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  1. How to set up a cash buffer
    a practical guide to developing and implementing a cash buffer policy
    Autor*in: Hürcan, Yasemin; Koç, Fatoş; Balıbek, Emre
    Erschienen: December 2020
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC, U.S.A.

    Maintaining a cash buffer has emerged as a risk management tool for government cash and debt management. During budget execution, there is considerable cash flow volatility and timing mismatches concerning revenue collections and expenditures, debt... mehr

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    Maintaining a cash buffer has emerged as a risk management tool for government cash and debt management. During budget execution, there is considerable cash flow volatility and timing mismatches concerning revenue collections and expenditures, debt inflows, and debt service. Cash balance management aims to address these mismatches and to ensure availability of liquidity in government bank accounts. From a debt management perspective, holding an appropriate level of cash balance serves to mitigate funding risk. Effective cash balance management is even more critical when there is heightened uncertainty about the magnitude and timing of cash flows, as seen during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This note discusses the role of the cash buffer for managing cash balances and offers practical approaches to developing a policy framework, considering the risk mitigation objectives and the cost of carry

     
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    Schriftenreihe: How to notes ; note 20, 04
    Schlagworte: Government cash forecasting; Currencies; Government cash management; Government debt management; Treasury Single Account; FADHTN; HTN; cash balance; opportunity cost; annual debt service
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Geographic determinants of infant health
    the impact of sports facility construction projects
    Autor*in: Humphreys, Brad R.; Ruseski, Jane E.
    Erschienen: October 10, 2019
    Verlag:  West Virginia University, College of Business and Economics, [Morgantown, WV]

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    Schriftenreihe: Working papers series / West Virginia University, Department of Economics ; no. 19, 06
    Schlagworte: birth weight; sports subsidy; opportunity cost; exact matching estimation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Enrolment of girl children in secondary schools in Rajasthan
    a district level analysis
    Autor*in: Sinha, Anushree; Sen, Astha; Jaiswal, Rajesh Kumar
    Erschienen: May 2019
    Verlag:  National Council of Applied Economic Research, [New Delhi]

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / National Council of Applied Economic Research ; no. 117
    Schlagworte: Cash transfers; secondary education; school enrolments; rural; Rajasthan; direct costsgirl education; education costs; opportunity cost; and policy-making
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Does health technology assessment guidance give adequate consideration to decisions about less costly and less effective alternatives?
    Autor*in: Griffin, Susan; Fusco, Francesco; Naidoo, Bhash; Taylor, Matthew; Walker, Simon
    Erschienen: November 2020
    Verlag:  Centre for Health Economics, Alcuin College, University of York, York, UK

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    Schriftenreihe: CHE research paper ; 175
    Schlagworte: Cost-effectiveness analysis; willingness to pay; willingness to accept; opportunity cost; cost-effectiveness thresholds; priority setting
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Unbundling the relationship between economic shocks and crime
    Autor*in: Ferraz, Eduardo; Soares, Rodrigo Reis; Vargas, Juan F.
    Erschienen: December 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Intuitively, by increasing the opportunity cost of engaging in criminal activities, positive economic shocks should reduce crime. However, the empirical evidence on the relationship between economic shocks and criminal behavior is at best ambiguous.... mehr

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    Intuitively, by increasing the opportunity cost of engaging in criminal activities, positive economic shocks should reduce crime. However, the empirical evidence on the relationship between economic shocks and criminal behavior is at best ambiguous. This may be because certain types of shocks make the booty more attractive and thus constitute an incentive to predate. Beyond this basic distinction between an "opportunity cost" and a "rapacity" mechanism that may mediate the effect of economic shocks on crime, this chapter proposes a simple conceptual framework to understand this nuanced relationship. We posit that the way that economic shocks shape criminal behavior depends on three factors: i) whether the shock comes from a legal or an illegal source, ii) the extent to which the shock source is more or less lootable, and iii) the presence of contextual factors that shape the relative importance of the opportunity cost and the rapacity effect, such as the underlying level of economic inequality, the institutional strength and law enforcement capacity of the state, and whether there are instances of accelerated and hazardous economic growth that likely create social disorganization and institutional unbalance. We use this taxonomy to review the seemingly inconclusive empirical evidence, and close by highlighting current persisting puzzles as well as areas where additional research on the relationship between economic shocks and crime would be welcome.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250615
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14954
    Schlagworte: economic shocks; crime; opportunity cost; rapacity; illegal activity; inequality; institutions; social disorganization
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten)
  6. Childcare constraints on immigrant integration
    Autor*in: Guirola, Luis; Sánchez-Domínguez, María
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  Banco de España, Madrid

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    Schriftenreihe: Documentos de trabajo / Banco de España, Eurosistema ; no. 2216
    Schlagworte: female labor supply; care burden; immigrant and native women; opportunity cost; Europe
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. How does the beauty of wives affect post-marriage family outcomes?
    Helen's face in Chinese households
    Autor*in: Zhang, Junsen; Fei, Shulan; Wen, Yanbing
    Erschienen: May 2023
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Research on the economics of beauty has persistently emphasized beauty premiums in the labor market but ignored its influence within existing marriages. We examine the physical appearance of the wives and its influence on several post-marriage family... mehr

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    Research on the economics of beauty has persistently emphasized beauty premiums in the labor market but ignored its influence within existing marriages. We examine the physical appearance of the wives and its influence on several post-marriage family outcomes using a conceptual framework that is widely applicable. Based on two data sets from China, we find beautiful women have at least 0.43 fewer children than average- or plain-looking women when controlling for other factors. The negative effect remains robust controlling for wages and the possible endogeneity of beauty. In terms of mechanisms, the negative impact seems to operate by altering bargaining power within the family and the opportunity cost of having children, but not through the quantity-quality interaction of children. For other outcomes, wives' good looks reduce the probability of their taking care of or tutoring their children and increase the probability of parents or in-laws caring for children or performing household chores in urban areas.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16157
    Schlagworte: beauty; household bargaining power; number of children; intergenerational care; opportunity cost
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. How to set up a cash buffer
    a practical guide to developing and implementing a cash buffer policy
    Autor*in: Hürcan, Yasemin; Koç, Fatoş; Balıbek, Emre
    Erschienen: December 2020
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC, U.S.A.

    Maintaining a cash buffer has emerged as a risk management tool for government cash and debt management. During budget execution, there is considerable cash flow volatility and timing mismatches concerning revenue collections and expenditures, debt... mehr

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    Maintaining a cash buffer has emerged as a risk management tool for government cash and debt management. During budget execution, there is considerable cash flow volatility and timing mismatches concerning revenue collections and expenditures, debt inflows, and debt service. Cash balance management aims to address these mismatches and to ensure availability of liquidity in government bank accounts. From a debt management perspective, holding an appropriate level of cash balance serves to mitigate funding risk. Effective cash balance management is even more critical when there is heightened uncertainty about the magnitude and timing of cash flows, as seen during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This note discusses the role of the cash buffer for managing cash balances and offers practical approaches to developing a policy framework, considering the risk mitigation objectives and the cost of carry

     
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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
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    Schriftenreihe: How to notes ; note 20, 04
    Schlagworte: Government cash forecasting; Currencies; Government cash management; Government debt management; Treasury Single Account; FADHTN; HTN; cash balance; opportunity cost; annual debt service
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Transitory earnings opportunities and educational scarring of men
    Autor*in: Jósef Sigurdsson
    Erschienen: March 2023
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Men have fallen behind women in education in developed countries. Why? I study the impact of a transitory increase in the opportunity cost of schooling on men's and women's educational attainment. I exploit a reform in Iceland that lowered income... mehr

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    Men have fallen behind women in education in developed countries. Why? I study the impact of a transitory increase in the opportunity cost of schooling on men's and women's educational attainment. I exploit a reform in Iceland that lowered income taxes to zero for one year and compare teenagers above and below the compulsory schooling age. This earnings opportunity increased the dropout rate and led to a permanent loss in years of education for young men, but had no effect on the education of women. Male dropouts suffer substantial losses in lifetime earnings, slow career progression, and reduced marriage and fertility outcomes. The results cannot be explained by negative selection of dropouts or low returns to education but can be reconciled by gender differences in nonpecuniary costs of school attendance, myopia, or perceived returns to education. The findings suggest that due to these gender differences, economic booms misallocate young men away from school, entrenching the gender gap in education.

     
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    hdl: 10419/272677
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16050
    Schlagworte: educational attainment; opportunity cost; gender gap; labor supply; tax reform
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 75 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Time to see a doctor: expenditure at retirement in Japan
    Autor*in: Tango, Kento; Nakazono, Yoshiyuki
    Erschienen: June 2021
    Verlag:  Economic and Social Research Institute, Cabinet Office, Tokyo, Japan

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    Schriftenreihe: ESRI discussion paper series ; no. 363
    Schlagworte: buying habits; household consumption; leisure life cycle/permanent income hypothesis; opportunity cost; retirement
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Eine entropisch-ökonomische Analyse der "Routine"
    Autor*in: Krcal, Hans-Christian
    Erschienen: 05 Dez. 2023
    Verlag:  Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, Heidelberg

    ‘Routine action’, a form to take action, is widely accepted in the economic field, because of its resource saving effect which contributes to average cost degression. However, from an entropic point of view, each form of acting requires decision... mehr

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    ‘Routine action’, a form to take action, is widely accepted in the economic field, because of its resource saving effect which contributes to average cost degression. However, from an entropic point of view, each form of acting requires decision making in regard to consumption of resources and causes entropic effects. Therefore, any kind of mechanistic resource management has to be avoided, even for routine action, when well-balanced economic-entropic actions, as to call them sustainable, are the objective. The paper shows how entropic and economic advantages and disadvantages of routine action can be brought together in a ratio to measure its sustainability’s relevance.

     
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    hdl: 10419/283466
    Schriftenreihe: AWI discussion paper series ; no. 738 (November 2023)
    Schlagworte: thermodynamics; decision making; entropy; routine action; micro theory; sustainability; opportunity cost; opportunity revenue; learning curve effect; average cost degression
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (49 Seiten), Diagramme
  12. Finding opportunity in economic dispatch: saving fuels without impacting retail electricity prices
    Autor*in: Petitet, Marie; Felder, Frank A.; Elshurafa, Amro
    Erschienen: March 11, 2024
    Verlag:  King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, [Riyadh, Saudi Arabia]

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center ; [2024, dp03]
    Schlagworte: Power system; dispatch; opportunity cost
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
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    Die Zählung der Reihe wurde den Angaben im DOI entnommen
  13. Opportunity cost theory in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
    argument and development leading to the Chicago and LSE schools
    Autor*in: Nishimoto, Kazumi; Tanaka, Keita
    Erschienen: March 2024
    Verlag:  [Institute of Economics, Chukyo University], [Nagoya, Japan]

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    Schriftenreihe: Chukyo University Institute of Economics discussion paper series ; no. 23, 06
    Schlagworte: opportunity cost; history of modern economics; the LSE; the Chicago school; H. J.Davenport; P. H. Wicksteed; J. M. Buchanan
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 16 Seiten)
  14. Trade-offs between justices, economics, and efficiency
    Erschienen: 2011
    Verlag:  Univ., Inst. für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Lüneburg

    We argue that economics – as the scientific method of analyzing trade-offs – can be helpful (and may even be indispensable) for assessing the trade-off between intergenerational and intragenerational justice. Economic analysis can delineate the... mehr

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    We argue that economics – as the scientific method of analyzing trade-offs – can be helpful (and may even be indispensable) for assessing the trade-off between intergenerational and intragenerational justice. Economic analysis can delineate the “opportunity set” of politics with respect to the two normative objectives of inter- and intragenerational justice, i.e. it can describe which outcomes are feasible in achieving the two objectives in a given context, and which are not. It can distinguish efficient from inefficient uses of instruments of justice. It can identify the “opportunity cost” of attaining one justice to a higher degree, in terms of less achievement of the other. We find that, under very general conditions, (1) efficiency in the use of instruments of justice implies that there is rivalry between the two justices and the opportunity cost of either justice is positive; (2) negative opportunity costs of achieving one justice exist if there is facilitation between the two justices, which can only happen if instruments of justice are used inefficiently; (3) in outcomes of inefficient uses of instruments of justice in the interior of the opportunity set, the two justices are independent of each other and the opportunity cost of either justice is zero. We argue that economics - as the scientific method of analyzing trade-offs - can be helpful (and may even be indispensable) for assessing the trade-off between intergenerational and intragenerational justice. Economic analysis can delineate the "opportunity set" of politics with respect to the two normative objectives of inter- and intragenerational justice, i.e. it can describe which outcomes are feasible in achieving the two objectives in a given context, and which are not. It can distinguish efficient from inefficient uses of instruments of justice. It can identify the "opportunity cost" of attaining one justice to a higher degree, in terms of less achievement of the other. We find that, under very general conditions, (1) efficiency in the use of instruments of justice implies that there is rivalry between the two justices and the opportunity cost of either justice is positive; (2) negative opportunity costs of achieving one justice exist if there is facilitation between the two justices, which can only happen if instruments of justice are used inefficiently; (3) in outcomes of inefficient uses of instruments of justice in the interior of the opportunity set, the two justices are independent of each other and the opportunity cost of either justice is zero. -- economics ; efficiency ; intragenerational and intergenerational justice ; normative objectives ; opportunity set ; opportunity cost ; scarce resources

     
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    hdl: 10419/57110
    Schriftenreihe: University of Lüneburg Working Paper Series in Economics ; 218
    Schlagworte: Gerechtigkeit; Generationengerechtigkeit; Soziale Gerechtigkeit; Sozialpolitik; Wirkungsanalyse; Opportunitätskosten; Theorie; Sustainability sciences, Management & Economics; economics; efficiency; intragenerational and intergenerational justice; normative objectives; opportunity set; opportunity cost; scarce resources; Economics
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 13 S., 227 KB), graph. Darst.
  15. Transitory earnings opportunities and educational scarring of men
    Autor*in: Jósef Sigurdsson
    Erschienen: March 2023
    Verlag:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    Men have fallen behind women in education in developed countries. Why? I study the impact of a transitory increase in the opportunity cost of schooling on men's and women's educational attainment. I exploit a reform in Iceland that lowered income... mehr

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    Men have fallen behind women in education in developed countries. Why? I study the impact of a transitory increase in the opportunity cost of schooling on men's and women's educational attainment. I exploit a reform in Iceland that lowered income taxes to zero for one year and compare teenagers above and below the compulsory schooling age. This earnings opportunity increased the dropout rate and led to a permanent loss in years of education for young men, but had no effect on the education of women. Male dropouts suffer substantial losses in lifetime earnings, slow career progression, and reduced marriage and fertility outcomes. The results cannot be explained by negative selection of dropouts or low returns to education but can be reconciled by gender differences in nonpecuniary costs of school attendance, myopia, or perceived returns to education. The findings suggest that due to these gender differences, economic booms misallocate young men away from school, entrenching the gender gap in education.

     
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/272005
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working papers ; 10361 (2023)
    Schlagworte: educational attainment; opportunity cost; gender gap; labor supply; tax reform
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 75 Seiten), Illustrationen