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  1. Police force size and civilian race
    Erschienen: December 2020
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 28202
    Umfang: 68 Seiten, Illustrationen
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  2. Do state Tobacco 21 laws work?
    Erschienen: December 2020
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 28173
    Umfang: 75 Seiten, Illustrationen
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  3. Vertical Integration and Production Inefficiency in the Presence of a Gross Receipts Tax
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We quantify the effects of a gross receipts tax (GRT) on vertical integration for the first time. We use data from the Washington state recreational cannabis industry, which has numerous advantages including a clean natural experiment: a 25% GRT... mehr

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    We quantify the effects of a gross receipts tax (GRT) on vertical integration for the first time. We use data from the Washington state recreational cannabis industry, which has numerous advantages including a clean natural experiment: a 25% GRT imposed on cannabis firms was subsequently replaced by an excise tax at retail. We find the short-run elasticity of vertical integration with respect to the intermediate good net- of-tax rate is -0.15 and the long-run elasticity is more than twice as large. We find these incentives lead to large output losses - production increases by 23 percent when the GRT is eliminated

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w28478
    Schlagworte: Cannabis; Droge; Umsatzsteuer; Vertikale Integration; Unternehmensbesteuerung; Washington (Staat)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  4. The minimum legal drinking age and crime victimization
    Erschienen: July 2019
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 26051
    Schlagworte: Junge Erwachsene; Alkoholisches Getränk; Kriminalität; Soziale Kosten; USA
    Umfang: 52 Seiten, Illustrationen
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  5. Labor Reallocation and Remote Work During COVID-19
    Real-time Evidence from GitHub
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on labor activity using real-time data from millions of GitHub users around the world. We show that the pandemic triggered a sharp pattern of labor reallocation at both the global and regional level.... mehr

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    We investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on labor activity using real-time data from millions of GitHub users around the world. We show that the pandemic triggered a sharp pattern of labor reallocation at both the global and regional level. Users were more likely to work on weekends and outside of traditional 9 am to 6 pm hours, especially during the early phase of the pandemic. We also document considerable heterogeneity between different user groups and locations. Some locations show a steady reversion back to historical work patterns, while others have experienced persistent trend deviations in the wake of COVID-19. The pattern of labor reallocation is slightly more pronounced among males in our sample, suggesting that men may have benefited more from the increased flexibility provided by remote work than women. Finally, we show that the pattern of reallocation was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in overall activity, though this effect is more transient. We discuss several potential mechanisms and draw tentative conclusions for broader workplace trends given our study population

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29598
    Schlagworte: Arbeitszeitgestaltung; Telearbeit; Arbeitszeit; Coronavirus; Welt
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  6. The Grass is Greener on the Other Side
    How Extensive is the Interstate Trafficking of Recreational Marijuana?
    Erschienen: [2018]
    Verlag:  SSRN, [S.l.]

    Marijuana is partially prohibited: though banned federally, it will soon be available to almost 1 in 4 U.S. adults under state statutes. A chief concern among policy makers is marijuana trafficking from states with legal markets elsewhere. We measure... mehr

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    Marijuana is partially prohibited: though banned federally, it will soon be available to almost 1 in 4 U.S. adults under state statutes. A chief concern among policy makers is marijuana trafficking from states with legal markets elsewhere. We measure trafficking with a natural experiment. Oregon opened recreationally licensed stores on October 1, 2015, next to Washington where stores had been legally selling recreational marijuana since July, 2014. Using administrative data covering the universe of recreational market sales, we find Washington retailers along the Oregon border experienced a 41% decline in sales immediately following Oregon's market opening. In counties that are the closest crossing point for the majority of the neighboring population, the estimated decrease grows to 58%, and is the largest for the biggest transactions. We also test if these inter-state spill-overs led to health externalities by studying traffic accidents in Oregon from 2011-2015

     

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    Schlagworte: Droge; Drogenkonsum; Drogenpolitik; USA
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p)
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    Nach Informationen von SSRN wurde die ursprüngliche Fassung des Dokuments March 2018 erstellt

  7. In-Person Schooling and Youth Suicide
    Evidence from School Calendars and Pandemic School Closures
    Erschienen: December 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This study explores the effect of in-person schooling on youth suicide. We document three key findings. First, using data from the National Vital Statistics System from 1990-2019, we document the historical association between teen suicides and the... mehr

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    This study explores the effect of in-person schooling on youth suicide. We document three key findings. First, using data from the National Vital Statistics System from 1990-2019, we document the historical association between teen suicides and the school calendar. We show that suicides among 12-to-18-year-olds are highest during months of the school year and lowest during summer months (June through August) and also establish that areas with schools starting in early August experience increases in teen suicides in August, while areas with schools starting in September don't see youth suicides rise until September. Second, we show that this seasonal pattern dramatically changed in 2020. Teen suicides plummeted in March 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic began in the U.S. and remained low throughout the summer before rising in Fall 2020 when many K-12 schools returned to in-person instruction. Third, using county-level variation in school reopenings in Fall 2020 and Spring 2021--proxied by anonymized SafeGraph smartphone data on elementary and secondary school foot traffic--we find that returning from online to in-person schooling was associated with a 12-to-18 percent increase teen suicides. This result is robust to controls for seasonal effects and general lockdown effects (proxied by restaurant and bar foot traffic), and survives falsification tests using suicides among young adults ages 19-to-25. Auxiliary analyses using Google Trends queries and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey suggests that bullying victimization may be an important mechanism

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30795
    Schlagworte: Suizid; Schüler; Jugendliche; Schule; Coronavirus; USA; Health; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health; Other; Education and Research Institutions
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  8. Schools, Job Flexibility, and Married Women's Labor Supply
    Evidence From the COVID-19 Pandemic
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This study explores the effect of school reopenings during the COVID-19 pandemic on married women's labor supply. We proxy for in-person attendance at US K-12 schools using smartphone data from Safegraph and measure female employment, hours, and... mehr

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    This study explores the effect of school reopenings during the COVID-19 pandemic on married women's labor supply. We proxy for in-person attendance at US K-12 schools using smartphone data from Safegraph and measure female employment, hours, and remote work using the Current Population Survey. Difference-in-differences estimates show that K-12 reopenings are associated with significant increases in employment and hours among married women with school-aged children, with no measurable effects on labor supply in comparison groups. Employment effects of school reopenings are concentrated among mothers of older school-aged children, while remote work may mitigate effects for mothers of younger children

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29660
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Schule; Infektionsschutz; Mütter; Weibliche Arbeitskräfte; Arbeitszeit; USA
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  9. No Ground Truth?
    No Problem : Improving Administrative Data Linking Using Active Learning and a Little Bit of Guile
    Erschienen: April 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    While linking records across large administrative datasets ["big data"] has the potential to revolutionize empirical social science research, many administrative data files do not have common identifiers and are thus not designed to be linked to... mehr

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    While linking records across large administrative datasets ["big data"] has the potential to revolutionize empirical social science research, many administrative data files do not have common identifiers and are thus not designed to be linked to others. To address this problem, researchers have developed probabilistic record linkage algorithms which use statistical patterns in identifying characteristics to perform linking tasks. Naturally, the accuracy of a candidate linking algorithm can be substantially improved when an algorithm has access to "ground-truth" examples -- matches which can be validated using institutional knowledge or auxiliary data. Unfortunately, the cost of obtaining these examples is typically high, often requiring a researcher to manually review pairs of records in order to make an informed judgement about whether they are a match. When a pool of ground-truth information is unavailable, researchers can use "active learning" algorithms for linking, which ask the user to provide ground-truth information for select candidate pairs. In this paper, we investigate the value of providing ground-truth examples via active learning for linking performance. We confirm popular intuition that data linking can be dramatically improved with the availability of ground truth examples. But critically, in many real-world applications, only a relatively small number of tactically-selected ground-truth examples are needed to obtain most of the achievable gains. With a modest investment in ground truth, researchers can approximate the performance of a supervised learning algorithm that has access to a large database of ground truth examples using a readily available off-the-shelf tool

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w31100
    Schlagworte: Statistische Daten; Big Data; Metadaten; Statistische Methode; Statistical Simulation Methods: General; Other Computer Software
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  10. The Re-Emerging Suicide Crisis in the U.S
    Patterns, Causes and Solutions
    Erschienen: May 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    The suicide rate in the United States has risen nearly 40 percent since 2000. This increase is puzzling because suicide rates had been falling for decades at the end of the 20th Century. In this paper, we review important facts about the changing... mehr

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    The suicide rate in the United States has risen nearly 40 percent since 2000. This increase is puzzling because suicide rates had been falling for decades at the end of the 20th Century. In this paper, we review important facts about the changing rate of suicide. General trends miss the story of important differences across groups - suicide rates rose substantially among middle aged persons between 2005 and 2015 but have fallen since. Among young people, suicide rates began a rapid rise after 2010 that has not abated. We review empirical evidence to assess potential causes for recent changes in suicide rates. The economic hardship caused by the Great Recession played an important role in rising suicide among prime-aged Americans. We illustrate that the increase in the prevalence of depression among young people during the 2010s was so large it could explain nearly all the increase in suicide mortality among those under 25. Bullying victimization of LGBTQ youth could also account for part of the rise in suicide. The evidence that access to firearms or opioids are major drivers of recent suicide trends is less clear. We end by summarizing evidence on the most promising policies to reduce suicide mortality

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w31242
    Schlagworte: Suizid; USA; Health; Health Behavior; Other
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  11. Administrative data linking and statistical power problems in randomized experiments
    Erschienen: March 2019
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 25657
    Schlagworte: Statistische Daten; Statistischer Test; Ökonometrisches Modell
    Umfang: 44 Seiten, Illustrationen
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  12. Reducing crime through environmental design
    evidence from a randomized experiment of street lighting in New York City
    Erschienen: May 2019
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 25798
    Schlagworte: Prävention; Kriminalität; Straße; Stadtentwicklung; New York
    Umfang: 29 Seiten, 14 ungezählte Seiten, Illustrationen
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  13. Information and the persistence of the gender wage gap
    early evidence from California's salary history ban
    Erschienen: April 2020
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 27054
    Schlagworte: Lohnstruktur; Geschlechterdiskriminierung; Personalbeschaffung; Differenz von Differenzen; USA
    Umfang: 77 Seiten, Illustrationen
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  14. Importing the Opioid Crisis? International Trade and Fentanyl Overdoses
    Erschienen: November 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    The U.S. opioid crisis is now driven by fentanyl, a powerful synthetic opioid that currently accounts for 90% of all opioid deaths. Fentanyl is smuggled from abroad, with little evidence on how this happens. We show that a substantial amount of... mehr

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    The U.S. opioid crisis is now driven by fentanyl, a powerful synthetic opioid that currently accounts for 90% of all opioid deaths. Fentanyl is smuggled from abroad, with little evidence on how this happens. We show that a substantial amount of fentanyl smuggling occurs via legal trade flows, with a positive relationship between state-level imports and drug overdoses that accounts for 15,000-20,000 deaths per year. This relationship is not explained by geographic differences in "deaths of despair,'' general demand for opioids, or job losses from import competition. Our results suggest that fentanyl smuggling via imports is pervasive and a key determinant of opioid problems

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w31885
    Schlagworte: Drogenkonsum; Arzneimittel; Droge; Illegaler Handel; Import; Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen; USA; Trade; Economic Impacts of Globalization; Health; Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior
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  15. The Grass is Greener on the Other Side
    How Extensive is the Interstate Trafficking of Recreational Marijuana?
    Erschienen: August 2017
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Marijuana is partially prohibited: though banned federally, it will soon be available to almost 1 in 4 U.S. adults under state statutes. A chief concern among policy makers is marijuana trafficking from states with legal markets elsewhere. We measure... mehr

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    Marijuana is partially prohibited: though banned federally, it will soon be available to almost 1 in 4 U.S. adults under state statutes. A chief concern among policy makers is marijuana trafficking from states with legal markets elsewhere. We measure trafficking with a natural experiment. Oregon opened recreationally licensed stores on October 1, 2015, next to Washington where stores had been legally selling recreational marijuana since July, 2014. Using administrative data covering the universe of recreational market sales, we find Washington retailers along the Oregon border experienced a 41% decline in sales immediately following Oregon's market opening. In counties that are the closest crossing point for the majority of the neighboring population, the estimated decrease grows to 58%, and is the largest for the biggest transactions. We also test if these inter-state spill-overs led to health externalities by studying traffic accidents in Oregon from 2011-2015

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w23762
    Schlagworte: Droge; Drogenkonsum; Drogenpolitik; USA
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  16. How extensive is inter-state diversion of recreational marijuana?
    Erschienen: August 2017
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 23762
    Schlagworte: Droge; Drogenkonsum; Drogenpolitik; USA
    Umfang: 44 Seiten, Illustrationen
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  17. Early evidence on recreational marijuana legalization and traffic fatalities
    Erschienen: March 2018
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 24417
    Schlagworte: Droge; Drogenkonsum; Drogenpolitik; Verkehrsunfall; Kausalanalyse; Colorado (Staat); USA
    Umfang: 42 Seiten, Illustrationen
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  18. Economic conditions and child abuse
    Erschienen: 2013
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn

    Although a huge literature spanning several disciplines documents an association between poverty and child abuse, researchers have not found persuasive evidence that economic downturns increase abuse, despite their impacts on family income. In this... mehr

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    Although a huge literature spanning several disciplines documents an association between poverty and child abuse, researchers have not found persuasive evidence that economic downturns increase abuse, despite their impacts on family income. In this paper, we address this seeming contradiction. Using county-level child abuse data spanning 1996 to 2009 from the California Department of Justice, we estimate the extent to which a county's reported abuse rate diverges from its trend when its economic conditions diverge from trend, controlling for statewide annual shocks. The results of this analysis indicate that overall measures of economic conditions are not strongly related to rates of abuse. However, focusing on overall measures of economic conditions masks strong opposing effects of economic conditions facing males and females: male layoffs increase rates of abuse whereas female layoffs reduce rates of abuse. These results are consistent with a theoretical framework that builds on family-time-use models and emphasizes differential risks of abuse associated with a child's time spent with different caregivers. -- child abuse ; recessions ; job loss ; time use ; gender ; childcare

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/80589
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 7355
    Schlagworte: Kinder; Gewalt; Konjunktur; Väter; Kriminalität; Kalifornien; Kindesmißbrauch
    Umfang: Online-Ressource, graph. Darst.
  19. Economic conditions and child abuse

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 18994
    Schlagworte: Kinder; Gewalt; Konjunktur; Väter; Kriminalität; Kalifornien; Kindesmißbrauch
    Umfang: 44 S., graph. Darst.
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  20. Medical marijuana laws and teen marijuana use
    Erschienen: 2012
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn

    While at least a dozen state legislatures are considering bills to allow the consumption of marijuana for medicinal purposes, the federal government has recently intensified its efforts to close medical marijuana dispensaries. Federal officials... mehr

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    While at least a dozen state legislatures are considering bills to allow the consumption of marijuana for medicinal purposes, the federal government has recently intensified its efforts to close medical marijuana dispensaries. Federal officials contend that the legalization of medical marijuana encourages teenagers to use marijuana and have targeted dispensaries operating within 1,000 feet of schools, parks and playgrounds. Using data from the national and state Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and the Treatment Episode Data Set, we estimate the relationship between medical marijuana laws and marijuana use. Our results are not consistent with the hypothesis that legalization leads to increased use of marijuana by teenagers.

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/88139
    Auflage/Ausgabe: Rev.
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 6592
    Schlagworte: Cannabis; Arzneimittelrecht; Medizin; Jugendliche; Drogenkonsum; USA
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (37 [7] S.), graph. Darst.
  21. Medical marijuana laws and teen marijuana use

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 20332
    Schlagworte: Cannabis; Arzneimittelrecht; Medizin; Jugendliche; Drogenkonsum; USA
    Umfang: 38, [7] S., graph. Darst.
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    Parallel als Online-Ausg. erschienen

  22. Punishment and deterrence
    evidence from drunk driving
    Erschienen: 2014

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 20243
    Schlagworte: Kriminalpolitik; Alkoholkonsum; Straßenverkehr; Straßenverkehr; Verkehrsverhalten; USA
    Umfang: 51 S., graph. Darst.
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    Parallel als Online-Ausg. erschienen

  23. Medical marijuana laws and teen marijuana use
    Erschienen: 2012
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn

    While at least a dozen state legislatures are considering bills to allow the consumption of marijuana for medicinal purposes, the federal government has recently intensified its efforts to close medical marijuana dispensaries. Federal officials... mehr

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    While at least a dozen state legislatures are considering bills to allow the consumption of marijuana for medicinal purposes, the federal government has recently intensified its efforts to close medical marijuana dispensaries. Federal officials contend that the legalization of medical marijuana encourages teenagers to use marijuana and have targeted dispensaries operating within 1,000 feet of schools, parks and playgrounds. Using data from the national and state Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and the Treatment Episode Data Set, we estimate the relationship between medical marijuana laws and marijuana use. Our results are not consistent with the hypothesis that legalization leads to increased use of marijuana by teenagers. -- marijuana ; youth risky behavior ; medical marijuana laws

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/58721
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 6592
    Schlagworte: Drogenkonsum; Medizin; Jugendliche; Gesundheitsrisiko; USA
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 37, [9] S., 598,35 KB), graph. Darst.
  24. Cigarette taxes and the social market
    Erschienen: 2011
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn

    Previous researchers have argued that the social market for cigarettes insulates its participants from policies designed to curb youth smoking. Using state Youth Risk Behavior Survey data, we examine whether recent changes in state cigarette taxes... mehr

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    Previous researchers have argued that the social market for cigarettes insulates its participants from policies designed to curb youth smoking. Using state Youth Risk Behavior Survey data, we examine whether recent changes in state cigarette taxes affected how young smokers obtained their cigarettes. Our estimates suggest that tax increases reduce youth smoking participation primarily through their effect on third-party purchase, although there is evidence that they are negatively related to borrowing among younger teenagers and negatively related to direct purchase among older teenagers. -- youth smoking ; cigarette taxes

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/51670
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 5580
    Schlagworte: Tabaksteuer; Wirkungsanalyse; Jugendliche; Rauchen; Soziale Beziehungen; USA
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 48 S., 327,01 KB), graph. Darst.
  25. Does "€ban the box"€ help or hurt low-skilled workers?
    statistical discrimination and employment outcomes when criminal histories are hidden
    Erschienen: July 2016
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 22469
    Schlagworte: Personalauswahl; Unvollkommene Information; Arbeitsmarktdiskriminierung; Ethnische Diskriminierung; Junge Arbeitskräfte; Geheimhaltung; Kriminalität; Schätzung; USA
    Umfang: 47 Seiten, Illustrationen
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