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  1. When authors become inventors
    an empirical analysis on patent-paper pairs in medical research
    Autor*in: Martinelli, Arianna; Romito, Elena
    Erschienen: [2019]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    This paper investigates the effect of patenting on follow-on knowledge in cancer research. Using a difference-in-difference approach on an original dataset of patent-paper-pairs we are able to estimate the causal effect of the granting of a patent on... mehr

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    This paper investigates the effect of patenting on follow-on knowledge in cancer research. Using a difference-in-difference approach on an original dataset of patent-paper-pairs we are able to estimate the causal effect of the granting of a patent on scientic development in the same domain. Furthermore, we disentangle between private companies and universities in order to assess whether patenting impacts differently on the two groups. In addition, we study to which extend the degree of applicability of an innovation is further affects the relation. To address these issues we build a novel dataset matching patent data (retrieved from USPTO) and publication data (retrieved from Thompson-Web of Science). Results show that patenting reduces the rate of citations of the paired publication indicating a decrease of related scientic activity only in case the citing agent belongs to a public institution. In addition, the the more invention is applied, the weaker is the negative effect. This paper makes a contribution to the debate on IPR and economics of science.

     
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    hdl: 10419/228130
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2019, 32 (October 2019)
    Schlagworte: IPRs; Patent; Scientific publications; Applicability
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. The enabling technologies of industry 4.0
    examining the seeds of the fourth industrial revolution
    Autor*in: Martinelli, Arianna; Mina, Andrea; Moggi, Massimo
    Erschienen: [2019]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    Technological revolutions mark profound transformations in socio-economic systems. They are associated with the diffusion of general purpose technologies that display very high degrees of pervasiveness, dynamism and complementarity. This paper... mehr

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    Technological revolutions mark profound transformations in socio-economic systems. They are associated with the diffusion of general purpose technologies that display very high degrees of pervasiveness, dynamism and complementarity. This paper provides an in-depth examination of the technologies underpinning the "factory of the future" as profiled by the Industry 4.0 paradigm. It contains an exploratory comparative analysis of the technological bases and the emergent patterns of development of Internet of Things (IoT), big data, cloud, robotics, artificial intelligence and additive manufacturing. By qualifying the "enabling" nature of these technologies, it explores to what extent their diffusion and convergence can be configured as the trigger of a fourth industrial revolution, and identifies key themes for future research on this topic from the viewpoint of industrial and corporate change.

     
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    hdl: 10419/203099
    Auflage/Ausgabe: Version: February 2019
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2019, 09 (April 2019)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Patent toxicity
    Autor*in: Biggi, Gianluca; Giuliani, Elisa; Martinelli, Arianna
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    A toxic-free world is one of the goals of the European Green Deal and a key objective of the World Health Organization Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. However, although use of some toxic chemicals is being banned,... mehr

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    A toxic-free world is one of the goals of the European Green Deal and a key objective of the World Health Organization Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. However, although use of some toxic chemicals is being banned, others continue to be developed. We consider this motivation for a closer examination of the toxicity of chemical inventions. We combine patent analysis with computational toxicology and develop a methodological roadmap to measure patent toxicity, that is, the extent to which a patent includes “components” (or compounds) that are toxic to humans and/or the environment. To illustrate our proposed methodology, we analyse the toxicity of ten well-known hazardous chemicals. The measurement of patent toxicity opens up interesting avenues for future research and, potentially, has some strong policy implications.

     
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    hdl: 10419/243491
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2020, 33 (November 2020)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. The causal effect of including standards-related documentation into patent prior art
    evidence from a recent EPO policy change
    Autor*in: Bekkers, Rudi; Martinelli, Arianna; Tamagni, Federico
    Erschienen: March 2016
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    The aim of this paper is to investigate the causal effect of a recent attempt undertaken by the EPO to improve the quality of the patent granting process. To do so we examine a policy change that aimed at including the information revealed during the... mehr

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    The aim of this paper is to investigate the causal effect of a recent attempt undertaken by the EPO to improve the quality of the patent granting process. To do so we examine a policy change that aimed at including the information revealed during the standardisation-setting process into the official definition of prior art. All the empirical analysis consistently support that the policy was successful. Indeed, we find a negative and strongly significant reduction in the granting rate, suggesting that the process of patent granting has become more careful and selective after the policy implementation.

     
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    hdl: 10419/174520
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2016/11
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Is co-invention expediting technological catch up?
    a study of collaboration between emerging country firms
    Autor*in: Giuliani, Elisa; Martinelli, Arianna; Rabellotti, Roberta
    Erschienen: 2015
    Verlag:  Laboratory of Economics and Management, Inst. of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa

    Firms from emerging countries such as Brazil, India, and China (BIC) are going global, and Europe is attracting around one-third of their direct outward investments. Growing internationalization constitutes an opportunity for technological catch up.... mehr

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    Firms from emerging countries such as Brazil, India, and China (BIC) are going global, and Europe is attracting around one-third of their direct outward investments. Growing internationalization constitutes an opportunity for technological catch up. In this paper we analyze BIC firms' cross-border inventions with European Union (EU-27) actors, during the period 1990-2012. Our results suggest that cross-border inventions represent an opportunity for BIC firms to accumulate technological capabilities, access frontier knowledge, and appropriate the property rights of co-inventions. This paper contributes to the understanding of the catching up process by emerging country firms, and offers some policy recommendations.

     
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    hdl: 10419/119857
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2015/10
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (48 S.), graph. Darst.
  6. Disclosure rules and declared essential patents
    Autor*in: Bekkers, Rudi; Catalini, Christian; Martinelli, Arianna; Righi, Cesare; Simcoe, Timothy S.
    Erschienen: July 2017
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 23627
    Schlagworte: Patent; Standardisierung; Unternehmen; Regulierung; Wettbewerbsaufsicht; USA
    Umfang: 69 Seiten, Illustrationen
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  7. Patent disputes as emerging barriers to technology entry?
    empirical evidence from patent opposition
    Autor*in: Martinelli, Arianna; Mazzei, Julia; Moschella, Daniele
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    The recent surge of patent disputes plays an important role in discouraging firms from entering new technology domains (TDs). Using a large-scale dataset combining data from the EPO-PATSTAT database and ORBIS-IP and containing patents applied at EPO... mehr

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    The recent surge of patent disputes plays an important role in discouraging firms from entering new technology domains (TDs). Using a large-scale dataset combining data from the EPO-PATSTAT database and ORBIS-IP and containing patents applied at EPO between 2000 and 2015, we construct a new measure of litigiousness using patent opposition data. We find that the degree of litigiousness and the density of patent thickets negatively affect the likelihood of firms entering new TDs. Across technologies, the frequency of oppositions discourages firms mostly in high-tech industries. Across firms, the risk of opposition falls disproportionately on small rather than large firms. Finally, for large firms, we observe a sort of learning-by-being-opposed effect. This evidence suggests that litigiousness and hold-up potential discourage firms from entering new TDs, shaping Schumpeterian patterns of innovation characterized by a stable number of large-established firms and a lower degree of turbulence.

     
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    hdl: 10419/266082
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2022, 12 (May 2022)
    Schlagworte: Patent opposition; Technological entry; Innovation Strategies
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Death squad or quality improvement?
    the impact of introducing post-grant review on U.S. patent quality
    Autor*in: Martinelli, Arianna; Mazzei, Julia
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    Increasing evidence indicates that a large share of granted patents are ''undeserved'' because they do not meet the criteria of novelty or non-obviousness. In recent decades, many jurisdictions introduced patent reforms to avoid weak patent... mehr

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    Increasing evidence indicates that a large share of granted patents are ''undeserved'' because they do not meet the criteria of novelty or non-obviousness. In recent decades, many jurisdictions introduced patent reforms to avoid weak patent applications and improve legal patent quality. In particular, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (AIA), enacted into law in 2011, introduced the post-grant validity challenge at the United States Patents and Trademarks Office (USPTO). This procedure allows any third party to question granted patents, possibly leading to patent revocation or scope reduction. This paper aims to provide evidence of the impact of such policy change on the legal quality of the patent system. To identify the policy effect we exploit the fact that the same invention is patented in different legislation and that not all of them have post-grant review procedures. In particular, we compare the same patent filed at the USPTO and the Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO). In this setting, we apply standard Diff-in-Diff analysis to estimate the effect of the post-grant validity challenge on the patent scope. Our results indicate that the AIA reform contributed to a reduction of U.S. patent scope in the last decade, indeed increasing the legal quality of the patent system.

     
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    hdl: 10419/273636
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2022, 34 (November 2022)
    Schlagworte: Patent opposition; patent quality; policy evaluation; patent scope
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Breach of academic values and digital deviant behaviour
    the case of Sci-Hub
    Autor*in: Rossello, Giulia; Martinelli, Arianna
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    This paper bridges the organisational psychology and the economics of science literature to examine the role of ideology-based psychological contract breach in eliciting mild deviant behaviour in academia. We provide empirical evidence of how the... mehr

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    This paper bridges the organisational psychology and the economics of science literature to examine the role of ideology-based psychological contract breach in eliciting mild deviant behaviour in academia. We provide empirical evidence of how the deterioration of academic values related to the diffusion of the ''publish or perish'' paradigm sparkles copyright violations through Sci-Hub. Based on a representative sample of 2849 academics working in top institutions in 6 European countries, we find that ideology-based psychological contract breach explains Sci-Hub usage, also when controlling for other trivial motivations. The magnitude of the effect depends on contextual and demographic characteristics. Females, foreign and tenured scholars are less likely to respond with digital piracy when experiencing a contract breach of academic values. Our results contribute to prevention policy design, highlighting how policies restoring academic values might also address academic piracy.

     
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    hdl: 10419/297121
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2023, 13 (March 2023)
    Schlagworte: Academic Values; Digital Piracy; Deviant Behaviour; Psychological Contract Breach; Sci-Hub
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. The effect of lobbies' narratives on academics' perceptions of scientific publishing
    an information provision experiment
    Autor*in: Rossello, Giulia; Martinelli, Arianna
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    This paper presents experimental evidence on the impact of opposite copyright lobbies' narratives on scholars' views toward the publishing system. We conduct the empirical analysis by running a large-scale information provision experiment on a... mehr

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    This paper presents experimental evidence on the impact of opposite copyright lobbies' narratives on scholars' views toward the publishing system. We conduct the empirical analysis by running a large-scale information provision experiment on a representative population of European scholars. Scholars were individually randomized into a control group or one of two promotional videos presenting opposite lobbying interests. The first video presents the publisher's narrative, featuring publishers as innovative firms and the guardians of ethics and scientific advance. While the second presents copyright activists' narrative featuring publishers as greedy and unethical. We document scholars' general discontent towards the publishing system. However, both lobbyist narratives change perceptions towards their cause. Overall, publishers' lobbyist information has a slightly smaller persuasive effect, linked to a small part of the population that exhibits a strong emotional reaction. Additional information is accompanied by a slight increase in the probability of taking the action of being informed, especially when we control for the scholar's quality.

     
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    hdl: 10419/297122
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2023, 14 (March 2023)
    Schlagworte: Scientific Publishers; Academics' Perception; Information Provision Experiment; Copyright and Knowledge Diffusion
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Breach of academic values and digital deviant behaviour
    the case of Sci-Hub
    Autor*in: Rossello, Giulia; Martinelli, Arianna
    Erschienen: 30 March 2023
    Verlag:  Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, The Netherlands

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / United Nations University, UNU-MERIT ; #2023, 009
    Schlagworte: Academic Values; Digital Piracy; Deviant Behaviour; Psychological Contract Breach; Sci-Hub
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten)
  12. The effect of lobbies’ narratives on academics' perceptions of scientific publishing
    an information provision experiment
    Autor*in: Rossello, Giulia; Martinelli, Arianna
    Erschienen: 30 March 2023
    Verlag:  Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, The Netherlands

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / United Nations University, UNU-MERIT ; #2023, 010
    Schlagworte: Scientific Publishers; Academics’ Perception; Information Provision Experiment; Copyright and Knowledge Diffusion
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten)
  13. Digitalization, copyright and innovation in the creative industries
    an agent-based model
    Autor*in: Martinelli, Arianna; Nuvolari, Alessandro; Palagi, Elisa; Russo, Emanuele
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    The ambiguity of the empirical results on the relationship between copyright and creativity calls for a better theoretical understanding of the issue, possibly enlarging the analysis to other factors such as technology and copyright enforcement. This... mehr

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    The ambiguity of the empirical results on the relationship between copyright and creativity calls for a better theoretical understanding of the issue, possibly enlarging the analysis to other factors such as technology and copyright enforcement. This paper addresses these complex policy issues by developing an agent-based model (ABM) to study how the interplay between digitization and copyright enforcement affects the production and access to cultural goods. The model includes creators who compete in different submarkets and invest in activities that might lead to the generation of creative outputs in existing submarkets, new (to the creators) submarkets, or in newly - invented - submarkets. Finally, the model features a copyright system that provides creators with the exclusive right to reproduce their original copies and a pirate market responsible for creating and distributing pirated copies.

     
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    hdl: 10419/259546
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2022, 03 (January 2022)
    Schlagworte: Innovation; Intellectual property rights; Creative industries; Copyright; Agent-based models
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. The direction of technical change in AI and the trajectory effects of government funding
    Autor*in: Iori, Martina; Martinelli, Arianna; Mina, Andrea
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    Government funding of innovation can have a significant impact not only on the rate of technical change, but also on its direction. In this paper, we examine the role that government grants and government departments played in the development of... mehr

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    Government funding of innovation can have a significant impact not only on the rate of technical change, but also on its direction. In this paper, we examine the role that government grants and government departments played in the development of artificial intelligence (AI), an emergent general purpose technology with the potential to revolutionize many aspects of the economy and society. We analyze all AI patents filed at the US Patent and Trademark Office and develop network measures that capture each patent's influence on all possible sequences of follow-on innovation. By identifying the effect of patents on technological trajectories, we are able to account for the long-term cumulative impact of new knowledge that is not captured by standard patent citation measures. We show that patents funded by government grants, but above all patents filed by federal agencies and state departments, profoundly influenced the development of AI. These long-term effects were especially significant in early phases, and weakened over time as private incentives took over. These results are robust to alternative specifications and controlling for endogeneity.

     
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    hdl: 10419/259536
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2021, 41 (November 2021)
    Schlagworte: R&D; Technical change; Government subsidies; Technology policy; General purpose technology
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 73 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. An emerging paradigm or just another trajectory?
    understanding the nature of technological changes using engineering heuristics in the telecommunications switching industry
    Autor*in: Martinelli, Arianna
    Erschienen: 2011
    Verlag:  Laboratory of Economics and Management, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa

    The theoretical literature on technological changes distinguishes between paradigmatic changes and changes in trajectories. Recently several scholars have performed empirical studies on the way technological trajectories evolve in specific... mehr

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    The theoretical literature on technological changes distinguishes between paradigmatic changes and changes in trajectories. Recently several scholars have performed empirical studies on the way technological trajectories evolve in specific industries, often by predominantly looking at the artifacts. Much less - if any - empirical work has been done on paradigmatic changes, even though these have a much more profound impact on today's industry. It follows from the theory that such studies would need to focus more on the knowledge level than on the artifact level, raising questions on how to operationalize such phenomena. This study aims to fill this gap by applying network-based methodologies to knowledge networks, represented here by patents and patent citations. The rich technological history of telecommunications switches shows how engineers in the post-war period were confronted with huge challenges to meet drastically changing demands. This historical background is a starting point for an in-depth analysis of patents, in search of information about technological direction, technical bottlenecks, and engineering heuristics. We aim to identify when such changes took place over the seven different generations of technological advances this industry has seen. In this way we can easily recognize genuine paradigmatic changes compared to more regular changes in trajectory. -- technological trajectories ; patents ; network analysis ; telecommunication manufacturing industry

     
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    hdl: 10419/89297
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2011,05
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 35 S., 607 KB), graph. Darst.
  16. Innovation and market dynamics
    a two-mode network approach to user-producer relation
    Autor*in: Cantner, Uwe; Guerzoni, Marco; Martinelli, Arianna
    Erschienen: 2012
    Verlag:  Laboratory of Economics and Management, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa

    In this paper we propose a new mental representation of how markets, technology and their interaction concur in explaining the why of a certain innovation instead of another. We empirically test this theory in the telecommunication switches industry.... mehr

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    In this paper we propose a new mental representation of how markets, technology and their interaction concur in explaining the why of a certain innovation instead of another. We empirically test this theory in the telecommunication switches industry. We consider innovation as a new alignment of needs and opportunities, where markets and technology are not the sources, but the actors in this alignment process. In order to accomplish this task, we suggest proxies for technological opportunities, market needs, and, at the same time, for interactions of these two elements. We make use of a statistical tool that grasps the matching nature of this interactive phenomenon. -- user-producer interaction ; two-mode network ; telecommunication manufacturing industry

     
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    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/89311
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2012/09
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: [37] Bl., 601 KB), graph. Darst.