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  1. Unobserved firm heterogeneity and the size-exports nexus : Evidence from German panel data
    Autor*in: Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2002
    Verlag:  Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA), Hamburg

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  2. On the micro-structure of the German export boom : Evidence from establishment panel data, 1995 - 2002
    Autor*in: Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2003
    Verlag:  Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA), Hamburg

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  3. The exporter productivity premium along the productivity distribution
    first evidence from a quantile regression approach for fixed effects data models
    Autor*in: Powell, David; Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn

    An emerging literature on international activities of heterogeneous firms documents that exporting firms are more productive than firms that only sell on the national market. This positive exporter productivity premium shows up in a large number of... mehr

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    An emerging literature on international activities of heterogeneous firms documents that exporting firms are more productive than firms that only sell on the national market. This positive exporter productivity premium shows up in a large number of empirical studies after controlling for observed and unobserved firm characteristics in regression models including firm fixed effects. These studies test for a difference in productivity between exporters and non-exporters at the conditional mean of the productivity distribution. However, if firms are heterogeneous, it is possible that the size of the premium varies over the productivity distribution. In this paper we apply a newly developed estimator for fixed-effects quantile regression models to estimate the exporter productivity premium at quantiles of the productivity distribution for manufacturing enterprises in Germany, one of the leading actors in the world market for goods. We show that the premium decreases over the quantiles - a dimension of firm heterogeneity that cannot be detected through mean regression. -- exporter productivity premium ; quantile regression ; fixed effects

     
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    hdl: 10419/44214
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 5112
    Schlagworte: Produktivität; Exportwirtschaft; Unternehmen; Vergleich; Regressionsanalyse; Schätzung; Deutschland
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 18 S., 137 KB)
  4. Exports and firm characteristics in German manufacturing industries
    Autor*in: Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn

    Reliable information on the characteristics of exporting and non-exporting firms is important to guide theorists and policy makers in an evidence based way. This holds true especially for Germany, a leading actor on the world markets for goods and... mehr

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    Reliable information on the characteristics of exporting and non-exporting firms is important to guide theorists and policy makers in an evidence based way. This holds true especially for Germany, a leading actor on the world markets for goods and services. This paper makes three contributions towards this aim: (1) It provides a synopsis and a critical assessment of 51 empirical studies on exports and firm characteristics that use data for German establishments or enterprises, arguing that this literature is not suited to extract the stylized facts needed. (2) It uses recently released rich high quality data for a large representative panel of enterprises from German manufacturing industries to investigate the links between firm characteristics and export activities, demonstrating the decisive role of human capital intensity for exporting. (3) It links these findings to the recent literature from the new new trade theory on international activities of heterogeneous firms that emphasises the role of productivity for exporting. It shows that productivity is important for exporting as is hypothesized in the formal theoretical models, but that contrary to the assumption made in these models productivity is not (only) the result from a random draw from the productivity distribution - it is strongly positively related to human capital intensity. -- exports ; firm characteristics ; Germany

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/46077
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 5244
    Schlagworte: Exportwirtschaft; Unternehmen; Betriebsgröße; Probit-Modell; Schätzung; Deutschland
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 72 S., 243 KB)
  5. Produktivtät und Rentabilität in der niedersächsischen Industrie im Bundesländervergleich
    eine Benchmarking-Studie auf der Basis vertraulicher Firmendaten aus Erhebungen der Amtlichen Statistik ; Beitrag zur Frühjahrstagung des Landesbetriebs für Statistik und Kommunikationstechnologie Niedersachsen (LSKN), "Kooperation Wissenschaft und Statistik – 20 Jahre Nutzung von amtlichen Mikrodaten in Niedersachsen", Hannover, 6. Mai 2010
    Autor*in: Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Univ., Inst. für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Lüneburg

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    hdl: 10419/30236
    Schriftenreihe: University of Lüneburg Working Paper Series in Economics ; 166
    Schlagworte: Produktivität; Rentabilität; Industrie; Niedersachsen; Vergleich; Teilstaat; Deutschland
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (25 S., 138.15 KB), graph. Darst.
  6. Productivity premia for German manufacturing firms exporting to the Euro-area and beyond
    first evidence from robust fixed effects estimations
    Autor*in: Verardi, Vincenzo; Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn

    This paper makes three contributions. (1) It summarizes in tabular form a recent literature made of 36 micro-econometric studies for 16 different countries on the relationship between export destination and firm performance. (2) It reports estimates... mehr

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    This paper makes three contributions. (1) It summarizes in tabular form a recent literature made of 36 micro-econometric studies for 16 different countries on the relationship between export destination and firm performance. (2) It reports estimates of the productivity premium of German firms exporting to the Euro-zone and beyond, controlling for unobserved time invariant firm specific effects, and tests for self-selection of more productive firms into exporting beyond the Euro-zone. (3) It corrects a serious flaw in hitherto published studies that ignore the potentially disastrous consequences of extreme observations, or outliers. The paper shows that estimates of the exporter productivity premium by destination are driven by a small share of outliers. Using a "clean" sample without outliers the estimated productivity premium of firms that export to the Euro-zone only is no longer much smaller that the premium of firms that export beyond the Euro-zone, too, and the premium itself over firms that serve the German market only is tiny. Furthermore, an ex-ante differential that is statistically significant and large only shows up for enterprises that exported to the Euro-zone already and start to export to countries outside the Euro-zone. These conclusions differ considerably from those based on non-robust standard regression analyses. -- Robust estimation ; panel data ; exporter productivity premium ; export destinations

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/36806
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 4964
    Schlagworte: Exportwirtschaft; Internationaler Markt; Produktivität; Unternehmenserfolg; Schätzung; Deutschland; Eurozone
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (48 S.)
  7. Productivity premia for German manufacturing firms exporting to the Euro-area and beyond
    first evidence from robust fixed effects estimations
    Autor*in: Verardi, Vincenzo; Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Univ., Inst. für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Lüneburg

    This paper makes three contributions. (1) It summarizes in tabular form a recent literature made of 36 micro-econometric studies for 16 different countries on the relationship between export destination and firm performance. (2) It reports estimates... mehr

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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Medien- und Informationszentrum, Universitätsbibliothek
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    This paper makes three contributions. (1) It summarizes in tabular form a recent literature made of 36 micro-econometric studies for 16 different countries on the relationship between export destination and firm performance. (2) It reports estimates of the productivity premium of German firms exporting to the Euro-zone and beyond, controlling for unobserved time invariant firm specific effects, and tests for self-selection of more productive firms into exporting beyond the Euro-zone. (3) It corrects a serious flaw in hitherto published studies that ignore the potentially disastrous consequences of extreme observations, or outliers. The paper shows that estimates of the exporter productivity premium by destination are driven by a small share of outliers. Using a “clean” sample without outliers the estimated productivity premium of firms that export to the Euro-zone only is no longer much smaller that the premium of firms that export beyond the Euro-zone, too, and the premium itself over firms that serve the German market only is tiny. Furthermore, an ex-ante differential that is statistically significant and large only shows up for enterprises that exported to the Euro-zone already and start to export to countries outside the Euro-zone. These conclusions differ considerably from those based on non-robust standard regression analyses. -- Robust estimation ; panel data ; exporter productivity premium ; export destinations

     
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    hdl: 10419/57130
    Schriftenreihe: University of Lüneburg Working Paper Series in Economics ; 172
    Schlagworte: Exportwirtschaft; Internationaler Markt; Produktivität; Unternehmenserfolg; Schätzung; Deutschland; Eurozone
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (48 S., 326.31 KB)
  8. Estimated capital stock values for German manufacturing enterprises covered by the cost structure surveys
    Autor*in: Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Univ., Inst. für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Lüneburg

    Information on the capital stock employed in a firm is missing in data sets from official statistics in Germany. This paper presents a method to estimate the capital stock of manufacturing enterprises that are covered by the cost structure survey... mehr

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    Information on the capital stock employed in a firm is missing in data sets from official statistics in Germany. This paper presents a method to estimate the capital stock of manufacturing enterprises that are covered by the cost structure survey from German official statistics. It uses data from this survey on the amount of depreciation at the enterprise level, information on the average life span of capital goods (for equipments, and for buildings) at the level of the economy , and information on the composition of the capital stock at the level of two‐digit industries. The paper reports the data needed to estimate the capital stock at the enterprise level for the years 1995 to 2008. The appendix gives the Stata code to compute these estimates. -- Enterprise data ; Germany ; capital stock data ; cost structure survey

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/57156
    Schriftenreihe: University of Lüneburg Working Paper Series in Economics ; 171
    Schlagworte: Betriebliches Anlagevermögen; Schätzung; Kostenstruktur; Statistik; Industrie; Deutschland
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (15 S., 162.48 KB)
  9. Robust estimation of linear fixed effects panel data models with an application to the exporter productivity premium
    Autor*in: Verardi, Vincenzo; Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn

    In empirical studies it often happens that some variables for some units are far away from the other observations in the sample. These extreme observations, or outliers, often have a large impact on the results of statistical analyses – conclusions... mehr

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    In empirical studies it often happens that some variables for some units are far away from the other observations in the sample. These extreme observations, or outliers, often have a large impact on the results of statistical analyses – conclusions based on a sample with and without these units may differ drastically. While applied researchers tend to be aware of this, the detection of outliers and their appropriate treatment is often dealt with in a rather sloppy manner. One reason for this habit seems to be the lack of availability of appropriate canned programs for robust methods that can be used in the presence of outliers. Our paper intents to improve on this situation by presenting a highly robust method for estimation of the popular linear fixed effects panel data model, and to supply Stata code for it. In an application from the field of the micro-econometrics of international firm activities we demonstrate that outliers can indeed drive results. -- Robust estimation ; panel data ; outliers ; Stata ; exporter productivity premium

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/36762
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 4928
    Schlagworte: Robustes Verfahren; Panel; Statistische Methode; Theorie; Mikroökonometrie; Exportwirtschaft; Produktivität; Schätzung; Deutschland
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (12 S.)
  10. Robust estimation of linear fixed effects panel data models with an application to the exporter productivity premium
    Autor*in: Verardi, Vincenzo; Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Univ., Inst. für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Lüneburg

    In empirical studies it often happens that some variables for some units are far away from the other observations in the sample. These extreme observations, or outliers, often have a large impact on the results of statistical analyses – conclusions... mehr

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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    Standort:
    Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Medien- und Informationszentrum, Universitätsbibliothek
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    In empirical studies it often happens that some variables for some units are far away from the other observations in the sample. These extreme observations, or outliers, often have a large impact on the results of statistical analyses – conclusions based on a sample with and without these units may differ drastically. While applied researchers tend to be aware of this, the detection of outliers and their appropriate treatment is often dealt with in a rather sloppy manner. One reason for this habit seems to be the lack of availability of appropriate canned programs for robust methods that can be used in the presence of outliers. Our paper intents to improve on this situation by presenting a highly robust method for estimation of the popular linear fixed effects panel data model, and to supply Stata code for it. In an application from the field of the micro-econometrics of international firm activities we demonstrate that outliers can indeed drive results. -- Robust estimation ; panel data ; outliers ; Stata ; exporter productivity premium

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/57109
    Schriftenreihe: University of Lüneburg Working Paper Series in Economics ; 168
    Schlagworte: Robustes Verfahren; Panel; Statistische Methode; Theorie; Mikroökonometrie; Exportwirtschaft; Produktivität; Schätzung; Deutschland
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (12 S., 121.32 KB)
  11. The exporter productivity premium along the productivity distribution
    first evidence from a quantile regression approach for fixed effects panel data models
    Autor*in: Powell, David; Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Univ., Inst. für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Lüneburg

    An emerging literature on international activities of heterogeneous firms documents that exporting firms are more productive than firms that only sell on the national market. This positive exporter productivity premium shows up in a large number of... mehr

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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Medien- und Informationszentrum, Universitätsbibliothek
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    An emerging literature on international activities of heterogeneous firms documents that exporting firms are more productive than firms that only sell on the national market. This positive exporter productivity premium shows up in a large number of empirical studies after controlling for observed and unobserved firm characteristics in regression models including firm fixed effects. These studies test for a difference in productivity between exporters and non-exporters at the conditional mean of the productivity distribution. However, if firms are heterogeneous, it is possible that the size of the premium varies over the productivity distribution. In this paper we apply a newly developed estimator for fixed-effects quantile regression models to estimate the exporter productivity premium at quantiles of the productivity distribution for manufacturing enterprises in Germany, one of the leading actors in the world market for goods. We show that the premium decreases over the quantiles' a dimension of firm heterogeneity that cannot be detected through mean regression. -- Exporter productivity premium ; quantile regression ; fixed effects

     
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    hdl: 10419/57163
    Schriftenreihe: University of Lüneburg Working Paper Series in Economics ; 182
    Schlagworte: Produktivität; Exportwirtschaft; Unternehmen; Vergleich; Regressionsanalyse; Schätzung; Deutschland
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 18 S., 122,17 KB)
  12. Self-selection into export markets by business services firms
    evidence from France, Germany and the United Kingdom
    Autor*in: Temouri, Yama; Vogel, Alexander; Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Univ., Inst. für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Lüneburg

    This study reports results from an empirical investigation of business services sector firms that (start to) export, comparing exporters to firms that serve the national market only. We estimate identically specified empirical models using comparable... mehr

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    This study reports results from an empirical investigation of business services sector firms that (start to) export, comparing exporters to firms that serve the national market only. We estimate identically specified empirical models using comparable enterprise level data from France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Exporters are more productive and pay higher wages on average in all three countries. Results for profitability differ across borders' profitability of exporters is significantly smaller in Germany, significantly larger in France, and does not differ significantly in the UK. The results for wages and productivity hold in the years before the export start, which indicates self-selection into exporting of more productive services firms that pay higher wages. The surprising finding of self-selection of less profitable German business services firms into exporting does not show up among firms from France and the UK where no statistically significant relationship between profitability and starting to export is found. -- Business services firms ; exports ; self-selection ; France ; Germany ; UK

     
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    hdl: 10419/57143
    Schriftenreihe: University of Lüneburg Working Paper Series in Economics ; 183
    Schlagworte: Unternehmensdienstleistung; Export; Produktivität; Lohn; Vergleich; Deutschland; Frankreich; Großbritannien
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 32 S., 219,26 KB)
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  13. From estimation results to stylized facts
    twelve recommendations for empirical research in international activities of heterogeneous firms
    Autor*in: Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Univ., Inst. für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Lüneburg

    Heterogeneous firms are at the heart of both the New New International Trade Theory and the Micro-econometrics of International Firm Activities. One important aim of microeconometric studies is to uncover stylized facts that hold over space and time,... mehr

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    Heterogeneous firms are at the heart of both the New New International Trade Theory and the Micro-econometrics of International Firm Activities. One important aim of microeconometric studies is to uncover stylized facts that hold over space and time, and that can both inspire theoretical models that are based on "realistic" assumptions, and inform policy debates in an evidence-based way. Which results from the thousands of empirical estimates reported in the literature on the micro-econometrics of international firm activities do we consider as convincing? Based on my own experience from the last twenty years I use the opportunity of this lecture to make twelve recommendations that, hopefully, will help to find the right way on the thorny road from estimation results to stylized facts. I will deal with the following topics: comparisons of means vs. comparisons of distributions; extremely different firms, or outliers; unobserved heterogeneity; simultaneous occurrence of differences across quantiles, outliers, and unobserved heterogeneity; heterogeneous effects of international firm activities on firm performance; replication; within-study replication by international research teams; meta-analysis; and talking to practitioners. -- International firm activities ; heterogeneous firms ; stylized facts ; robust statistics ; replication ; meta anaysis

     
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    hdl: 10419/57161
    Schriftenreihe: University of Lüneburg Working Paper Series in Economics ; 186
    Schlagworte: Multinationales Unternehmen; Unternehmenserfolg; Empirische Methode; Mikroökonometrie; Meta-Analyse; Welt
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 57 S., 205,87 KB)
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  14. The post-entry performance of cohorts of export starters in German manufacturing industries
    Autor*in: Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Univ., Inst. für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Lüneburg

    This paper investigates four cohorts of firms from German manufacturing industries that started to export in the years between 1998 and 2002 and follows them over the five years after the start. Export starters are a rare species and they are small... mehr

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    This paper investigates four cohorts of firms from German manufacturing industries that started to export in the years between 1998 and 2002 and follows them over the five years after the start. Export starters are a rare species and they are small on average compared to incumbent exporters. Between 30 percent and 40 percent of the starters became continuous exporters; some starters stepped out and back into exporting, many of them more than once. The share of total exports contributed by export starters of a cohort is tiny in the start year, and it remains so over the years to follow, although those starters that were exporters in year t+5 had a share of exports in total sales that was more than twice as high as the average share of exports in total sales among the export starters of the same cohort in year t. Contrary to the market selection hypothesis there is no evidence that productivity in the start year is systematically related to survival in the export market. There is no evidence for a negative impact of a smaller firm size in the start year on the chance to survive on the export market. Starting with a higher share of exports in total sales, however, tends to increase the probability to stay on the export market. -- Export starters ; post-entry performance ; Germany, enterprise panel data

     
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    hdl: 10419/57141
    Schriftenreihe: University of Lüneburg Working Paper Series in Economics ; 187
    Schlagworte: Exportwirtschaft; Unternehmensgründung; Unternehmenserfolg; Schätzung; Deutschland
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 46 S., 169,70 KB)
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  15. Exports and firm characteristics in German manufacturing industries
    Autor*in: Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Univ., Inst. für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Lüneburg

    Reliable information on the characteristics of exporting and non-exporting firms is important to guide theorists and policy makers in an evidence based way. This holds true especially for Germany, a leading actor on the world markets for goods and... mehr

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    Reliable information on the characteristics of exporting and non-exporting firms is important to guide theorists and policy makers in an evidence based way. This holds true especially for Germany, a leading actor on the world markets for goods and services. This paper makes three contributions towards this aim: (1) It provides a synopsis and a critical assessment of 51 empirical studies on exports and firm characteristics that use data for German establishments or enterprises, arguing that this literature is not suited to extract the stylized facts needed. (2) It uses recently released rich high quality data for a large representative panel of enterprises from German manufacturing industries to investigate the links between firm characteristics and export activities, demonstrating the decisive role of human capital intensity for exporting. (3) It links these findings to the recent literature from the new new trade theory on international activities of heterogeneous firms that emphasises the role of productivity for exporting. It shows that productivity is important for exporting as is hypothesized in the formal theoretical models, but that contrary to the assumption made in these models productivity is not (only) the result from a random draw from the productivity distribution – it is strongly positively related to human capital intensity. -- Exports ; firm characteristics ; Germany

     
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    Schriftenreihe: University of Lüneburg Working Paper Series in Economics ; 188
    Schlagworte: Exportwirtschaft; Unternehmen; Betriebsgröße; Probit-Modell; Schätzung; Deutschland
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 72 S., 200,44 KB)
  16. Beschäftigungswirkungen arbeits- und sozialrechtlicher Schwellenwerte
    Autor*in: Koller, Lena; Schnabel, Claus; Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Univ., Inst. für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Lüneburg

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    Schriftenreihe: University of Lüneburg Working Paper Series in Economics ; 181
    Schlagworte: Beschäftigungseffekt; Arbeitsrecht; Sozialrecht; Betriebsgröße; Deutschland
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 9 S., 82,36 KB)
  17. From estimation resultsto stylized facts
    twelve recommendations for empirical research in international activities of heterogeneous firms
    Autor*in: Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn

    Heterogeneous firms are at the heart of both the New New International Trade Theory and the Micro-econometrics of International Firm Activities. One important aim of microeconometric studies is to uncover stylized facts that hold over space and time,... mehr

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    Heterogeneous firms are at the heart of both the New New International Trade Theory and the Micro-econometrics of International Firm Activities. One important aim of microeconometric studies is to uncover stylized facts that hold over space and time, and that can both inspire theoretical models that are based on "realistic" assumptions, and inform policy debates in an evidence-based way. Which results from the thousands of empirical estimates reported in the literature on the micro-econometrics of international firm activities do we consider as convincing? Based on my own experience from the last twenty years I use the opportunity of this lecture to make twelve recommendations that, hopefully, will help to find the right way on the thorny road from estimation results to stylized facts. I will deal with the following topics: comparisons of means vs. comparisons of distributions; extremely different firms, or outliers; unobserved heterogeneity; simultaneous occurrence of differences across quantiles, outliers, and unobserved heterogeneity; heterogeneous effects of international firm activities on firm performance; replication; within-study replication by international research teams; meta-analysis; and talking to practitioners. -- international firm activities ; heterogeneous firms ; stylized facts ; robust statistics ; replication ; meta anaysis

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 5175
    Schlagworte: Multinationales Unternehmen; Unternehmenserfolg; Empirische Methode; Mikroökonometrie; Meta-Analyse; Welt
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 56 S., 260 KB)
  18. The post-entry performance of cohorts of export starters in German manufacturing industries
    Autor*in: Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn

    This paper investigates four cohorts of firms from German manufacturing industries that started to export in the years between 1998 and 2002 and follows them over the five years after the start. Export starters are a rare species and they are small... mehr

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    This paper investigates four cohorts of firms from German manufacturing industries that started to export in the years between 1998 and 2002 and follows them over the five years after the start. Export starters are a rare species and they are small on average compared to incumbent exporters. Between 30 percent and 40 percent of the starters became continuous exporters; some starters stepped out and back into exporting, many of them more than once. The share of total exports contributed by export starters of a cohort is tiny in the start year, and it remains so over the years to follow, although those starters that were exporters in year t+5 had a share of exports in total sales that was more than twice as high as the average share of exports in total sales among the export starters of the same cohort in year t. Contrary to the market selection hypothesis there is no evidence that productivity in the start year is systematically related to survival in the export market. There is no evidence for a negative impact of a smaller firm size in the start year on the chance to survive on the export market. Starting with a higher share of exports in total sales, however, tends to increase the probability to stay on the export market. -- export starters ; post-entry performance ; Germany ; enterprise panel data

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 5183
    Schlagworte: Exportwirtschaft; Unternehmensgründung; Unternehmenserfolg; Schätzung; Deutschland
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 45 S., 211,86 KB)
  19. Self-Selection into export markets by business services firms
    evidence from France, Germany and the United Kingdom
    Autor*in: Temouri, Yama; Vogel, Alexander; Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn

    This study reports results from an empirical investigation of business services sector firms that (start to) export, comparing exporters to firms that serve the national market only. We estimate identically specified empirical models using comparable... mehr

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    This study reports results from an empirical investigation of business services sector firms that (start to) export, comparing exporters to firms that serve the national market only. We estimate identically specified empirical models using comparable enterprise level data from France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Exporters are more productive and pay higher wages on average in all three countries. Results for profitability differ across borders - profitability of exporters is significantly smaller in Germany, significantly larger in France, and does not differ significantly in the UK. The results for wages and productivity hold in the years before the export start, which indicates self-selection into exporting of more productive services firms that pay higher wages. The surprising finding of self-selection of less profitable German business services firms into exporting does not show up among firms from France and the UK where no statistically significant relationship between profitability and starting to export is found.

     
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    hdl: 10419/46189
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 5147
    Schlagworte: Unternehmensdienstleistung; Export; Produktivität; Lohn; Vergleich; Deutschland; Frankreich; Großbritannien
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 32 S., 207 KB)
  20. Taking a second chance
    entrepreneurial restarters in Germany
    Autor*in: Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2002
    Verlag:  Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn

    Folklore has it that the comparatively low proportion of self-employed in Germany is in part due to a habit that might be termed "stigmatisation of failure": taking a second chance to build one's own firm after failing as a self-employed is said to... mehr

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    Folklore has it that the comparatively low proportion of self-employed in Germany is in part due to a habit that might be termed "stigmatisation of failure": taking a second chance to build one's own firm after failing as a self-employed is said to be much more difficult here than in other countries. This paper uses data from a large recent survey in ten German planning regions to document that 18 percent of today's firm owners founded a firm in the past that went out of business in between, and that 8 percent of people who went out of business with their former firm are actively engaged in starting a new business today. The determinants of such a restart are investigated econometrically. It turns out that both individual and regional factors are important for the probability of taking a second chance: This probability is negatively related to age, attitude towards risk, and the share of persons in the region who failed in the past, while it is positively related to personal contacts with a young entrepreneur and the regional share of nascent entrepreneurs.

     
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    RVK Klassifikation: QP 230
    Schriftenreihe: IZA Discussion paper series ; 417
    Schlagworte: Unternehmensgründung; Selbstständige; Entrepreneurship; Schätzung; Persönlichkeitspsychologie; Region; Deutschland
    Umfang: Online-Ressource ([1], 17 S.), graph. Darst.
  21. The role of the regional milieu for the decision to start a new firm
    empirical evidence for Germany
    Autor*in: Wagner, Joachim; Sternberg, Rolf G.
    Erschienen: May 2002
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn

    Although comprehensive data from official statistics on new firm formation and entrepreneurs starting a new business are lacking in Germany, we know from empirical studies that entry rates differ between regions, and that the propensity to become an... mehr

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    Although comprehensive data from official statistics on new firm formation and entrepreneurs starting a new business are lacking in Germany, we know from empirical studies that entry rates differ between regions, and that the propensity to become an entrepreneur is influenced by socio-demographic variables like sex and age. The focus of our paper is on the link of these two stylised facts. Our econometric study is based on data for 10.000 persons from a recent representative survey of the population in ten German planning regions. We use a version of the probit model that takes care of the regional stratification of the data, and the results of the nonlinear models are carefully interpreted and illustrated. We show that the region matters for the decision to start a new business ceteris paribus, i.e. after controlling for sex, age, education etc. In a second step we peek inside the black box of the regional effect by showing that the regional level of current start-up activity has a positive ceteris paribus effect on the propensity to become an entrepreneur, while the share of self-employed in the region does not matter. The consequences of these findings for regional policies to encourage new firm entry are discussed briefly in the concluding section.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Institute for the Study of Labor ; IZA DP no. 494
    Schlagworte: Unternehmensgründung; Entrepreneurship; Region; Erfolgsfaktor; Schätzung; Deutschland; Soziale Beziehungen
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. German works councils old and new
    incidence, coverage and determinants
    Autor*in: Addison, John T.; Bellmann, Lutz; Schnabel, Claus; Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: May 2002
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn

    Although works councils are a core element of the German system of industrial relations, there is little reliable information on their incidence and coverage. This paper uses data from the nationally representative IAB establishment panel to fill... mehr

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    Although works councils are a core element of the German system of industrial relations, there is little reliable information on their incidence and coverage. This paper uses data from the nationally representative IAB establishment panel to fill this gap. We examine the frequency of works councils by establishment size and broad sector for eastern and western Germany, while at the same time charting the determinants of their presence. Furthermore, we identify newly established works councils and the circumstances of their formation. Finally, we discuss the consequences of our findings for economic analysis of the institution and for public policy.

     
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    hdl: 10419/21445
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Institute for the Study of Labor ; IZA DP no. 495
    Schlagworte: Betriebsrat; Unternehmen; Betriebsgröße; Branche; Schätzung; Deutschland
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (23 Seiten)
  23. The impact of risk aversion, role models, and the regional milieu on the transition from unemployment to self-employment
    empirical evidence for Germany
    Autor*in: Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2002
    Verlag:  Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn

    The focus of this paper is on the choice of the unemployed between becoming an entrepreneur or not. It contributes to the literature by empirically investigating two hitherto neglected issues: What is the impact of risk aversion and personal contact... mehr

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    The focus of this paper is on the choice of the unemployed between becoming an entrepreneur or not. It contributes to the literature by empirically investigating two hitherto neglected issues: What is the impact of risk aversion and personal contact with a role model in shaping the decision to become an entrepreneur (controlling for standard demographic variables, i.e. sex, age, and education)? And given the personal characteristics and attitudes, how does the regional 'entrepreneurial milieu' affect the decision to start a new business out of unemployment? The econometric study is based on data from a recent representative survey of the population in ten German planning regions. We use a version of the probit model that takes care of the regional stratification of the data, and the results of the nonlinear models are carefully interpreted and illustrated. We show that a high degree of risk aversion, and lack of personal contact with a young entrepreneur, both reduce the probability of starting one's own business. A favourable 'regional entrepreneurial milieu' (proxied by higher levels of current start-up activity and larger shares of unemployed among the starters in a region) has a positive effect on the individual propensity to step into self-employment. All these impacts are not only statistically significant, but economically important, too.

     
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    hdl: 10419/21489
    RVK Klassifikation: QP 230
    Schriftenreihe: IZA Discussion paper series ; 468
    Schlagworte: Selbstständige; Entrepreneurship; Arbeitslosigkeit; Risikoaversion; Soziale Werte; Region; Schätzung; Deutschland; Soziale Rolle
    Umfang: Online-Ressource ([1], 10, [8] S.), graph. Darst.
  24. The course of research into the economic consequences of German works councils
    Autor*in: Addison, John T.; Schnabel, Claus; Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2003
    Verlag:  Univ., Lehrstuhl für Arbeitsmarkt- und Regionalpolitik, Erlangen-Nürnberg

    In a recent survey, Frege (2002) concludes that economic analysis of the works council has reached a `dead end´. The present treatment offers a different conclusion based on a more encompassing review of the evidence. It will identify three distinct... mehr

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    In a recent survey, Frege (2002) concludes that economic analysis of the works council has reached a `dead end´. The present treatment offers a different conclusion based on a more encompassing review of the evidence. It will identify three distinct phases in the economic analysis of codetermination at the workplace. While Frege just considered studies from the first two phases, it is the third phase of research that contains some of the most positive evaluations to date of works council impact. Even if such estimates appear much exaggerated and the effect of works councils is likely to be small on average, the new literature redirects our research effort towards the factors that produce swings around this average, including differences in works council types and their workplace environments. In einem jüngst veröffentlichten Überblicksartikel kommt Frege (2002) zu dem Schluss, die ökonomische Analyse des Betriebsrats sei in eine Sackgasse geraten. Die vorliegende Arbeit zieht ein anderes Fazit, das auf einer umfassenderen Betrachtung der empirischen Evidenz beruht. Dabei werden drei Phasen der ökonomischen Analyse der betrieblichen Mitbestimmung unterschieden. Während Frege nur Studien aus den ersten beiden Phasen berücksichtigte, ist es gerade die dritte Forschungsphase, die einige der positivsten Bewertungen von Betriebsräten enthält. Selbst wenn derartige Einschätzungen stark übertrieben erscheinen und der Betriebsratseffekt im Durchschnitt relativ gering sein dürfte, weist die neuere Literatur darauf hin, dass unsere Forschungsbemühungen sich stärker auf Faktoren konzentrieren sollten, die Schwankungen um diesen Durchschnitt hervorrufen (wie z.B. unterschiedliche Typen von Betriebsräten und deren Arbeitsplatzumgebung).

     
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    hdl: 10419/28305
    RVK Klassifikation: QV 560
    Schriftenreihe: Diskussionspapiere / Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Arbeitsmarkt- und Regionalpolitik ; 22
    Schlagworte: Mitbestimmung; Betriebsrat; Wirtschaftsforschung; Deutschland
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (20, [7] S.)
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    Zsfassung in dt. Sprache
  25. Establishment age and wages
    evidence from German linked employer-employee data
    Autor*in: Kölling, Arnd; Schnabel, Claus; Wagner, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2002
    Verlag:  Univ., Lehrstuhl für Arbeitsmarkt- und Regionalpolitik, Erlangen-Nürnberg

    Prominent reasons why people make more or less money in the labor market include personal characteristics of the employee (e.g., human capital), job characteristics, and characteristics of the employer (e.g., firm size). An emerging empirical... mehr

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    Prominent reasons why people make more or less money in the labor market include personal characteristics of the employee (e.g., human capital), job characteristics, and characteristics of the employer (e.g., firm size). An emerging empirical literature suggests that one hitherto overlooked firm characteristic matters, too: Employers who are in business for a longer period of time tend to pay higher wages. Using a unique set of linked employer-employee data we present the first empirical evidence on this firm age - wage nexus for Germany. We find that older firms pay on average higher wages for workers with the same broadly defined degree of formal qualification. This firm age differential vanishes after controlling for further worker characteristics and other firm characteristics besides age; if anything, younger firms pay more ceteris paribus. Zu den häufig genannten Gründen, warum Arbeitnehmer mehr oder weniger verdienen, zählen u.a. persönliche Charakteristika (wie Humankapital), Arbeitsplatzmerkmale und Arbeitgebercharakteristika (wie Firmengröße). Eine zunehmende empirische Literatur deutet darauf hin, dass ein bisher übersehenes Firmenmerkmal ebenfalls eine Rolle spielt: Arbeitgeber, deren Firma schon länger besteht, zahlen tendenziell höhere Löhne. Unter Verwendung eines einzigartigen Arbeitgeber-Arbeitnehmer-Datensatzes präsentieren wir erste empirische Ergebnisse für Deutschland zu diesem Zusammenhang. Wir stellen fest, dass innerhalb vergleichbarer Arbeitnehmergruppen ältere Firmen im Durchschnitt höhere Löhne zahlen. Dieser Firmenalterunterschied verschwindet jedoch, wenn für weitere Arbeitnehmer- und Firmenmerkmale kontrolliert wird; falls überhaupt ein Unterschied besteht, dann zahlen jüngere Firmen ceteris paribus mehr.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Diskussionspapiere / Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Arbeitsmarkt- und Regionalpolitik ; 13
    Schlagworte: Lohn; Unternehmenserfolg; Dauer; Lohnstruktur; Schätzung; Deutschland
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (12, [14] S.)
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    Zsfassung in dt. Sprache