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  1. Headwinds and Tailwinds
    Implications of Inefficient Retail Energy Pricing for Energy Substitution
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Electrification of transportation and buildings to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions requires massive switching from natural gas and refined petroleum products. All three end-use energy sources are mispriced due in part to the unpriced pollution... mehr

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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Electrification of transportation and buildings to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions requires massive switching from natural gas and refined petroleum products. All three end-use energy sources are mispriced due in part to the unpriced pollution they emit. Natural gas and electricity utilities also face the classic natural monopoly challenge of recovering fixed costs while maintaining efficient pricing. We study the magnitude of these distortions for electricity, natural gas, and gasoline purchased by residential customers across the continental US. We find that the net distortion in pricing electricity is much greater than for natural gas or gasoline. Residential customers in much of the country face electricity prices that are well above social marginal cost (private marginal cost plus unpriced externalities), while in some areas with large shares of coal-fired generation, prices are below SMC. Combining our estimates of marginal price and SMC for each of the fuels with a large survey of California households' energy use, we calculate the distribution of annual fuel costs for space heating, water heating, and electric vehicles under actual pricing versus setting price at SMC. We find that moving prices for all three fuels to equal their SMC would significantly increase the incentive for Californians to switch to electricity for these energy services

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29118
    Schlagworte: Treibhausgas-Emissionen; Soziale Kosten; Energiesubstitution; Umweltpolitik; Preismanagement; Gaspreis; Strompreis; Benzinpreis; Grenzkostenpreis; Kalifornien; USA
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  2. Carbon Pricing, Clean Electricity Standards, and Clean Electricity Subsidies on the Path to Zero Emissions
    Erschienen: July 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We categorize the primary incentive-based mechanisms under consideration for addressing greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation--pricing carbon, setting intensity standards, and subsidizing clean energy--and compare their market outcomes... mehr

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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    We categorize the primary incentive-based mechanisms under consideration for addressing greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation--pricing carbon, setting intensity standards, and subsidizing clean energy--and compare their market outcomes under similar expansions of clean electricity generation. While pricing emissions gives strong incentives to first eliminate generation with the highest social cost, a clean energy standard incentivizes earliest phaseout of the generation with the highest private cost. We show that the importance of this distinction depends on the correlation between private costs and emissions rates. We then estimate this correlation for US electricity generation and fuel prices as of 2019. The results indicate that the emissions difference between a carbon tax and clean energy standard that phase out fossil fuel generation over the same timeframe may actually be quite small, though it depends on fossil fuel prices during the phaseout. We also discuss how each of these policy options is likely to impact electricity prices, quantity demanded, government revenue, and economic efficiency. Large pre-existing markups of retail electricity prices over marginal costs are likely to considerably weaken or even reverse the usual assumed efficiency advantage of carbon pricing policies over alternatives, including direct subsidization of clean electricity generation

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30263
    Schlagworte: Treibhausgas-Emissionen; Umweltpolitik; Anreizregulierung; Emissionshandel; Ökosteuer; Umweltstandard; Strompreis; USA; Electric Utilities; Pollution Control Adoption and Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects; Climate; Natural Disasters and Their Management; Global Warming; Government Policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers

  3. When we change the clock, does the clock change us?
    Erschienen: March 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    The practice of standardizing the designation of time is a central device for coordinating activities and economic behaviors across individuals. However, there is nearly always conflict between an individual's goals of coordinating activities with... mehr

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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) / Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universitätsbibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    The practice of standardizing the designation of time is a central device for coordinating activities and economic behaviors across individuals. However, there is nearly always conflict between an individual's goals of coordinating activities with others and engaging in those activities at their own preferred time. When time is standardized across large geographic areas, that tension is enhanced, because norms about the "clock times" of activities conflict with adapting to local environmental conditions created by natural or "solar" time. This tension is at the heart of current state and national debates about adopting daylight saving time or switching time zones. We study this conflict by examining how geographic and temporal variation in solar time within time zones affects the timing of a range of common behaviors in the United States. Specifically, we estimate the degree to which people shift their online behavior (through Twitter), their commute (using data from the Census), and their visits to businesses and other establishments (using foot traffic data). We find that, on average, a one-hour shift in the differential between solar time and clock time -- approximately the width of a time zone -- leads to shifting the clock time of behavior by between 9 and 26 minutes. This result shows that while adapting to local environmental factors significantly offsets the differential between solar time and clock time, the behavioral nudge and coordination value of clock time has the larger influence on activity. We also study how the trade-off differs across different activities and population demographics

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30999
    Schlagworte: Zeit; Verhalten; USA; General; Environmental Economics
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers

  4. Sticky prices, inventories, and market power in wholesale gasoline markets
    Erschienen: 1996
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.

    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
    1 : Z 121.5:5468
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 1 (5468)
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 5468
    Schlagworte: Benzin; Ölmarkt; Lager; Preisrigidität; Marktmacht; Theorie; USA
    Umfang: 42 S.
    Bemerkung(en):

    Literaturverz. S. 31 - 32

  5. The competitive effects of transmission capacity in a deregulated electricity industry
    Erschienen: 1997
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.

    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen
    bc 1286-6293
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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
    1 : Z 121.5:6293
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 1 (6293)
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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 6293
    Schlagworte: Elektrizitätswirtschaft; Elektrizitätsversorgung; Deregulierung; Duopol; Wettbewerb; Theorie; Kalifornien
    Umfang: 50, [8] S., graph. Darst.
    Bemerkung(en):

    Literaturverz. S. 43 - 44

  6. Diagnosing market power in California's restructured wholesale electricity market
    Erschienen: 2000
    Verlag:  NBER, Cambridge, Mass.

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 1 (7868)
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 7868
    Schlagworte: Elektrizitätswirtschaft; Großhandel; Marktmacht; Kalifornien; Electric industries; Electric utilities; Electric utilities
    Umfang: 43, [8] S, graph. Darst
    Bemerkung(en):

    Internetausg.: papers.nber.org/papers/W7868.pdf - lizenzpflichtig

    Literaturverz. S. 37 - 38

  7. Do airline bankruptcies reduce air service?
    Erschienen: 2003
    Verlag:  NBER, Cambridge, Mass.

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 1 (9636)
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    ifo Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung an der Universität München, Bibliothek
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 9636
    Schlagworte: Fluggesellschaft; Insolvenz; Luftverkehr; Angebot; USA; Airlines; Airlines; Bankruptcy
    Umfang: 16 S
    Bemerkung(en):

    Internetausg.: papers.nber.org/papers/w9636.pdf - lizenzpflichtig

  8. On the efficiency of competitive electricity markets with time-invariant retail prices
    Erschienen: 2003
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 1 (9922)
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 9922
    Schlagworte: Elektrizitätswirtschaft; Wettbewerb; Einzelhandel; Preismanagement; Investition; Theorie; Electric industries; Electric utilities; Electric utilities; Electricity
    Umfang: 32, [2] S, graph. Darst
    Bemerkung(en):

    Internetausg.: papers.nber.org/papers/w9922.pdf - lizenzpflichtig

    Literaturverz. S. 31 - 32

  9. Energy Hogs and Energy Angels
    What Does Residential Electricity Usage Really Tell Us About Profligate Consumption?
    Erschienen: January 2024
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Since the 1970s, high volumetric (per kilowatt-hour) electricity prices have been justified in many policy discussions as encouraging more efficient use of electricity and placing more of the cost burden on those who are less prudent in their use.... mehr

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    Since the 1970s, high volumetric (per kilowatt-hour) electricity prices have been justified in many policy discussions as encouraging more efficient use of electricity and placing more of the cost burden on those who are less prudent in their use. The argument has been used in support of increasing-block electricity pricing, under which the price per kilowatt-hour rises as a household consumes more electricity per month. More recently, in California, opponents of a proposal to lower volumetric prices and replace the revenue through fixed monthly charges have suggested that the change would just benefit "energy hogs". In this paper, I first investigate characteristics of households who are high electricity consumers and ask how effectively such pricing targets profligate residential electricity consumption. I then look more broadly at the energy usage individuals are responsible for in the economy, how other energy usage is priced, and the role that residential electricity use plays in the overall picture. Finally, I connect the discussion of profligate direct and indirect energy consumption with the negative externalities produced, which are typically the justification for such penalty pricing

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w32023
    Schlagworte: Energiekonsum; Strompreis; Preismanagement; Elektrizitätswirtschaft; Energiepolitik; Kalifornien; USA; Demand and Supply; Prices; Government Policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers

  10. Prospects for competitive European air travel
    Erschienen: 1992

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    C 192521
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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 395
    Schlagworte: Luftverkehrspolitik; EU-Staaten; Luftverkehr
    Umfang: 23 S
  11. The economics of customer lock-in and market power in services

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    ISBN: 8257090182
    Auflage/Ausgabe: Rev
    Schriftenreihe: Memorandum from Department of Economics, University of Oslo ; 1993,19
    Schlagworte: Kundenservice; Marktmacht
    Umfang: 22 S
  12. An empirical analysis of the potential for market power in California's electricity industry
    Erschienen: 1998
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.

    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen
    bc 1286-6463
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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 6463
    Schlagworte: Elektrizitätswirtschaft; Marktmacht; Schätzung; Kalifornien
    Umfang: 62 S., graph. Darst.
    Bemerkung(en):

    Literaturverz. S. 59 - 62

  13. Are residential electricity prices too high or too low? or both?
    Erschienen: June 2018
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 24756
    Schlagworte: Strompreis; Grenzkosten; Soziale Kosten; Kalifornien; USA
    Umfang: 55 Seiten, Illustrationen
    Bemerkung(en):

    Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe

  14. Customer risk from real-time retail electricity pricing
    bill volatibility and hedgability
    Erschienen: 2006
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    W 1 (12524)
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 12524
    Schlagworte: Elektrizitätswirtschaft; Strompreis; Volatilität; Risiko; Hedging; USA; Unternehmensbesteuerung
    Umfang: 24, [2] S., graph. Darst.
    Bemerkung(en):

    Literaturverz. S. 24

    Internetausg.: papers.nber.org/papers/w12524.pdf - lizenzpflichtig

  15. Wealth transfer from implementing real-time retail electricity pricing
    Erschienen: 2005
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 11594
    Schlagworte: Strompreis; Einzelhandel; Großhandel; Schätzung; Kalifornien; Electric utilities
    Umfang: 18 S
    Bemerkung(en):

    Literaturverz. S. 18

    Internetausg.: papers.nber.org/papers/w11594.pdf - lizenzpflichtig

  16. How airline markets work ... or do they?
    Regulatory reform in the airline industry
    Erschienen: 2007
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.

    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 13452
    Schlagworte: Luftverkehrspolitik; Luftrecht; Fluggesellschaft; Deregulierung; Luftverkehrssicherheit; Investition; Gewinnprognose; Verkehrsgeschichte; USA
    Umfang: 60, [20] S., graph. Darst., Kt.
    Bemerkung(en):

    Internetausg.: papers.nber.org/papers/w13452.pdf - lizenzpflichtig

  17. Principal-agent incentives, excess caution, and market inefficiency
    evidence from utility regulation
    Erschienen: 2007
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.

    "Regulators and firms often use incentive schemes to attract skillful agents and to induce them to put forth effort in pursuit of the principals' goals. Incentive schemes that reward skill and effort, however, may also punish agents for adverse... mehr

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    "Regulators and firms often use incentive schemes to attract skillful agents and to induce them to put forth effort in pursuit of the principals' goals. Incentive schemes that reward skill and effort, however, may also punish agents for adverse outcomes beyond their control. As a result, such schemes may induce inefficient behavior, as agents try to avoid actions that might make it easier to directly associate a bad outcome with their decisions. In this paper, we study how such caution on the part of individual agents may lead to inefficient market outcomes, focusing on the context of natural gas procurement by regulated public utilities. We posit that a regulated natural gas distribution company may, due to regulatory incentives, engage in excessively cautious behavior by foregoing surplus-increasing gas trades that could be seen ex post as having caused supply curtailments to its customers. We derive testable implications of such behavior and show that the theory is supported empirically in ways that cannot be explained by conventional price risk aversion or other explanations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the reduction in efficient trade caused by the regulatory mechanism is most severe during periods of relatively high demand and low supply, when the benefits of trade would be greatest"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 13679
    Schlagworte: Leistungsanreiz; Führungskräfte; Entscheidung unter Risiko; Risikoaversion; Versorgungswirtschaft; Wohlfahrtsanalyse; Prinzipal-Agent-Theorie
    Umfang: 61 S., graph. Darst.
  18. Effective and equitable adoption of opt-in residential dynamic electricity pricing
    Erschienen: 2012

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 18037
    Schlagworte: Elektrizitätsversorgung; Strompreis; Flexibilität; Verteilungswirkung; Niedrigeinkommen; Kalifornien
    Umfang: 42 S., graph. Darst.
    Bemerkung(en):

    Parallel als Online-Ausg. erschienen

  19. The equity and efficiency of two-part tariffs in US natural gas markets
    Erschienen: 2010

    "Residential natural gas customers in the United States face volumetric charges for natural gas that average about 30% more than marginal cost. The large markup on natural gas - which is used to cover the fixed infrastructure and operating costs of... mehr

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    "Residential natural gas customers in the United States face volumetric charges for natural gas that average about 30% more than marginal cost. The large markup on natural gas - which is used to cover the fixed infrastructure and operating costs of the local distribution companies - is widely recognized to be inefficient. Nonetheless, attempts to reduce volumetric charges, and cover the revenue shortfall through increased fixed monthly fees, have faced opposition based on the belief that current rate schedules have desirable distributional consequences. We evaluate this claim empirically using nationally-representative household-level data. We find that natural gas consumption is weakly correlated with household income, so current rate schedules are only mildly progressive. Under current rate schedules, high-volume customers pay a disproportionately large share of fixed costs, but these exhibit a weak correlation with high-income households. The correlation is somewhat weaker still when we consider alternative indicators of household financial stress, such as poverty status or number of children in the household. We show, for example, that poor households with multiple children would receive lower bills on average under marginal cost pricing. We present evidence that one cause of the weak redistributional impact of the current pricing policy is that the poor tend to live in less energy efficient homes"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 16653
    Schlagworte: Erdgasmarkt; Preis; Privater Haushalt; Haushaltseinkommen; Gerechtigkeit; USA
    Umfang: 49 S., graph. Darst.
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    Parallel als Online-Ausg. erschienen

  20. Career Concerns, Inaction, and Market Inefficiency: Evidence from Utility Regulation
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Center for the Study of Industrial Organization at Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Ill.

    This paper examines how career concerns can generate inefficiencies not only within firms but also in market outcomes. Career concerns may lead agents to avoid actions that, while value-increasing in expectation, could potentially be directly... mehr

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    This paper examines how career concerns can generate inefficiencies not only within firms but also in market outcomes. Career concerns may lead agents to avoid actions that, while value-increasing in expectation, could potentially be directly associated with a bad outcome. We apply this theory to natural gas procurement by regulated public utilities and show that career concerns may lead to a reduction in surplus-increasing market transactions during periods when the benefits of trade are likely to be greatest. We show that data from natural gas markets are consistent with this prediction and difficult to explain using alternative theories.

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/92468
    Schriftenreihe: CSIO working paper ; 0109
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (28 S.)
  21. The redistributional impact of non-linear electricity pricing
    Erschienen: 2010

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 15822
    Schlagworte: Elektrizitätswirtschaft; Elektrizitätspolitik; Energiekonsum; Klimawandel; Privater Haushalt; Strompreis; USA; Kalifornien
    Umfang: 56 S., graph. Darst.
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  22. Markets for anthropogenic carbon within the larger carbon cycle
    Erschienen: 2010

    "Human activity has disrupted the natural balance of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and is causing climate change. Burning fossil fuels and deforestation result directly in about 9 gigatons of carbon (GtC) emissions per year against the backdrop... mehr

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    "Human activity has disrupted the natural balance of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and is causing climate change. Burning fossil fuels and deforestation result directly in about 9 gigatons of carbon (GtC) emissions per year against the backdrop of the natural carbon flux -- emission and uptake -- of about 210 GtC per year to and from oceans, vegetation, soils and the atmosphere. But scientific research now indicates that humans are also impacting the natural carbon cycle through less-direct, but very important, mechanisms that are more difficult to monitor and control. I explore the challenges this presents to market or regulatory mechanisms that might be used to reduce greenhouse gases: scientific uncertainty about these indirect processes, pricing heterogeneous impacts of similar human behaviors, and the difficulty of assigning property rights to a far larger set of activities than has previously been contemplated. While this does not undermine arguments for market mechanisms to control direct anthropogenic release of greenhouse gases, it suggests that more research is needed to determine how and whether these mechanisms can be extended to address indirect human impacts"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 16104
    Schlagworte: Klimawandel; Treibhausgas-Emissionen; Umweltpolitik; Wirkungsanalyse
    Umfang: 9, [1] S.
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  23. The private and public economics of renewable electricity generation
    Erschienen: 2011

    "Generating electricity from renewable sources is more expensive than conventional approaches, but reduces pollution externalities. Analyzing the tradeoff is much more challenging than often presumed, because the value of electricity is extremely... mehr

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    "Generating electricity from renewable sources is more expensive than conventional approaches, but reduces pollution externalities. Analyzing the tradeoff is much more challenging than often presumed, because the value of electricity is extremely dependent on the time and location at which it is produced, which is not very controllable with some renewables, such as wind and solar. Likewise, the pollution benefits from renewable generation depend on what type of generation it displaces, which also depends on time and location. Without incorporating these factors, cost-benefit analyses of alternatives are likely to be misleading. However, other common arguments for subsidizing renewable power - green jobs, energy security and driving down fossil energy prices - are unlikely to substantially alter the analysis. The role of intellectual property spillovers is a strong argument for subsidizing energy science research, but less persuasive as an enhancement to the value of installing current renewable energy technologies"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 17695
    Schlagworte: Förderung erneuerbarer Energien; Erneuerbare Energie; Kraftwerk; Produktionskosten; Externer Effekt; Welt
    Umfang: 28 S., graph. Darst.
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  24. The incidence of an oil glut
    who benefits from cheap crude oil in the Midwest?
    Erschienen: 2012

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 18127
    Schlagworte: Erdölvorkommen; Erdölgewinnung; Energieinfrastruktur; Ölpreis; Benzinpreis; USA
    Umfang: 18, 2 S., graph. Darst.
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  25. On the persistent financial losses of US airlines
    a preliminary exploration
    Erschienen: 2011

    "U.S. airlines have lost nearly $60 billion (2009 dollars) in domestic markets since deregulation, most of it in the last decade. More than 30 years after domestic airline markets were deregulated, the dismal financial record is a puzzle that... mehr

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    "U.S. airlines have lost nearly $60 billion (2009 dollars) in domestic markets since deregulation, most of it in the last decade. More than 30 years after domestic airline markets were deregulated, the dismal financial record is a puzzle that challenges the economics of deregulation. I examine some of the most common explanations among industry participants, analysts, and researchers -- including high taxes and fuel costs, weak demand, and competition from lower-cost airlines. Descriptive statistics suggest that high taxes have been at most a minor factor and fuel costs shocks played a role only in the last few years. Major drivers seem to be the severe demand downturn after 9/11 -- demand remained much weaker in 2009 than it was in 2000 -- and the large cost differential between legacy airlines and the low-cost carriers, which has persisted even as their price differentials have greatly declined"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 16744
    Schlagworte: Luftverkehr; Fluggesellschaft; Luftrecht; Deregulierung; Rentabilität; Verlust; USA
    Umfang: 16 S., graph. Darst.
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