 2015
    Verlag:  Ipea, Institute for Applied Economic Research, Brasília, DF, Brazil

    This paper explores the potentials of applying Space Syntax methodology to analyze the effects of urban configuration on cities' transport performance. The empirical analysis takes as a case study the Federal District (Brazil) and its 19... mehr

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    This paper explores the potentials of applying Space Syntax methodology to analyze the effects of urban configuration on cities' transport performance. The empirical analysis takes as a case study the Federal District (Brazil) and its 19 administrative regions considering its urban road system. Based on Simple Linear Regressions, the paper analyzes the effects that urban configuration with different integration degrees have on the average time spent in car trips. Integration measures are calculated using traditional configurational variables as well as topo-geometric variables. The results indicate that traditional topological measures are of little use in studies on the effects of road configuration on urban transportation performance. In addition, topo-geometric measures have shown much better results. Finally, preliminary findings suggest that more integrated and compact road systems (in topological and geometrical terms) tend to provide an urban configuration more efficient for the performance of urban motorized transportation.

     
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    hdl: 10419/220276
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / IPEA ; 188 (January 2015)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Quantifying urban centrality
    a simple index proposal and international comparison
    Autor*in: Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes; Nadalin, Vanessa Gapriotti; Monasteiro, Leonardo; Albuquerque, Pedro H.
    Erschienen: January 2015
    Verlag:  Ipea, Institute for Applied Economic Research, Brasília, DF, Brazil

    This study introduces a new measure of urban centrality. It identifies distinct urban structures from different spatial patterns of jobs and resident population. The proposed urban centrality index constitutes an extension of the spatial separation... mehr

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    This study introduces a new measure of urban centrality. It identifies distinct urban structures from different spatial patterns of jobs and resident population. The proposed urban centrality index constitutes an extension of the spatial separation index (MIDELFART-KNARVIK et al., 2000). It is suggested that urban structure should be more accurately analyzed by considering a centrality scale (varying from extreme monocentricity to extreme polycentricity) rather than a binary variable (monocentric or polycentric). The proposed index controls for differences in size and shape of the geographic areas for which data is available, and can be calculated using different variables, such as employment and population densities and trip generation rates. The properties of the index are illustrated in simulated artificial data sets. Simulation results for hypothesized urban forms are compared to other similar measures proposed by previous literature. The index is then applied to the urban structure of four different metropolitan areas: Pittsburgh and Los Angeles in the United States; São Paulo, Brazil; and Paris, France, The index is compared to other traditional spatial agglomeration measures, such as global and local Moran's I, and density gradient estimations.

     
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    hdl: 10419/220277
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / IPEA ; 189 (January 2015)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Commute time in Brazil (1992-2009)
    differences between metropolitan areas, by income levels and gender
    Autor*in: Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes; Schwanen, Tim
    Erschienen: January 2015
    Verlag:  Ipea, Institute for Applied Economic Research, Brasília, DF, Brazil

    This study analyzes trends in average commute times in Brazil between 1992 and 2009. It distinguishes between the nine largest metropolitan areas plus the Federal District of Brasília and describes how differences among these areas vary according to... mehr

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    This study analyzes trends in average commute times in Brazil between 1992 and 2009. It distinguishes between the nine largest metropolitan areas plus the Federal District of Brasília and describes how differences among these areas vary according to income levels and gender. This paper is based on the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), a source of data hitherto little used for transportation studies in Brazil. PNAD data is not conceived strictly for transport planning but is the only large-scale survey in Brazil with annual information since 1992 on commute time at national and subnational levels (states and metropolitan areas). Five main findings are stressed. First, travel to work trips tend to be 31% longer in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, the two largest metropolitan areas (MAs) in the country, than the in the other MAs. Second, workers in the poorest population segment (1st income decile) spend on average 20% more time on commuting than the wealthiest decile; 19% of the former make home-towork trips longer than 1 hour against only 11% in the wealthiest group. Third, this gap in commute time between rich and poor is spatially contingent; it is large in Belo Horizonte, Curitiba and Federal District but almost nonexistent in Salvador, Recife,Fortaleza and Belem. Fourth, the data reveal worsening conditions for urban transport since 1992 as reflected in longer average commuting times. However, these worsening conditions have been more pronounced in the 1st income decile and especially the 7th-10th deciles. As a result, the overall differences across income groups have actually weakened during the period 1992-2009. Finally, the gender gap in average commutingtimes has been reduced considerably over the period considered with only small gaps remaining in the extreme income groups. The present study highlights that trends in average commute times in emerging economies, such as Brazil, need not follow the same trajectories as in the Global North. It also shows the importance of not focusing on national trends only; this will obscure important differences between urbanregions. From a policy perspective, the paper shows the usefulness of the PNAD data for monitoring urban mobility conditions in Brazilian major MAs. Yearly variations in commuting time can among others be used to assess the effects of mass transport investments on urban transport conditions.

     
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    hdl: 10419/220280
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / IPEA ; 192 (January 2015)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. The effects of income and fare variation on the demand for bus transit services in Brazil
    Autor*in: Carvalho, Carlos Henrique Ribeiro de; Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes
    Erschienen: January 2015
    Verlag:  Ipea, Institute for Applied Economic Research, Brasília, DF, Brazil

    The public policies on mass transit and other economic policies have been unable to avoid increasing mass transit costs and urban bus fares, which places a burden on a majority of the population depending on public transit. This study analyzes the... mehr

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    The public policies on mass transit and other economic policies have been unable to avoid increasing mass transit costs and urban bus fares, which places a burden on a majority of the population depending on public transit. This study analyzes the variations in urban bus fares and households income, as well as their effects on the demand of paying commuters in 9 large Brazilian cities between 1995 and 2008. The study shows that a gap between the rise of urban bus fares and the population’s income led to a decrease of more than 30% of the paying demand between 1995 and 2003. According to the price elasticity estimated in this study, the demand for bus services has exhibited elastic behavior since 2001. Since then, the gradual increase observed in population income seems to buffer against the persistent fare increases. The recovery of the average household per capita income since then seems to support a reversal of downward trends in the number of paying passengers and an increase access to public bus services. The number of paying passengers increased about 9.5% between 2003 and 2008.The evolution of the sector's main costs complement the study, permitting an analysis of the many factors that have caused the continuous increases of bus fares in metropolitan Brazil during this period. The study concludes highlighting some public policies that could provide a better economic environment for the provision of efficient and affordable transit services.

     
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    hdl: 10419/220275
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / IPEA ; 187 (January 2015)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Impactos da expansão do metrô de Fortaleza sobre o acesso a oportunidades de emprego, saúde e educação
    Autor*in: Braga, Carlos Kauê Vieira; Tomasiello, Diego Bogado; Herszenhut, Daniel; Oliveira, João Lucas Albuquerque; Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes
    Erschienen: maio de 2022
    Verlag:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília

    This study presents the results of an ex-ante assessment of the accessibility and equity impacts of a subway expansion in Fortaleza (Brazil). We analyze how the number of jobs, health facilities, and schools accessible by public transportation is... mehr

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    This study presents the results of an ex-ante assessment of the accessibility and equity impacts of a subway expansion in Fortaleza (Brazil). We analyze how the number of jobs, health facilities, and schools accessible by public transportation is expected to change with the implementation of a new subway line (Linha Leste) and the other changes planned in the Sustainable Accessibility Plan of Fortaleza (Pasfor). Our results indicate that investments in the rail system alone could increase the number of jobs, schools, and health services accessible by public transport by an average of 3.1% to 5.6%. However, the planned reduction of services in the bus network is expected to undermine the potential positive impact that would be obtained with the subway investments alone. With these service cuts, it is estimated that the number of opportunities accessible by public transport could drop by -7.4% to -8.1% on average compared to the 2019 baseline. As a rule, these accessibility reductions will be greater in middle- and low-income neighborhoods, indicating that the planned interventions on Fortaleza's public transportation network will have a regressive impact, increasing inequality of access to opportunities. The study brings important lessons about how transportation infrastructure expansion projects need to be planned in a coordinated manner with the day-to-day operation of public transportation systems to leverage the accessibility benefits of urban transportation policies.

     
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    hdl: 10419/265287
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2767
    Schlagworte: public transport; accessibility; Fortaleza; impact assessment; transport inequalities; transport policy; equity
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Tendências e desigualdades da mobilidade urbana no Brasil II
    características e padrões de consumo da mobilidade por aplicativo
    Autor*in: Warwar, Lucas; Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes
    Erschienen: julho de 2022
    Verlag:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    Ride-hailing services from companies such as Uber, DiDi and 99 have significantly changed travel behavior in cities across the globe. Despite the common presence of these services in Brazilian cities, there is still little information about who are... mehr

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    Ride-hailing services from companies such as Uber, DiDi and 99 have significantly changed travel behavior in cities across the globe. Despite the common presence of these services in Brazilian cities, there is still little information about who are the users of these services in the country, their sociodemographic characteristics and consumption patterns. This paper presents the first national study on how the use of ride-hailing in Brazil vary by income, race, sex, and age, and highlights spatial differences across metropolitan regions and between central and peripheral urban areas. This study is based on the 2017-2018 Consumer Expenditure Survey carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), a data source hitherto little used for transportation studies in Brazil. The use of ride-hailing in Brazil is still limited to a small portion of the population. In 2018, only 3,1% of the population above fifteen years old used these services, making an average of 8 trips per month at the average cost of R$ 22,50 per trip. The results show that the use of ride-hailing in the country is socially and spatially concentrated. The adoption of these services is significantly higher among the population with higher incomes, the young (between 15 and 34 years old), women and the white population. Moreover, approximately 60% of all ride-hailing users in Brazil are concentrated in one of the ten largest metropolitan areas in the country, although adoption rates and average trip frequencies and costs vary considerably across these areas. Finally, we find that the adoption of ride-hailing is higher among the population living in higher density neighborhoods and in large urban centers, with significantly lower adoption in urban peripheral areas and in the countryside. These findings show how the potential benefits of ride-hailing are not evenly distributed, and raise important questions for future policy and research on the effects these services might have for urban mobility patterns.

     
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    hdl: 10419/269150
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2781
    Schlagworte: urban mobility; ride-hailing; mobility as a service; Uber; Brazil
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Distribuição espacial de características sociodemográficas e localização de empregos e serviços públicos das vinte maiores cidades do Brasil
    Autor*in: Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes; Herszenhut, Daniel; Braga, Carlos Kauê Vieira; Bazzo, João Pedro; Oliveira, João Lucas Albuquerque; Parga, João Pedro Figueira Amorim; Saraiva, Marcus; Silva, Luiz Pedro; Tomasiello, Diego Bogado; Warwar, Lucas
    Erschienen: junho de 2022
    Verlag:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília

    The development of several policies and research projects rely on data on the population socioeconomic characteristics and on the spatial distribution of economic activities and public services. Nonetheless, these data in Brazil are often difficult... mehr

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    The development of several policies and research projects rely on data on the population socioeconomic characteristics and on the spatial distribution of economic activities and public services. Nonetheless, these data in Brazil are often difficult to access, require large computational power to process or come in different spatial resolutions. This study introduces the sociodemographic and landuse data set created in the Access to Opportunities Project, and describes in detail the methods used to create it. This data set consists in a hexagonal grid of high spatial resolution (area 0.11 km2) that aggregates information on the spatial distribution of the population (by age, sex, income and race), jobs and public services including schools (early childhood, primary and high school), public health services (low, medium and high complexity medical care) and referral centers for social assistance services. This edition of the data set covers the twenty largest cities in Brazil. The data is made publicly available by Ipea through the Access to Opportunities Project website and through the R package aopdata. We hope this work will help researchers and policy makers to more easily access high-quality data and use it in the decision-making processes involved in research and policy planning.

     
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    hdl: 10419/265294
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2772
    Schlagworte: population data; employment data; healthcare; schools; social assistance; public services; cities; Brazil
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Forma urbana e mobilidade sustentável
    evidências de cidades brasileiras
    Autor*in: Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes; Parga, João Pedro Figueira Amorim; Saraiva, Marcus; Bazzo, João Pedro; Tomasiello, Diego Bogado; Silva, Luiz Pedro; Nadalin, Vanessa Gapriotti; Barbosa, Rogério Jerônimo
    Erschienen: outubro de 2022
    Verlag:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    The spatial organization of cities has important implications for sustainable urban development. Several studies have analyzed how urban form characteristics can have different environmental impacts by influencing more or less sustainable mobility... mehr

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    The spatial organization of cities has important implications for sustainable urban development. Several studies have analyzed how urban form characteristics can have different environmental impacts by influencing more or less sustainable mobility patterns. However, most of these studies present empirical analysis without considering a theoretical understanding regarding the causal paths between urban form and mobility patterns. Moreover, this literature focuses mostly on cities in the Global North, and there is much less evidence about the relationship between urban form and sustainable mobility in the Global South and particularly in Brazil. In this study, we examine the extent to which the urban form of Brazilian cities impacts their urban mobility energy consumption. First, we present a descriptive analysis of how urban areas in Brazil have developed spatially between 1990 and 2015. Next, we use regression models to analyze the extent to which the amount of energy per capita used in private motorized transport in the 182 largest urban areas in Brazil are affected by different characteristics of urban form (population density, land use mix, compacity, contiguity, as well as the intersection density, closeness centrality and circutity of road networks). The regression models are built based upon a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) that we propose to map the causal paths between urban form and transport energy use based on an extensive literature review. We found that there was a general increase in population density in all cities between 1990 and 2015. However, medium-size cities became more sprawled and fragmented while large cities became slightly more compact and contiguous. Our regression results show that higher levels of land use mix, population density and compacity lead to lower transport energy use. Moreover, the effect of compacity varies by population size in a way that higher compacity levels lead to higher energy consumption in large cities, possibly reflecting diseconomies of agglomeration. These findings have broader implications that show the need for more integrated local land use and transport policies in shaping less car-dependent cities and more sustainable mobility patterns.

     
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    hdl: 10419/284859
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2802
    Schlagworte: urban form; sustainable mobility; transport energy; Brazil
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Estimativas de acessibilidade a empregos e serviços públicos via transporte ativo, público e privado nas vinte maiores cidades do Brasil no período 2017-2019
    Autor*in: Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes; Braga, Carlos Kauê Vieira; Herszenhut, Daniel; Saraiva, Marcus; Tomasiello, Diego Bogado
    Erschienen: setembro de 2022
    Verlag:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília

    One of the main goals of transportation policies is to improve the people's access to employment opportunities, public services, and amenities. For this reason, an increasing number of transportation and funding agencies have sought to incorporate... mehr

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    One of the main goals of transportation policies is to improve the people's access to employment opportunities, public services, and amenities. For this reason, an increasing number of transportation and funding agencies have sought to incorporate accessibility studies in the planning and assessment of their transportation policies and infrastructure investments. However, there is still very limited data on urban accessibility in Brazil due to computational and methodological challenges. This study presents a comprehensive database with urban accessibility estimates created by the Access to Opportunities Project (Projeto Acesso a Oportunidades), and introduce the methods used in its development. The database consists of a spatial grid of hexagons of high spatial resolution that aggregates estimates of accessibility to jobs (low-, medium- and high-qualification) and public services, such as schools (early childhood, primary and high school), health facilities (hospital and ambulatory services of low, medium and high complexity) and reference centers for social assistance (Cras). These estimates are calculated using different accessibility indicators by transport mode (walking, cycling, public transport, and car), for different times of the day (peak and off-peak) and for different population groups according to income levels, race, gender, and age. In this edition, the database brings information for the period from 2017 to 2019 based on a single consistent methodology for the twenty largest cities in Brazil. This database is made publicly available by the Ipea through the website of the Access to Opportunities Project and through the R package aopdata. We hope this work will allow researchers and policy makers to use urban accessibility estimates to inform research as well as the planning and evaluation of public policies.

     
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    hdl: 10419/284858
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2800
    Schlagworte: urban accessibility; urban transport; public transport; walking; bicycle; automobile; jobs; health; education; social assistance; public services; cities; Brazil
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Programa minha casa minha vida
    avaliações de aderência ao déficit habitacional e de acesso a oportunidades urbanas
    Autor*in: Krause, Cleandro; Nadalin, Vanessa Gapriotti; Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes; Simões, Pedro Reis
    Erschienen: junho de 2023
    Verlag:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    This article is a contribution of the Institute for Applied Economic Research (Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - Ipea) to the evaluation of the My House My Life Program (Minha Casa Minha Vida - PMCMV) carried out within the scope of the... mehr

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    This article is a contribution of the Institute for Applied Economic Research (Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - Ipea) to the evaluation of the My House My Life Program (Minha Casa Minha Vida - PMCMV) carried out within the scope of the Public Policy Monitoring and Evaluation Council Conselho de Monitoramento e Avaliação de Políticas Públicas (Conselho de Monitoramento e Avaliação de Políticas Públicas - CMAP) of the Brazilian Federal Government. The relevance of PMCMV for recent housing provision in Brazil, as well as for the economic dynamism of the real estate sector, is undeniable. However, doubts remained about the focus of the program, in its range aimed at lower-income families, operated by the Residential Lease Fund (Fundo de Arrendamento Residencial - FAR). This question refers to the inclusion of borrowers who, in their previous housing situation, would (or would not) be part of the contingent of families in housing deficit. In addition, the provision of the program has been criticised due to the predominance of housing estates in peripheral locations, far from jobs and urban equipment. This evaluation sought to bring answers to both questions. In the twenty most populous municipalities in the country, the existence of a previous housing deficit of program borrowers was calculated, using data of the Registry of Social Programs (Cadastro Único de Programas Sociais - CadÚnico). In the same sample of municipalities, indicators of accessibility to jobs and basic health and education services, reachable from each of the PMCMV/FAR projects, were measured through the use of Ipea's Access to Opportunities project platform. The results allow measuring the adherence of the program to the housing deficit, finding that around 31% of borrowers would be in a situation of housing deficit in their previous home. The incidence of housing deficit was 43% higher among PMCMV/FAR borrowers than among families that did not benefit from the program. This finding may reveal that, in general, there was a good focus on the beneficiaries, although there is room for improvement. Regarding access to opportunities, the main results point out that, in almost all the cities that were analyzed, the values shown by the PMCMV/FAR projects were worse when compared to the average accessibility of people who live in slums or in low-income households (up to 1 minimum wage per capita). Although these differences are also present in access to schools and health services, the worst results are shown in the dimension of access to jobs. It is suggested that opportunities for improvement would be, either in greater integration between housing and transport policies, or in public policies that mitigate spatial segregation, through the use of better located land in these large cities, to the provision of housing developments of social interest. Such an option could include vacant land plots owned by the Federal Union.

     
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    hdl: 10419/285010
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2888
    Schlagworte: Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida; housing deficit; access to oportunities; urban mobility; urban insertion; Cadastro Único
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. A distribuição de profissionais técnico-científicos pelo território Brasileiro em 2000 e 2010
    Autor*in: Maciente, Aguinaldo Nogueira; Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes; Nascimento, Paulo A. Meyer M.
    Erschienen: 2014
    Verlag:  IPEA, Brasília, DF

    This article describes the distribution of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) graduates in Brazil according to meso-regions of the 2000 and 2010 population censuses. Changes in the geographic distribution of these professionals... mehr

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    This article describes the distribution of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) graduates in Brazil according to meso-regions of the 2000 and 2010 population censuses. Changes in the geographic distribution of these professionals over this period are presented, as well as the regions of the country that have a higher concentration of these professionals. Results show that STEM graduates became increasingly concentrated in high-income meso-regions of the South and Southeast in and in the metropolitan regions of the Northeast and North. These professionals show a greater tendency to work as formal-market employees and employer entrepreneurs, relative to other higher-education professionals, who are more likely to work in the informal market or work as non-employing small entrepreneurs. Construction, mining and information-technology industries have the highest percentages of STEM workers among higher-education personnel, and are also the industries in which these workers are more likely to work in typical STEM field occupations.

     
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    hdl: 10419/121607
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 1927
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (31 S.), graph. Darst., Kt.
    Bemerkung(en):

    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  12. Rediscutindo a delimitação das regiões metropolitanas no Brasil
    um exercício a partir dos critérios da década de 1970
    Autor*in: Branco, Maria Luisa G. Castello; Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes; Nadalin, Vanessa Gapriotti
    Erschienen: 2013
    Verlag:  IPEA, Brasília, DF

    Since the National Constitution of 1988, state governments are responsible for defining their own metropolitan areas in Brazil. However, the criteria for boundaries delimitation are not clearly defined as a rule. As a consequence, it is not possible... mehr

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    Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Bibliothek
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    Since the National Constitution of 1988, state governments are responsible for defining their own metropolitan areas in Brazil. However, the criteria for boundaries delimitation are not clearly defined as a rule. As a consequence, it is not possible to weigh the pros and cons of the employed methodologies. Furthermore, comparative analysis on the performance of social and economic indicators in these metropolitan areas can be compromised as result of using multiple methodologies for defining territorial limits. The discussion of this issue could not be more timely, as the National Congress is currently debating a bill (aka Statute of the Metropolis) that proposes one single method for defining national metropolitan areas and its boundaries. To contribute to this debate, we estimate in this paper the metropolitan areas Brazil would have in 2010 by applying to the whole country the same criteria and following one single method. For this purpose, we have adopted the same method and criteria originally used for the definition of the first metropolitan areas of the country in the 1970’s, with minor adjustments. The obtained results are then compared with the official metropolitan areas showing rather different figures. Compared with official areas, our estimates show a metropolitan Brazil i) comprising a smaller number of metropolitan areas; ii) covering about half the number of municipalities; iii) with stronger commuting ties; iv) occupying a land area about three times more compact and dense; and yet v) with minor differences in terms of population size and GDP.

     
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    hdl: 10419/91377
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 1860
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (45 S.), graph. Darst., Kt.
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  13. Tempo de deslocamento casa-trabalho no Brasil (1992 - 2009)
    diferenças entre regiões metropolitanas, níveis de renda e sexo
    Autor*in: Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes; Schwanen, Tim
    Erschienen: 2013
    Verlag:  IPEA, Brasília, DF

    This study analyzes trends in average commute times in Brazil between 1992 and 2009. It distinguishes between the nine largest metropolitan areas plus the Federal District of Brasília and describes how differences among these areas vary according to... mehr

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    Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Bibliothek
    Fernleihe:
    uneingeschränkte Fernleihe, Kopie und Ausleihe

     

    This study analyzes trends in average commute times in Brazil between 1992 and 2009. It distinguishes between the nine largest metropolitan areas plus the Federal District of Brasília and describes how differences among these areas vary according to income levels and gender. This paper is based on the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), a source of data hitherto little used for transportation studies in Brazil. PNAD data is not conceived strictly for transport planning but is the only large-scale survey in Brazil with annual information since 1992 on commute time at national and subnational levels (states and metropolitan areas). Five main findings are stressed. First, travel to work trips tend to be 31% longer in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, the two largest metropolitan areas (MAs) in the country, than the in the other MAs. Second, workers in the poorest population segment (1st income decile) spend on average 20% more time on commuting than the wealthiest decile; 19% of the former make home-to-work trips longer than 1 hour against only 11% in the wealthiest group. Third, this gap in commute time between rich and poor is spatially contingent; it is large in Belo Horizonte, Curitiba and Federal District but almost nonexistent in Salvador, Recife, Fortaleza and Belém. Fourth, the data reveal worsening conditions for urban transport since 1992 as reflected in longer average commuting times. However, these worsening conditions have been more pronounced in the 1st income decile and especially the 7th-10th deciles. As a result, the overall differences across income groups have actually weakened during the period 1992-2009. Finally, the gender gap in average commuting times has been reduced considerably over the period considered with only small gaps remaining in the extreme income groups. The present study highlights that trends in average commute times in emerging economies, such as Brazil, need not follow the same trajectories as in the Global North. It also shows the importance of not focusing on national trends only; this will obscure important differences between urban regions. From a policy perspective, the paper shows the usefulness of the PNAD data for monitoring urban mobility conditions in Brazilian major MAs. Yearly variations in commuting time can among others be used to assess the effects of mass transport investments on urban transport conditions. -- Brazil ; commute time ; inequality ; metropolitan areas ; income ; gender

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/91337
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 1813
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (31 S.), graph. Darst., Kt.
    Bemerkung(en):

    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  14. Commute time in Brazil (1992-2009)
    differences between metropolitan areas, by income levels and gender
    Autor*in: Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes; Schwanen, Tim
    Erschienen: 2013
    Verlag:  IPEA, Brasília, DF

    This study analyzes trends in average commute times in Brazil between 1992 and 2009. It distinguishes between the nine largest metropolitan areas plus the Federal District of Brasília and describes how differences among these areas vary according to... mehr

    Standort:
    Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Bibliothek
    Fernleihe:
    uneingeschränkte Fernleihe, Kopie und Ausleihe

     

    This study analyzes trends in average commute times in Brazil between 1992 and 2009. It distinguishes between the nine largest metropolitan areas plus the Federal District of Brasília and describes how differences among these areas vary according to income levels and gender. This paper is based on the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), a source of data hitherto little used for transportation studies in Brazil. PNAD data is not conceived strictly for transport planning but is the only large-scale survey in Brazil with annual information since 1992 on commute time at national and subnational levels (states and metropolitan areas). Five main findings are stressed. First, travel to work trips tend to be 31% longer in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, the two largest metropolitan areas (MAs) in the country, than the in the other MAs. Second, workers in the poorest population segment (1st income decile) spend on average 20% more time on commuting than the wealthiest decile; 19% of the former make home-towork trips longer than 1 hour against only 11% in the wealthiest group. Third, this gap in commute time between rich and poor is spatially contingent; it is large in Belo Horizonte, Curitiba and Federal District but almost nonexistent in Salvador, Recife, Fortaleza and Belem. Fourth, the data reveal worsening conditions for urban transport since 1992 as reflected in longer average commuting times. However, these worsening conditions have been more pronounced in the 1st income decile and especially the 7th-10th deciles. As a result, the overall differences across income groups have actually weakened during the period 1992-2009. Finally, the gender gap in average commuting times has been reduced considerably over the period considered with only small gaps remaining in the extreme income groups. The present study highlights that trends in average commute times in emerging economies, such as Brazil, need not follow the same trajectories as in the Global North. It also shows the importance of not focusing on national trends only; this will obscure important differences between urban regions. From a policy perspective, the paper shows the usefulness of the PNAD data for monitoring urban mobility conditions in Brazilian major MAs. Yearly variations in commuting time can among others be used to assess the effects of mass transport investments on urban transport conditions. -- Brazil ; commute time ; inequality ; metropolitan areas ; income ; gender

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/90997
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 1813a
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (29 S.), graph. Darst., Kt.
  15. Gastos das famílias brasileiras com transporte urbano público e privado no Brasil
    uma análise da pof 2003 e 2009
    Autor*in: Carvalho, Carlos Henrique Ribeiro de; Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes
    Erschienen: 2012
    Verlag:  IPEA, Brasília, DF

    This text analyzes Brazilian families spending with public and private urban transport based on family budget surveys conducted by IBGE in 2003 and 2009. It was observed that on average Brazilian families spend about 15% of their income on urban... mehr

    Standort:
    Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Bibliothek
    Fernleihe:
    uneingeschränkte Fernleihe, Kopie und Ausleihe

     

    This text analyzes Brazilian families spending with public and private urban transport based on family budget surveys conducted by IBGE in 2003 and 2009. It was observed that on average Brazilian families spend about 15% of their income on urban transportation. Private transport expenses are about five times greater than spending on public transport, with a growing trend of this difference. The stimulus policies to individual transport coupled with income growth are leading families of all income levels to raise their expenditure on individual transport, intensifying its use in everyday life with a strong impact on the conditions of (general) population mobility. As income increases, the greater the propensity to spend even more on private vehicles. Thus, especially in periods of strong growth in income, we suggest policies for the rational use of individual transport, such as more realistically charging the use of urban space, and also improving the quality of public transport systems, making it more attractive to the general population. -- transit ; private transportation ; public transportation ; urban transportation spending

     
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    Sprache: Portugiesisch
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    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/90927
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 1803
    Schlagworte: Personenverkehr; Stadtverkehr; Privater Konsum; Brasilien
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (37 S.), graph. Darst.
    Bemerkung(en):

    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  16. Acessibilidade urbana por ride-hailing e transporte público considerando o trade-off entre custo monetário e tempo de viagem
    Autor*in: Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes; Herszenhut, Daniel; Saraiva, Marcus; Farber, Steven
    Erschienen: agosto de 2023
    Verlag:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília

    Ride-hailing services have the potential to expand access to opportunities, but out-of-pocket costs may limit the benefits of ride-hail for low-income individuals. This paper examines how ride-hailing services can shape spatial and socioeconomic... mehr

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    Ride-hailing services have the potential to expand access to opportunities, but out-of-pocket costs may limit the benefits of ride-hail for low-income individuals. This paper examines how ride-hailing services can shape spatial and socioeconomic differences in access to opportunities while accounting for the trade-off between travel time and monetary costs. Using one year of aggregated Uber trip data for Rio de Janeiro in 2019 and a new multi-objective optimization routing method, we analyze the potential for ride-hailing services to improve employment accessibility when used as a standalone transportation mode and in conjunction with transit as a first-mile feeder service. We compare the accessibility Pareto frontiers of these transport mode alternatives with cumulative opportunity measures considering multiple combinations of travel time and monetary cost thresholds. We find that, compared to transit, ride-hailing can significantly expand accessibility as a standalone transport mode for relatively short trips (between 10 and 40 minutes), and as a first-mile feeder to transit in trips longer than 30 minutes. In both cases, the accessibility advantages of ride-hailing are mostly limited by relatively higher out-of-pocket costs. When we account for different affordability thresholds, the accessibility benefits of ride-hailing services accrue mostly to high-income groups. These findings suggest that policy efforts to integrate rideshare with transit are likely not going to benefit low-income communities without some form of subsidized fare discounts to alleviate affordability barriers. The paper also highlights how accounting for trade-offs between travel-time and monetary costs can importantly influence the results of transportation accessibility and equity studies, suggesting that this issue should be addressed in future research.

     
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    hdl: 10419/285026
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2904
    Schlagworte: ride-hailing; accessibility; equity; monetary cost; Rio de Janeiro; first-mile transit; affordability; Pareto frontier
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Os impactos desiguais do congestionamento urbano no acesso a empregos
    Autor*in: Tomasiello, Diego Bogado; Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes; Nadalin, Vanessa Gapriotti
    Erschienen: setembro de 2023
    Verlag:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    Traffic congestion is a persistent problem in large metropolises and increasingly common in medium and large cities. Several studies have analyzed the negative effects of congestion in terms of economic productivity loss, increased environmental... mehr

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    DS 194
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    Traffic congestion is a persistent problem in large metropolises and increasingly common in medium and large cities. Several studies have analyzed the negative effects of congestion in terms of economic productivity loss, increased environmental pollution, and negative health consequences. However, less attention has been given to the impact of congestion on the population's ease of accessing job opportunities, and which income groups are most affected by congestion. This study estimates the impacts of congestion on access to job opportunities in the twenty largest cities in Brazil and examines how people of different income levels and neighborhoods are impacted by congestion. The study compares the number of jobs accessible by car within a 15 to 45 minute travel time interval during the morning peak period and in free-flowing traffic, based on historical information about traffic speeds from high-resolution GPS data. The results show that the municipalities of São Paulo (São Paulo), Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro), and Brasília (Distrito Federal) have the highest levels of congestion, causing an average reduction in the number of accessible jobs between 40.7% and 24.6%. Meanwhile, the municipalities of Goiânia (Goiás), Campo Grande (Mato Grosso do Sul), and São Gonçalo (Rio de Janeiro) are the least impacted by congestion (with a reduction between 3.2% and 0.6% in job accessibility). People with low income tend to be the most affected, experiencing a decrease of more than 50.0% in the number of accessible jobs during peak time compared to free-flowing traffic. The results raise implications for policies aimed at reducing the inequalities in the impacts of congestion on access to job opportunities, and can inform municipal transportation, housing, and land-use plans.

     
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    hdl: 10419/285044
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2922
    Schlagworte: agricultural structure; export crops; midwest
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Transporte urbano e insuficiência de acesso a escolas no Brasil
    Autor*in: Saraiva, Marcus; Silva, Luiz Pedro; Braga, Carlos Kauê Vieira; Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes
    Erschienen: fevereiro de 2023
    Verlag:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília

    Providing access to education for low-income populations is essential to reduce inequalities and promote social inclusion. Although the spatial dimension of inequalities in access to education has received attention in recent studies, there is a lack... mehr

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    Providing access to education for low-income populations is essential to reduce inequalities and promote social inclusion. Although the spatial dimension of inequalities in access to education has received attention in recent studies, there is a lack of studies that examine whether children have sufficient access to schools across Brazilian cities and how spatial patterns of accessibility poverty affect the lowest income population. This study presents the first large-scale analysis of accessibility to public schools across the 20 largest cities in Brazil in high spatial resolution. This study focuses on children and teenagers from low-income families and their access to early childhood day-care facilities and secondary schools, which present the lowest levels of school coverage in the country. Considering accessibility by foot and public transport, the study investigates education- -related social exclusion in the intra-urban scale as well as across cities and regions considering multiple thresholds of accessibility poverty. Results indicate that significant actions are still needed to achieve universal access to education in Brazil, particularly in what concerns early childhood and secondary education. We find a substantial portion of poor children with insufficient access to day-care and upper secondary schooling, particularly in low-density areas in the outskirts of cities. The low population density of these areas poses a challenge for the provision of education facilities in enough numbers and spatial coverage to improve school accessibility. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the geographical dimension of poor access to education, which can have long-term effects on social exclusion from opportunities deepening poverty and social inequalities.

     
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    hdl: 10419/284910
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2854
    Schlagworte: urban transport; urban accessibility; education; access to schools; social exclusion; transport poverty
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 67 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Desigualdades raciais e de renda no acesso à saúde nas cidades brasileiras
    Autor*in: Tomasiello, Diego Bogado; Bazzo, João; Parga, João; Servo, Luciana Mendes Santos; Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes
    Erschienen: janeiro de 2023
    Verlag:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília

    The population's access to public health services contribute to reducing disease prevalence and raising life expectancy. In Brazil, the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) is guided by the principles of universality and integrality of care to all health... mehr

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    The population's access to public health services contribute to reducing disease prevalence and raising life expectancy. In Brazil, the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) is guided by the principles of universality and integrality of care to all health needs. Despite the advances of the SUS, it faces permanent challenges in planning the coverage and equity of health services to reduce, spatial, and income inequalities in access to health care. Several studies explore the spatial dimension of socioeconomic inequalities in access to health services in Brazil, but few analyze inequalities within urban areas and bring evidence of racial inequalities. This study aims to contribute to this debate by presenting the first large-scale study analyzing in high spatial resolution the social and racial inequalities in access to health services in Brazil. The analysis covers access to public services of primary care and high complexity by public transport, car and on foot, considering the year 2019 in the 20 largest cities in Brazil. It presents detailed descriptive analyses on spatial inequalities of access to health care facilities within cities and on social inequalities considering the intersectionality between income levels and color/race. The results show that the distribution patterns of population, health facilities, and transportation networks in the largest Brazilian cities contribute to unequal access to health services. In general, the low-income population, regardless of race, has greater accessibility to primary care services due to their greater capillarity of these services. By contrast, the high-income population, mostly white, has greater accessibility to highly complex health services, due to the spatial concentration of these services and population groups in the central regions of major urban centers. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the geographical dimension of inequalities in access to health care in the largest Brazilian cities, showing how universal access to this essential service is conditioned by social, economic, and transportation-related factors.

     
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    hdl: 10419/284888
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2832
    Schlagworte: urban accessibility; health; SUS; inequalities; racial inequalities; access to health; cities
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Mobilidade pendular
    uma proposta teórico-metodológica
    Autor*in: Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes; Herrero, Verónica
    Erschienen: 2009
    Verlag:  Inst. de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    Recent studies point to commuting as a key element to understand regional dynamics and urban integration. This study propose three ideal types (Max Weber) of commuting flows based on its relations with social processes which impact urban structure by... mehr

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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signatur:
    DS 194 (1395)
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

     

    Recent studies point to commuting as a key element to understand regional dynamics and urban integration. This study propose three ideal types (Max Weber) of commuting flows based on its relations with social processes which impact urban structure by affecting residence and job locations in urban space. These processes (urban concentration, urban suburbanization and economic deconcentration) synthesize the elements which affect commuting patterns and commuters`socioeconomic characteristics. The article explores commuting data in metropolitan region of Campinas (Brazil) and in the urban agglomeration of Grande Buenos Aires (Argentina) in a way to point the importance of a framework able to identify its internal heterogeneities hidden by strictly descriptive analysis. The article also presents an attempt to operationalization of the typology for the metropolitan region of Campinas.

     
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    hdl: 10419/91056
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 1395
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (26 S.), Kt.
    Bemerkung(en):

    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  21. Gastos das famílias brasileiras com transporte urbano público e privado no Brasil
    uma análise da pof 2003 e 2009
    Autor*in: Carvalho, Carlos Henrique Ribeiro de; Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes
    Erschienen: 2012
    Verlag:  IPEA, Brasília, DF

    This text analyzes Brazilian families spending with public and private urban transport based on family budget surveys conducted by IBGE in 2003 and 2009. It was observed that on average Brazilian families spend about 15% of their income on urban... mehr

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    Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Bibliothek
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    Standort:
    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
    Fernleihe:
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    Standort:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signatur:
    DS 194 (1803)
    Fernleihe:
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    This text analyzes Brazilian families spending with public and private urban transport based on family budget surveys conducted by IBGE in 2003 and 2009. It was observed that on average Brazilian families spend about 15% of their income on urban transportation. Private transport expenses are about five times greater than spending on public transport, with a growing trend of this difference. The stimulus policies to individual transport coupled with income growth are leading families of all income levels to raise their expenditure on individual transport, intensifying its use in everyday life with a strong impact on the conditions of (general) population mobility. As income increases, the greater the propensity to spend even more on private vehicles. Thus, especially in periods of strong growth in income, we suggest policies for the rational use of individual transport, such as more realistically charging the use of urban space, and also improving the quality of public transport systems, making it more attractive to the general population. -- transit ; private transportation ; public transportation ; urban transportation spending

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/90927
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 1803
    Schlagworte: Personenverkehr; Stadtverkehr; Privater Konsum; Brasilien
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (37 S.), graph. Darst.
    Bemerkung(en):

    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  22. Projeções de mão de obra qualificada no Brasil
    uma proposta inicial com cenários para a disponibilidade de engenheiros até 2020
    Autor*in: Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes; Nascimento, Paulo A. Meyer M.; Araújo, Thiago Costa
    Erschienen: 2011
    Verlag:  Inst. de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília, DF

    Research on population projections and estimates are well-developed worldwide. Nonetheless, methodological advances are still required when it comes to educationspecific population projections. This paper aims to contribute in this matter presenting... mehr

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    Research on population projections and estimates are well-developed worldwide. Nonetheless, methodological advances are still required when it comes to educationspecific population projections. This paper aims to contribute in this matter presenting a method to project specialised workforce in Brazil. The proposed method conjugates four different public databases which are easily accessible and can be used to project professionals with different higher education qualifications by sex and age. Moreover, the method is applied to estimate engineering workforce availability in Brazil up to 2020.

     
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    hdl: 10419/91091
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão ; 1663
    Schlagworte: Bevölkerungsprognose; Arbeitskräftepotenzial; Brasilien
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 51 S., 1,07 MB), graph. Darst.
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    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  23. Tempo de deslocamento casa-trabalho no Brasil (1992 - 2009)
    diferenças entre regiões metropolitanas, níveis de renda e sexo
    Autor*in: Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes; Schwanen, Tim
    Erschienen: 2013
    Verlag:  IPEA, Brasília, DF

    This study analyzes trends in average commute times in Brazil between 1992 and 2009. It distinguishes between the nine largest metropolitan areas plus the Federal District of Brasília and describes how differences among these areas vary according to... mehr

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    Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Bibliothek
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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signatur:
    DS 194 (1813)
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

     

    This study analyzes trends in average commute times in Brazil between 1992 and 2009. It distinguishes between the nine largest metropolitan areas plus the Federal District of Brasília and describes how differences among these areas vary according to income levels and gender. This paper is based on the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), a source of data hitherto little used for transportation studies in Brazil. PNAD data is not conceived strictly for transport planning but is the only large-scale survey in Brazil with annual information since 1992 on commute time at national and subnational levels (states and metropolitan areas). Five main findings are stressed. First, travel to work trips tend to be 31% longer in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, the two largest metropolitan areas (MAs) in the country, than the in the other MAs. Second, workers in the poorest population segment (1st income decile) spend on average 20% more time on commuting than the wealthiest decile; 19% of the former make home-to-work trips longer than 1 hour against only 11% in the wealthiest group. Third, this gap in commute time between rich and poor is spatially contingent; it is large in Belo Horizonte, Curitiba and Federal District but almost nonexistent in Salvador, Recife, Fortaleza and Belém. Fourth, the data reveal worsening conditions for urban transport since 1992 as reflected in longer average commuting times. However, these worsening conditions have been more pronounced in the 1st income decile and especially the 7th-10th deciles. As a result, the overall differences across income groups have actually weakened during the period 1992-2009. Finally, the gender gap in average commuting times has been reduced considerably over the period considered with only small gaps remaining in the extreme income groups. The present study highlights that trends in average commute times in emerging economies, such as Brazil, need not follow the same trajectories as in the Global North. It also shows the importance of not focusing on national trends only; this will obscure important differences between urban regions. From a policy perspective, the paper shows the usefulness of the PNAD data for monitoring urban mobility conditions in Brazilian major MAs. Yearly variations in commuting time can among others be used to assess the effects of mass transport investments on urban transport conditions. -- Brazil ; commute time ; inequality ; metropolitan areas ; income ; gender

     
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Portugiesisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/91337
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 1813
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (31 S.), graph. Darst., Kt.
    Bemerkung(en):

    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
  24. Commute time in Brazil (1992-2009)
    differences between metropolitan areas, by income levels and gender
    Autor*in: Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes; Schwanen, Tim
    Erschienen: 2013
    Verlag:  IPEA, Brasília, DF

    This study analyzes trends in average commute times in Brazil between 1992 and 2009. It distinguishes between the nine largest metropolitan areas plus the Federal District of Brasília and describes how differences among these areas vary according to... mehr

    Standort:
    Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Bibliothek
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signatur:
    DS 194 (1813a)
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

     

    This study analyzes trends in average commute times in Brazil between 1992 and 2009. It distinguishes between the nine largest metropolitan areas plus the Federal District of Brasília and describes how differences among these areas vary according to income levels and gender. This paper is based on the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), a source of data hitherto little used for transportation studies in Brazil. PNAD data is not conceived strictly for transport planning but is the only large-scale survey in Brazil with annual information since 1992 on commute time at national and subnational levels (states and metropolitan areas). Five main findings are stressed. First, travel to work trips tend to be 31% longer in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, the two largest metropolitan areas (MAs) in the country, than the in the other MAs. Second, workers in the poorest population segment (1st income decile) spend on average 20% more time on commuting than the wealthiest decile; 19% of the former make home-towork trips longer than 1 hour against only 11% in the wealthiest group. Third, this gap in commute time between rich and poor is spatially contingent; it is large in Belo Horizonte, Curitiba and Federal District but almost nonexistent in Salvador, Recife, Fortaleza and Belem. Fourth, the data reveal worsening conditions for urban transport since 1992 as reflected in longer average commuting times. However, these worsening conditions have been more pronounced in the 1st income decile and especially the 7th-10th deciles. As a result, the overall differences across income groups have actually weakened during the period 1992-2009. Finally, the gender gap in average commuting times has been reduced considerably over the period considered with only small gaps remaining in the extreme income groups. The present study highlights that trends in average commute times in emerging economies, such as Brazil, need not follow the same trajectories as in the Global North. It also shows the importance of not focusing on national trends only; this will obscure important differences between urban regions. From a policy perspective, the paper shows the usefulness of the PNAD data for monitoring urban mobility conditions in Brazilian major MAs. Yearly variations in commuting time can among others be used to assess the effects of mass transport investments on urban transport conditions. -- Brazil ; commute time ; inequality ; metropolitan areas ; income ; gender

     
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/90997
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 1813a
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (29 S.), graph. Darst., Kt.
  25. Rediscutindo a delimitação das regiões metropolitanas no Brasil
    um exercício a partir dos critérios da década de 1970
    Autor*in: Branco, Maria Luisa G. Castello; Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes; Nadalin, Vanessa Gapriotti
    Erschienen: 2013
    Verlag:  IPEA, Brasília, DF

    Since the National Constitution of 1988, state governments are responsible for defining their own metropolitan areas in Brazil. However, the criteria for boundaries delimitation are not clearly defined as a rule. As a consequence, it is not possible... mehr

    Standort:
    Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Bibliothek
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signatur:
    DS 194 (1860)
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

     

    Since the National Constitution of 1988, state governments are responsible for defining their own metropolitan areas in Brazil. However, the criteria for boundaries delimitation are not clearly defined as a rule. As a consequence, it is not possible to weigh the pros and cons of the employed methodologies. Furthermore, comparative analysis on the performance of social and economic indicators in these metropolitan areas can be compromised as result of using multiple methodologies for defining territorial limits. The discussion of this issue could not be more timely, as the National Congress is currently debating a bill (aka Statute of the Metropolis) that proposes one single method for defining national metropolitan areas and its boundaries. To contribute to this debate, we estimate in this paper the metropolitan areas Brazil would have in 2010 by applying to the whole country the same criteria and following one single method. For this purpose, we have adopted the same method and criteria originally used for the definition of the first metropolitan areas of the country in the 1970’s, with minor adjustments. The obtained results are then compared with the official metropolitan areas showing rather different figures. Compared with official areas, our estimates show a metropolitan Brazil i) comprising a smaller number of metropolitan areas; ii) covering about half the number of municipalities; iii) with stronger commuting ties; iv) occupying a land area about three times more compact and dense; and yet v) with minor differences in terms of population size and GDP.

     
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Portugiesisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/91377
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ; 1860
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (45 S.), graph. Darst., Kt.
    Bemerkung(en):

    Zsfassung in engl. Sprache