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  1. The effects of becoming a physician on prescription drug use and mental health treatment
    Autor*in: Anderson, D. Mark; Diris, Ron; Montizaan, Raymond; Rees, Daniel I.
    Erschienen: November 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    There is evidence that physicians disproportionately suffer from substance use disorder and mental health problems. It is not clear, however, whether these phenomena are causal. We use data on Dutch medical school applicants to examine the effects of... mehr

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    Universitätsbibliothek Braunschweig
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    DS 4
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    There is evidence that physicians disproportionately suffer from substance use disorder and mental health problems. It is not clear, however, whether these phenomena are causal. We use data on Dutch medical school applicants to examine the effects of becoming a physician on prescription drug use and the receipt of treatment from a mental health facility. Leveraging variation from lottery outcomes that determine admission into medical schools, we find that becoming a physician increases the use of antidepressants, opioids, anxiolytics, and sedatives, especially for female physicians. Among female applicants towards the bottom of the GPA distribution, becoming a physician increases the likelihood of receiving treatment from a mental health facility.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250551
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14890
    Schlagworte: prescription drug use; opioids; mental health treatment; physicians
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. The federal effort to desegregate southern hospitals and the black-white infant mortality gap
    Autor*in: Anderson, D. Mark; Charles, Kerwin Kofi; Rees, Daniel I.
    Erschienen: December 2020
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    In 1966, Southern hospitals were barred from participating in Medicare unless they discontinued their long-standing practice of racial segregation. Using data from five Deep South states and exploiting county-level variation in Medicare certification... mehr

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    DS 4
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    In 1966, Southern hospitals were barred from participating in Medicare unless they discontinued their long-standing practice of racial segregation. Using data from five Deep South states and exploiting county-level variation in Medicare certification dates, we find that gaining access to an ostensibly integrated hospital had no effect on the Black-White infant mortality gap, although it may have discouraged small numbers of Black mothers from giving birth at home attended by a midwife. These results are consistent with descriptions of the federal hospital desegregation campaign as producing only cosmetic changes and illustrate the limits of anti-discrimination policies imposed upon reluctant actors.

     
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    hdl: 10419/232672
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 13920
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 84 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. The federal effort to desegregate Southern hospitals and the black-white infant mortality gap
    Autor*in: Anderson, D. Mark; Charles, Kerwin Kofi; Rees, Daniel I.
    Erschienen: October 2020
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

    Standort:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    W 1 (27970)
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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 27970
    Schlagworte: Kindersterblichkeit; Geburt; Krankenhaus; Ethnische Diskriminierung; Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung; USA (Südstaaten)
    Umfang: 80 Seiten, Illustrationen
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    Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe
  4. Have U.S. Gun Buyback Programs Misfired?
    Autor*in: Ferrazares, Toshio; Sabia, Joseph J.; Anderson, D. Mark
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Gun buyback programs (GBPs), which use public funds to purchase civilians' privately-owned firearms, aim to reduce gun violence. However, little is known about their effects on firearm-related crime or deaths. Using data from the National Incident... mehr

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    Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Standort:
    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Standort:
    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) / Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universitätsbibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Gun buyback programs (GBPs), which use public funds to purchase civilians' privately-owned firearms, aim to reduce gun violence. However, little is known about their effects on firearm-related crime or deaths. Using data from the National Incident Based Reporting System, we find no evidence that GBPs reduce gun crime. Given our estimated null findings, with 95 percent confidence, we can rule out decreases in firearm-related crime of greater than 1.3 percent during the year following a buyback. Using data from the National Vital Statistics System, we also find no evidence that GBPs reduce suicides or homicides where a firearm was involved

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w28763
    Schlagworte: Waffe; Waffenhandel; Waffenrecht; USA
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  5. Police force size and civilian race
    Autor*in: Chalfin, Aaron; Hansen, Benjamin; Weisburst, Emily K.; Williams, Morgan C.
    Erschienen: December 2020
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    W 1 (28202)
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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 28202
    Umfang: 68 Seiten, Illustrationen
    Bemerkung(en):

    Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe
  6. Do state Tobacco 21 laws work?
    Autor*in: Bryan, Calvin; Hansen, Benjamin; McNichols, Drew; Sabia, Joseph J.
    Erschienen: December 2020
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

    Standort:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    W 1 (28173)
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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 28173
    Umfang: 75 Seiten, Illustrationen
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    Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe
  7. Vertical Integration and Production Inefficiency in the Presence of a Gross Receipts Tax
    Autor*in: Hansen, Benjamin; Miller, Keaton S.; Weber, Caroline
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We quantify the effects of a gross receipts tax (GRT) on vertical integration for the first time. We use data from the Washington state recreational cannabis industry, which has numerous advantages including a clean natural experiment: a 25% GRT... mehr

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    Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
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    Standort:
    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) / Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universitätsbibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    We quantify the effects of a gross receipts tax (GRT) on vertical integration for the first time. We use data from the Washington state recreational cannabis industry, which has numerous advantages including a clean natural experiment: a 25% GRT imposed on cannabis firms was subsequently replaced by an excise tax at retail. We find the short-run elasticity of vertical integration with respect to the intermediate good net- of-tax rate is -0.15 and the long-run elasticity is more than twice as large. We find these incentives lead to large output losses - production increases by 23 percent when the GRT is eliminated

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w28478
    Schlagworte: Cannabis; Droge; Umsatzsteuer; Vertikale Integration; Unternehmensbesteuerung; Washington (Staat)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  8. The Public Health Effects of Legalizing Marijuana
    Autor*in: Anderson, D. Mark; Rees, Daniel I.
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Thirty-six states have legalized medical marijuana and 14 states have legalized the use of marijuana for recreational purposes. In this paper, we review the literature on the public health consequences of legalizing marijuana, focusing on studies... mehr

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    Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Standort:
    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) / Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universitätsbibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Thirty-six states have legalized medical marijuana and 14 states have legalized the use of marijuana for recreational purposes. In this paper, we review the literature on the public health consequences of legalizing marijuana, focusing on studies that have appeared in economics journals as well as leading public policy, public health, and medical journals. Among the outcomes considered are: youth marijuana use, alcohol consumption, the abuse of prescription opioids, traffic fatalities, and crime. For some of these outcomes, there is a near consensus in the literature regarding the effects of medical marijuana laws (MMLs). As an example, leveraging geographic and temporal variation in MMLs, researchers have produced little credible evidence to suggest that legalization promotes marijuana use among teenagers. Likewise, there is convincing evidence that young adults consume less alcohol when medical marijuana is legalized. For other public health outcomes such as mortality involving prescription opioids, the effect of legalizing medical marijuana has proven more difficult to gauge and, as a consequence, we are less comfortable drawing firm conclusions. Finally, it is not yet clear how legalizing marijuana for recreational purposes will affect these and other important public health outcomes. We will be able to draw stronger conclusions when more post-treatment data are collected in states that have recently legalized recreational marijuana

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w28647
    Schlagworte: Cannabis; Drogenpolitik; Drogenkonsum; Droge; USA
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  9. The minimum legal drinking age and crime victimization
    Autor*in: Chalfin, Aaron; Hansen, Benjamin; Ryley, Rachel
    Erschienen: July 2019
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 26051
    Schlagworte: Junge Erwachsene; Alkoholisches Getränk; Kriminalität; Soziale Kosten; USA
    Umfang: 52 Seiten, Illustrationen
    Bemerkung(en):

    Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe
  10. Marriage equality laws and youth suicidal behaviors
    Autor*in: Anderson, D. Mark; Matsuzawa, Kyutaro; Sabia, Joseph J.
    Erschienen: October 2019
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

    Standort:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    W 1 (26364)
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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 26364
    Schlagworte: Ehe; Homosexualität; Jugendliche; Suizid; USA
    Umfang: 55 Seiten, Illustrationen
    Bemerkung(en):

    Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe
  11. The Effects of Becoming a Physician on Prescription Drug Use and Mental Health Treatment
    Autor*in: Anderson, D. Mark; Diris, Ron; Montizaan, Raymond; Rees, Daniel I.
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    There is evidence that physicians disproportionately suffer from substance use disorder and mental health problems. It is not clear, however, whether these phenomena are causal. We use data on Dutch medical school applicants to examine the effects... mehr

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    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Standort:
    Universitätsbibliothek Braunschweig
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) / Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universitätsbibliothek
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    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

     

    There is evidence that physicians disproportionately suffer from substance use disorder and mental health problems. It is not clear, however, whether these phenomena are causal. We use data on Dutch medical school applicants to examine the effects of becoming a physician on prescription drug use and the receipt of treatment from a mental health facility. Leveraging variation from lottery outcomes that determine admission into medical schools, we find that becoming a physician increases the use of antidepressants, opioids, anxiolytics, and sedatives, especially for female physicians. Among female applicants towards the bottom of the GPA distribution, becoming a physician increases the likelihood of receiving treatment from a mental health facility

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29536
    Schlagworte: Ärzte; Psychische Krankheit; Medizinische Behandlung; Arzneimittel; Niederlande
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  12. Labor Reallocation and Remote Work During COVID-19
    Real-time Evidence from GitHub
    Autor*in: McDermott, Grant R.; Hansen, Benjamin
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on labor activity using real-time data from millions of GitHub users around the world. We show that the pandemic triggered a sharp pattern of labor reallocation at both the global and regional level.... mehr

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    Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Standort:
    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Standort:
    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) / Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universitätsbibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    We investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on labor activity using real-time data from millions of GitHub users around the world. We show that the pandemic triggered a sharp pattern of labor reallocation at both the global and regional level. Users were more likely to work on weekends and outside of traditional 9 am to 6 pm hours, especially during the early phase of the pandemic. We also document considerable heterogeneity between different user groups and locations. Some locations show a steady reversion back to historical work patterns, while others have experienced persistent trend deviations in the wake of COVID-19. The pattern of labor reallocation is slightly more pronounced among males in our sample, suggesting that men may have benefited more from the increased flexibility provided by remote work than women. Finally, we show that the pattern of reallocation was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in overall activity, though this effect is more transient. We discuss several potential mechanisms and draw tentative conclusions for broader workplace trends given our study population

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29598
    Schlagworte: Arbeitszeitgestaltung; Telearbeit; Arbeitszeit; Coronavirus; Welt
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  13. Estimating the Effects of Milk Inspections on Infant and Child Mortality, 1880-1910
    Autor*in: Anderson, D. Mark; Charles, Kerwin Kofi; McKelligott, Michael; Rees, Daniel I.
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    In the mid-19th century, the urban milk supply in the United States was regularly skimmed or diluted with water, reducing its nutritional value. At the urging of public health experts, cities across the country hired milk inspectors, who were tasked... mehr

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    Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) / Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universitätsbibliothek
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

     

    In the mid-19th century, the urban milk supply in the United States was regularly skimmed or diluted with water, reducing its nutritional value. At the urging of public health experts, cities across the country hired milk inspectors, who were tasked with collecting and analyzing milk samples with the goal of preventing adulteration and skimming. Using city-level data for the period 1880-1910, we explore the effects of milk inspections on infant mortality and mortality among children under the age of 5. Event-study estimates are small and statistically insignificant, providing little evidence of post-treatment reductions in either infant or child mortality

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29620
    Schlagworte: Kindersterblichkeit; Milch; Kinder; Lebensmittelsicherheit; Ereignisstudie; USA
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  14. Estimating the effects of milk inspections on infant and child mortality, 1880-1910
    Autor*in: Anderson, D. Mark; Charles, Kerwin Kofi; McKelligott, Michael; Rees, Daniel I.
    Erschienen: December 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    In the mid-19th century, the urban milk supply in the United States was regularly skimmed or diluted with water, reducing its nutritional value. At the urging of public health experts, cities across the country hired milk inspectors, who were tasked... mehr

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    Standort:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signatur:
    DS 4
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

     

    In the mid-19th century, the urban milk supply in the United States was regularly skimmed or diluted with water, reducing its nutritional value. At the urging of public health experts, cities across the country hired milk inspectors, who were tasked with collecting and analyzing milk samples with the goal of preventing adulteration and skimming. Using city-level data for the period 1880-1910, we explore the effects of milk inspections on infant mortality and mortality among children under the age of 5. Event-study estimates are small and statistically insignificant, providing little evidence of post-treatment reductions in either infant or child mortality.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/250636
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14975
    Schlagworte: mortality transition; milk inspections; infant mortality; child mortality; public health
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. The Grass is Greener on the Other Side
    How Extensive is the Interstate Trafficking of Recreational Marijuana?
    Autor*in: Hansen, Benjamin
    Erschienen: [2018]
    Verlag:  SSRN, [S.l.]

    Marijuana is partially prohibited: though banned federally, it will soon be available to almost 1 in 4 U.S. adults under state statutes. A chief concern among policy makers is marijuana trafficking from states with legal markets elsewhere. We measure... mehr

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    Standort:
    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

     

    Marijuana is partially prohibited: though banned federally, it will soon be available to almost 1 in 4 U.S. adults under state statutes. A chief concern among policy makers is marijuana trafficking from states with legal markets elsewhere. We measure trafficking with a natural experiment. Oregon opened recreationally licensed stores on October 1, 2015, next to Washington where stores had been legally selling recreational marijuana since July, 2014. Using administrative data covering the universe of recreational market sales, we find Washington retailers along the Oregon border experienced a 41% decline in sales immediately following Oregon's market opening. In counties that are the closest crossing point for the majority of the neighboring population, the estimated decrease grows to 58%, and is the largest for the biggest transactions. We also test if these inter-state spill-overs led to health externalities by studying traffic accidents in Oregon from 2011-2015

     
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    Schlagworte: Droge; Drogenkonsum; Drogenpolitik; USA
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p)
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    Nach Informationen von SSRN wurde die ursprüngliche Fassung des Dokuments March 2018 erstellt
  16. Safeguarding Consumers Through Minimum Quality Standards
    Milk Inspections and Urban Mortality, 1880-1910
    Autor*in: Anderson, D. Mark; Charles, Kerwin Kofi; McKelligott, Michael; Rees, Daniel I.
    Erschienen: May 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We examine the effect of enforcing minimum quality standards (MQSs) on consumer health. In the late 1800s, the urban milk supply was regularly skimmed and diluted with water, but consumers could not easily determine its quality because dyes,... mehr

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    We examine the effect of enforcing minimum quality standards (MQSs) on consumer health. In the late 1800s, the urban milk supply was regularly skimmed and diluted with water, but consumers could not easily determine its quality because dyes, caramel, and salt were added. To protect consumers, milk inspectors were tasked with enforcing a well-defined MQS. Using city-level data for the period 1880-1910, we find that milk inspections reduced mortality from waterborne and foodborne diseases by 8-19 percent. Ours is the first study to provide evidence that MQSs can improve consumer health when directly applied to an experience or credence good

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30063
    Schlagworte: Produktqualität; Produktsicherheit; Milch; Wirkungsanalyse; Sterblichkeit; Stadt; USA; State and Local Government: Health; Education; Welfare; Public Pensions; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health; Public Policy; Economics of Regulation; U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  17. Water purification efforts and the black-white infant mortality gap, 1906-1938
    Autor*in: Anderson, D. Mark; Charles, Kerwin Kofi; Rees, Daniel I.; Wang, Tianyi
    Erschienen: November 2019
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    According to Troesken (2004), efforts to purify municipal water supplies at the turn of the 20th century dramatically improved the relative health of blacks. There is, however, little empirical evidence to support the Troesken hypothesis. Using... mehr

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    According to Troesken (2004), efforts to purify municipal water supplies at the turn of the 20th century dramatically improved the relative health of blacks. There is, however, little empirical evidence to support the Troesken hypothesis. Using city-level data published by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for the period 1906-1938, we explore the relationship between water purification efforts and the black-white infant mortality gap. Our results suggest that, while water filtration was effective across the board, adding chlorine to the water supply reduced mortality only among black infants. Specifically, chlorination is associated with an 11 percent reduction in black infant mortality and a 13 percent reduction in the black-white infant mortality gap. We also find that chlorination led to a substantial reduction in the black-white diarrhea mortality gap among children under the age of 2, although this estimate is measured with less precision.

     
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    hdl: 10419/215179
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12783
    Schlagworte: Wasseraufbereitung; Wirkungsanalyse; Kindersterblichkeit; Weiße; Schwarze Menschen; USA
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Cigarette taxes and teen marijuana use
    Autor*in: Anderson, D. Mark; Matsuzawa, Kyutaro; Sabia, Joseph J.
    Erschienen: February 2020
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 26780
    Schlagworte: Tabaksteuer; Steuerwirkung; Drogenkonsum; Jugendliche; USA
    Umfang: 52 Seiten, Illustrationen
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  19. Cigarette taxes and teen marijuana use
    Autor*in: Anderson, D. Mark; Matsuzawa, Kyutaro; Sabia, Joseph J.
    Erschienen: February 2020
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The spillover effect of cigarette taxes on youth marijuana use has been the subject of intense public debate. Opponents of cigarette taxes warn that tax hikes will cause youths to substitute toward marijuana. On the other hand, public health experts... mehr

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    The spillover effect of cigarette taxes on youth marijuana use has been the subject of intense public debate. Opponents of cigarette taxes warn that tax hikes will cause youths to substitute toward marijuana. On the other hand, public health experts often claim that because tobacco is a "gateway" drug, higher cigarette taxes will deter youth marijuana use. Using data from the National and State Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBS) for the period 1991-2017, we explore the relationship between state excise taxes on cigarettes and teen marijuana use. In general, our results fail to support either of the above hypotheses. Rather, we find little evidence to suggest that teen marijuana use is sensitive to changes in the state cigarette tax. This null result holds for the sample period where cigarette taxes are observed to have the largest effect on teen cigarette use and across a number of demographic groups in the data. Finally, we find preliminary evidence that the recent adoption of state e-cigarette taxes is associated with a reduction in youth marijuana use.

     
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    hdl: 10419/215376
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12980
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Water purification efforts and the black-white infant mortality gap, 1906-1938
    Autor*in: Anderson, D. Mark; Charles, Kerwin Kofi; Rees, Daniel I.; Wang, Tianyi
    Erschienen: November 2019
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 26489
    Schlagworte: Wasseraufbereitung; Wirkungsanalyse; Kindersterblichkeit; Weiße; Schwarze Menschen; USA
    Umfang: 27 Seiten, Illustrationen
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    Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe
  21. In-Person Schooling and Youth Suicide
    Evidence from School Calendars and Pandemic School Closures
    Autor*in: Hansen, Benjamin; Sabia, Joseph J.; Schaller, Jessamyn
    Erschienen: December 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This study explores the effect of in-person schooling on youth suicide. We document three key findings. First, using data from the National Vital Statistics System from 1990-2019, we document the historical association between teen suicides and the... mehr

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    This study explores the effect of in-person schooling on youth suicide. We document three key findings. First, using data from the National Vital Statistics System from 1990-2019, we document the historical association between teen suicides and the school calendar. We show that suicides among 12-to-18-year-olds are highest during months of the school year and lowest during summer months (June through August) and also establish that areas with schools starting in early August experience increases in teen suicides in August, while areas with schools starting in September don't see youth suicides rise until September. Second, we show that this seasonal pattern dramatically changed in 2020. Teen suicides plummeted in March 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic began in the U.S. and remained low throughout the summer before rising in Fall 2020 when many K-12 schools returned to in-person instruction. Third, using county-level variation in school reopenings in Fall 2020 and Spring 2021--proxied by anonymized SafeGraph smartphone data on elementary and secondary school foot traffic--we find that returning from online to in-person schooling was associated with a 12-to-18 percent increase teen suicides. This result is robust to controls for seasonal effects and general lockdown effects (proxied by restaurant and bar foot traffic), and survives falsification tests using suicides among young adults ages 19-to-25. Auxiliary analyses using Google Trends queries and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey suggests that bullying victimization may be an important mechanism

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30795
    Schlagworte: Suizid; Schüler; Jugendliche; Schule; Coronavirus; USA; Health; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health; Other; Education and Research Institutions
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  22. The public health effects of legalizing marijuana
    Autor*in: Anderson, D. Mark; Rees, Daniel I.
    Erschienen: April 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Thirty-six states have legalized medical marijuana and 14 states have legalized the use of marijuana for recreational purposes. In this paper, we review the literature on the public health consequences of legalizing marijuana, focusing on studies... mehr

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    Thirty-six states have legalized medical marijuana and 14 states have legalized the use of marijuana for recreational purposes. In this paper, we review the literature on the public health consequences of legalizing marijuana, focusing on studies that have appeared in economics journals as well as leading public policy, public health, and medical journals. Among the outcomes considered are: youth marijuana use, alcohol consumption, the abuse of prescription opioids, traffic fatalities, and crime. For some of these outcomes, there is a near consensus in the literature regarding the effects of medical marijuana laws (MMLs). As an example, leveraging geographic and temporal variation in MMLs, researchers have produced little credible evidence to suggest that legalization promotes marijuana use among teenagers. Likewise, there is convincing evidence that young adults consume less alcohol when medical marijuana is legalized. For other public health outcomes such as mortality involving prescription opioids, the effect of legalizing medical marijuana has proven more difficult to gauge and, as a consequence, we are less comfortable drawing firm conclusions. Finally, it is not yet clear how legalizing marijuana for recreational purposes will affect these and other important public health outcomes. We will be able to draw stronger conclusions when more post-treatment data are collected in states that have recently legalized recreational marijuana.

     
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    hdl: 10419/236323
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14292
    Schlagworte: marijuana legalization; public health
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 90 Seiten)
  23. Schools, Job Flexibility, and Married Women's Labor Supply
    Evidence From the COVID-19 Pandemic
    Autor*in: Hansen, Benjamin; Sabia, Joseph J.; Schaller, Jessamyn
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This study explores the effect of school reopenings during the COVID-19 pandemic on married women's labor supply. We proxy for in-person attendance at US K-12 schools using smartphone data from Safegraph and measure female employment, hours, and... mehr

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    This study explores the effect of school reopenings during the COVID-19 pandemic on married women's labor supply. We proxy for in-person attendance at US K-12 schools using smartphone data from Safegraph and measure female employment, hours, and remote work using the Current Population Survey. Difference-in-differences estimates show that K-12 reopenings are associated with significant increases in employment and hours among married women with school-aged children, with no measurable effects on labor supply in comparison groups. Employment effects of school reopenings are concentrated among mothers of older school-aged children, while remote work may mitigate effects for mothers of younger children

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29660
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Schule; Infektionsschutz; Mütter; Weibliche Arbeitskräfte; Arbeitszeit; USA
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers
  24. Safeguarding consumers through minimum quality standards
    milk inspections and urban mortality, 1880-1910
    Autor*in: Anderson, D. Mark; Charles, Kerwin Kofi; McKelligott, Michael; Rees, Daniel I.
    Erschienen: May 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We examine the effect of enforcing minimum quality standards (MQSs) on consumer health. In the late 1800s, the urban milk supply was regularly skimmed and diluted with water, but consumers could not easily determine its quality because dyes, caramel,... mehr

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    We examine the effect of enforcing minimum quality standards (MQSs) on consumer health. In the late 1800s, the urban milk supply was regularly skimmed and diluted with water, but consumers could not easily determine its quality because dyes, caramel, and salt were added. To protect consumers, milk inspectors were tasked with enforcing a well-defined MQS. Using city-level data for the period 1880-1910, we find that milk inspections reduced mortality from waterborne and foodborne diseases by 8-19 percent. Ours is the first study to provide evidence that MQSs can improve consumer health when directly applied to an experience or credence good.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263511
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15295
    Schlagworte: milk inspections; infant mortality; waterborne mortality; urban mortality
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 73 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Mandatory Seatbelt Laws and Traffic Fatalities
    A Reassessment
    Autor*in: Anderson, D. Mark; Liang, Yang; Sabia, Joseph J.
    Erschienen: January 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Using data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System for the period 1983-1997, Cohen and Einav (Review of Economics and Statistics 2003; 85(4): 828-843) found that mandatory seatbelt laws were associated with a 4 to 6 percent reduction in traffic... mehr

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    Using data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System for the period 1983-1997, Cohen and Einav (Review of Economics and Statistics 2003; 85(4): 828-843) found that mandatory seatbelt laws were associated with a 4 to 6 percent reduction in traffic fatalities among motor vehicle occupants. After successfully replicating their two-way fixed effects estimates, we (1) add 22 years of data (1998-2019) to capture additional seatbelt policy variation and observe a longer post-treatment period, (2) employ the interaction-weighted estimator proposed by Sun and Abraham (2021) to address potential bias due to heterogeneous and dynamic treatment effects, and (3) estimate event-study models to investigate pre-treatment trends and explore lagged post-treatment effects. Consistent with Cohen and Einav (2003), our updated estimates show that primary seatbelt laws are associated with a 5 to 9 percent reduction in fatalities among motor vehicle occupants. Estimated effects of secondary seatbelt laws are smaller in magnitude and sensitive to model choice

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30851
    Schlagworte: Verkehrsrecht; Verkehrssicherheit; Verkehrsunfall; Kraftfahrzeug; USA; Health Behavior; Energy, Environmental, Health, and Safety Law; Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
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