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  1. Subsidy reforms in the Middle East and North Africa
    strategic options and their consequences for the social contract
    Autor*in: Auktor, Georgeta Vidican; Loewe, Markus
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik gGmbH, Bonn

    After independence, energy and food subsidies became a cornerstone of the social contracts in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. Governments spent heavily to reduce poverty and strengthen their own legitimacy. However, as government... mehr

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    After independence, energy and food subsidies became a cornerstone of the social contracts in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. Governments spent heavily to reduce poverty and strengthen their own legitimacy. However, as government rents faded, subsidy spending became financially unsustainable and foreign donors pressed for reforms. Yet, reform has been challenging for all the governments as subsidies affect all consumers, therefore raising the risk of government delegitimisation. Several publications have analysed the subsidy reforms of various MENA countries, but few have systematically analysed their impacts on the prevailing social contracts. This paper shows that reforms in a key policy field such as subsidy spending can affect the nature of social contracts profoundly and distinctly, depending on the reform strategy. It assesses the reform processes that took place in Morocco, Egypt and Iran primarily between 2010 and 2017, thus before the United States once more tightened sanctions against Iran and before the COVID-19 pandemic broke out. We argue that governments applied distinct strategies to reduce subsidy spending without provoking major social unrest to reforms, with the effect that the social contracts of the three countries changed in quite different ways. Morocco’s government removed most subsidies, especially those that predominantly benefitted the middle-class. [...]

     
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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
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    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/232574
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / German Development Institute ; 2021, 12
    Schlagworte: Subvention; Sozialhilfe; Soziale Sicherheit; Politische Reform; Forderung; Ziel; Politische Beteiligung; Subsidy reform; government spending; social contract; government legitimacy; social policy; Middle East and North Africa; Morocco; Egypt; Iran; protection; provision; political participation; subsidies; social cash transfers; public dialogue; information of public policies; repression; compensation measures
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Measurement of aggregate trade restrictions and their economic effects
    Autor*in: Estefania-Flores, Julia; Furceri, Davide; Ahmed Hannan, Swarnali; Ostry, Jonathan David; Rose, Andrew
    Erschienen: 2022 JAN
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    We develop a new Measure of Aggregate Trade Restrictions (MATR) using data from the IMF's Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions. MATR is an empirical measure of how restrictive official government policy is towards the... mehr

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    We develop a new Measure of Aggregate Trade Restrictions (MATR) using data from the IMF's Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions. MATR is an empirical measure of how restrictive official government policy is towards the international flow of goods and services. MATR is simple, ad hoc, plausible, quantitative, easily updated, based solely on policy-relevant measures of trade policy, and covers an unbalanced sample of up to 157 countries annually between 1949 and 2019. MATR is strongly correlated with, but more comprehensive than, existing measures of openness and trade policy existing measures. We use MATR to show that trade restrictions are harmful for the economy and lead to significant contractions in output

     
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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781616359645
    Weitere Identifier:
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / International Monetary Fund ; WP/22, 1
    Schlagworte: Empricial; data; protection; tariffs; non-tariff barriers; policy; annual; panel; Economic Integration; Empricial, Data, Protection, Tariffs and Non-Tariff Barriers; International Trade Organizations; MATR Data Construction; Trade Policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Four great asian trade collapses
    Autor*in: De Bromhead, Alan; Fernihough, Alan; Lampe, Markus; O'Rourke, Kevin Hjortshøj
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  University of Oxford, [Oxford, United Kingdom]

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    Schriftenreihe: Oxford economic and social history working papers ; number 190 (April 2021)
    Schlagworte: Trade collapses; interwar economy; protection
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. The right to protection of forcibly displaced persons during the Covid-19 pandemic
    Autor*in: Rohwerder, Brigitte
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, United Kingdom

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    ISBN: 9781781188408
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 20.500.12413/16785
    Schriftenreihe: IDS working paper ; volume 2021, number 553
    Schlagworte: Refugees; internally displaced persons (IDPs); authoritarianism; Covid-19; protection; right to asylum
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Private information and optimal infant industry protection
    Autor*in: Ravikumar, B.; Riezman, Raymond Glenn; Zhang, Yuzhe
    Erschienen: May 2022
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    We study infant industry protection using a dynamic model in which the industry's cost is initially higher than that of foreign competitors. The industry can stochastically lower its cost via learning by doing. Whether the industry has transitioned... mehr

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    We study infant industry protection using a dynamic model in which the industry's cost is initially higher than that of foreign competitors. The industry can stochastically lower its cost via learning by doing. Whether the industry has transitioned to low cost is private information. We use a mechanism-design approach to induce the industry to reveal its true cost. We show that (i) the optimal protection, measured by infant industry output, declines over time and is less than that under public information, (ii) the optimal protection policy is time consistent under public information but not under private information, (iii) the optimal protection policy can be implemented with minimal information requirements, and (iv) a government with a limited budget can use a simple approach to choose which industries to protect.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263702
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9772 (2022)
    Schlagworte: protection; infant industry; private information; mechanism design; time consistency
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. State or private security supply?
    an analysis from the institutional economics perspective
    Autor*in: Bretschneider, Wolfgang; Freytag, Andreas; Rieckmann, Johannes; Stuchtey, Tim
    Erschienen: July 2022
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    The issue of internal security has become increasingly complex over the past decades. As there is an increasing overlap between private and public provision of security, the question of how to allocate responsibility for security between the public... mehr

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    The issue of internal security has become increasingly complex over the past decades. As there is an increasing overlap between private and public provision of security, the question of how to allocate responsibility for security between the public sphere (state) and the private sphere has become important. The literature suggests that this question cannot be answered based on a simple private vs. public binarity. Concepts that can provide both clarity and sufficient complexity are much needed. This article offers an institutional economics concept based on the difference between provision and production, and discusses selection criteria for public vs. private provision, and production of protection services at three different stages: punishment as deterrence; patrol services; and self-defence. What stands out is that a unique characteristic of the economic good 'protection service' is of particular relevance for the level of provision as well as of production: the potential repressivity.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263779
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9849 (2022)
    Schlagworte: protection; privatisation of security; homeland security; civil security; economics of security; public good; publicly provided good; security industry
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. State or private security supply?
    an analysis from the institutional economics perspective
    Autor*in: Bretschneider, Wolfgang; Freytag, Andreas; Rieckmann, Johannes; Stuchtey, Tim
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Jena, Germany

    The issue of internal security has become increasingly complex over the past decades. As there is an increasing overlap between private and public provision of security, the question of how to allocate responsibility for security between the public... mehr

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    The issue of internal security has become increasingly complex over the past decades. As there is an increasing overlap between private and public provision of security, the question of how to allocate responsibility for security between the public sphere (state) and the private sphere has become important. The literature suggests that this question cannot be answered based on a simple private vs. public binarity. Concepts that can provide both clarity and sufficient complexity are much needed. This article offers an institutional economics concept based on the difference between provision and production, and discusses selection criteria for public vs. private provision, and production of protection services at three different stages: punishment as deterrence; patrol services; and self-defence. What stands out is that a unique characteristic of the economic good 'protection service' is of particular relevance for the level of provision as well as of production: the potential repressivity.

     
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    hdl: 10419/268237
    Schriftenreihe: Jena economic research papers ; # 2022, 009
    Schlagworte: protection; privatisation of security; homeland security; civil security; economicsof security; public good; publicly provided good; security industry
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Measurement of aggregate trade restrictions and their economic effects
    Autor*in: Estefania-Flores, Julia; Furceri, Davide; Ahmed Hannan, Swarnali; Ostry, Jonathan David; Rose, Andrew
    Erschienen: 2022 JAN
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    We develop a new Measure of Aggregate Trade Restrictions (MATR) using data from the IMF's Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions. MATR is an empirical measure of how restrictive official government policy is towards the... mehr

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    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
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    We develop a new Measure of Aggregate Trade Restrictions (MATR) using data from the IMF's Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions. MATR is an empirical measure of how restrictive official government policy is towards the international flow of goods and services. MATR is simple, ad hoc, plausible, quantitative, easily updated, based solely on policy-relevant measures of trade policy, and covers an unbalanced sample of up to 157 countries annually between 1949 and 2019. MATR is strongly correlated with, but more comprehensive than, existing measures of openness and trade policy existing measures. We use MATR to show that trade restrictions are harmful for the economy and lead to significant contractions in output

     
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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781616359645
    Weitere Identifier:
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / International Monetary Fund ; WP/22, 1
    Schlagworte: Empricial; data; protection; tariffs; non-tariff barriers; policy; annual; panel; Economic Integration; Empricial, Data, Protection, Tariffs and Non-Tariff Barriers; International Trade Organizations; MATR Data Construction; Trade Policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Subsidy reforms in the Middle East and North Africa
    strategic options and their consequences for the social contract
    Autor*in: Auktor, Georgeta Vidican; Loewe, Markus
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik gGmbH, Bonn

    After independence, energy and food subsidies became a cornerstone of the social contracts in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. Governments spent heavily to reduce poverty and strengthen their own legitimacy. However, as government... mehr

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    After independence, energy and food subsidies became a cornerstone of the social contracts in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. Governments spent heavily to reduce poverty and strengthen their own legitimacy. However, as government rents faded, subsidy spending became financially unsustainable and foreign donors pressed for reforms. Yet, reform has been challenging for all the governments as subsidies affect all consumers, therefore raising the risk of government delegitimisation. Several publications have analysed the subsidy reforms of various MENA countries, but few have systematically analysed their impacts on the prevailing social contracts. This paper shows that reforms in a key policy field such as subsidy spending can affect the nature of social contracts profoundly and distinctly, depending on the reform strategy. It assesses the reform processes that took place in Morocco, Egypt and Iran primarily between 2010 and 2017, thus before the United States once more tightened sanctions against Iran and before the COVID-19 pandemic broke out. We argue that governments applied distinct strategies to reduce subsidy spending without provoking major social unrest to reforms, with the effect that the social contracts of the three countries changed in quite different ways. Morocco’s government removed most subsidies, especially those that predominantly benefitted the middle-class. [...]

     
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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/232574
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / German Development Institute ; 2021, 12
    Schlagworte: Subvention; Sozialhilfe; Soziale Sicherheit; Politische Reform; Forderung; Ziel; Politische Beteiligung; Subsidy reform; government spending; social contract; government legitimacy; social policy; Middle East and North Africa; Morocco; Egypt; Iran; protection; provision; political participation; subsidies; social cash transfers; public dialogue; information of public policies; repression; compensation measures
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Social contract and social cohesion
    synergies and tensions between two related concepts
    Autor*in: Loewe, Markus; Schiller, Armin von; Zintl, Tina; Leininger, Julia
    Erschienen: 2024
    Verlag:  German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS) gGmbH, Bonn

    “Social cohesion” and the “social contract” are two related analytical concepts, which have become increasingly popular among researchers and practitioners. Both concepts help to understand and characterise societies and countries by shedding light... mehr

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    German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS), Bibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    “Social cohesion” and the “social contract” are two related analytical concepts, which have become increasingly popular among researchers and practitioners. Both concepts help to understand and characterise societies and countries by shedding light on the relationships between members and groups of society and state institutions. Unfortunately, there is often little precision in the use of the concepts. As a result, their respective analytical strengths have not always been well utilised for policy analysis and project design. Furthermore, the synergies between them have been overlooked. This paper therefore defines both concepts, considers their respective strengths and discusses the relationship between them. The concept of the social contract emphasises the deliverables exchanged between societal groups and governing authorities. Social contracts are the sum of formal and informal agreements amongst societal actors and between them and the actor in power (the government or any other type of authority) on the rights and obligations of one towards the other. Social contracts vary enormously, but all establish more stability in state–society relations, especially if they are inclusive and flexible enough to account for changes in the framework conditions. The concept of social cohesion, in contrast, refers primarily to the quality of the relations between individuals, societal groups and the state, and the underlying values, norms and attitudes that shape these relationships. Social cohesion can be characterised as the glue that holds a society together and enables it to develop a shared vision. It concerns the horizontal relationships between members of society and the vertical relationships between societal actors and political institutions. Social contracts and social cohesion affect each other. Social contracts contribute to social cohesion because the regular and predictable exchange of deliverables between societal groups and the state creates an interdependence that strengthens mutual trust, willing-ness to cooperate and a sense of common identity. Conversely, social contracts tend to be more resilient and sustainable if they are based on cohesive societies. Both concepts are thus useful for national governments and foreign donors to assess opportunities and design policies for sustainable development. The social contract concept helps us to understand the “give and take” in a country: it shows where governments could do better in delivering to society and thereby make state–society relations more stable. The social cohesion concept in turn helps to determine what holds societies together and which attributes of intra-society relations could or should be strengthened. In addition, both concepts assist foreign donors in assessing which interventions would be favourable for the internal relationships in partner countries and in thinking carefully about potential unintended harmful effects. In particular, international donors can benefit from exploiting the mutually enforcing relationship between social contract and social cohesion.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/284724
    Schriftenreihe: IDOS policy brief ; 2024, 3
    Schlagworte: Social contract; social cohesion; Agenda 2030; protection; provision; political participation; trust; inclusive identity; common goods; co-operation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 11 Seiten)
  11. Non-tariff and overall protection
    evidence from across countries and over time
    Autor*in: Niu, Zhaohui; Liu, Chang; Gunessee, Saileshsingh; Milner, Chris
    Erschienen: [2018]
    Verlag:  Nottingham Centre for Research on Globalisation and Economic Policy (GEP), University of Nottingham, Nottingham

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    Auflage/Ausgabe: Revised version of research paper 2017/08
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 2018, 05
    Schlagworte: Non-tariff barriers; tariff equivalents; protection
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Non-tariff and overall protection
    evidence from across countries and over time
    Autor*in: Niu, Zhaohui; Liu, Chang; Gunessee, Saileshsingh; Milner, Chris
    Erschienen: 2017
    Verlag:  Nottingham Centre for Research on Globalisation and Economic Policy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 2017, 08
    Schlagworte: Non-tariff barriers; tariff equivalents; protection
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen