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  1. The political scar of epidemics
    Autor*in: Aksoy, Cevat Giray; Eichengreen, Barry; Saka, Orkun
    Erschienen: June 2020
    Verlag:  [LSE Financial Markets Group], [London]

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    Schriftenreihe: Financial Markets Group discussion papers ; DP 804
    Schlagworte: epidemics; trust; democracy; political approval
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 77 Seiten)
  2. Revenge of the experts: will COVID-19 renew or diminish public trust in science?
    Autor*in: Eichengreen, Barry; Aksoy, Cevat Giray; Saka, Orkun
    Erschienen: November 2020
    Verlag:  [LSE Financial Markets Group], [London]

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    Schriftenreihe: Financial Markets Group discussion papers ; DP 819
    Schlagworte: epidemics; trust; scientists; impressionable years
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 72 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Epidemic exposure, financial technology, and the digital divide
    Autor*in: Saka, Orkun; Eichengreen, Barry; Aksoy, Cevat Giray
    Erschienen: 27.9.2021
    Verlag:  BOFIT, the Bank of Finland Institute for Emerging Economies, Helsinki

    We ask whether epidemic exposure leads to a shift in financial technology usage and who participates in this shift. We exploit a dataset combining Gallup World Polls and Global Findex surveys for some 250,000 individuals in 140 countries, merging... mehr

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    We ask whether epidemic exposure leads to a shift in financial technology usage and who participates in this shift. We exploit a dataset combining Gallup World Polls and Global Findex surveys for some 250,000 individuals in 140 countries, merging them with information on the incidence of epidemics and local 3G internet infrastructure. Epidemic exposure is associated with an increase in remote-access (online/mobile) banking and substitution from bank branch-based to ATM activity. Heterogeneity in response centers on the age, income and employment of respondents. Young, high-income earners in full-time employment have the greatest tendency to shift to online/mobile transactions in response to epidemics. These effects are larger for individuals with better ex ante 3G signal coverage, highlighting the role of the digital divide in adaption to new technologies necessitated by adverse external shocks.

     
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    ISBN: 9789523233874
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/249602
    Schriftenreihe: BOFIT discussion papers ; 2021, 13
    Schlagworte: epidemics; fintech; banking
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Pandemic recessions and contact tracing
    Autor*in: Melosi, Leonardo; Rottner, Matthias
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt am Main

    We study contact tracing in a new macro-epidemiological model in which infected agents may not show any symptoms of the disease and the availability of tests to detect asymptomatic spreaders is limited. Contact tracing is a testing strategy that aims... mehr

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    We study contact tracing in a new macro-epidemiological model in which infected agents may not show any symptoms of the disease and the availability of tests to detect asymptomatic spreaders is limited. Contact tracing is a testing strategy that aims to reconstruct the infection chain of newly symptomatic agents. We show that contact tracing may be insufficient to stem the spread of infections because agents fail to internalize that their individual consumption and labor decisions increase the number of traceable contacts to be tested in the future. Complementing contact tracing with a timely, moderate lockdown corrects this externality, allowing policymakers to buy time to expand the testing scale so as to preserve the testing system. If the testing capacity is sufficiently large, contact tracing alone can halt the spread of the virus because it allows policymakers to allocate tests along the reconstructed infection chains. We provide theoretical underpinnings to the risk of becoming infected in macro-epidemiological models. Our methodology to reconstruct infection chains is not affected by curse-of-dimensionality problems.

     
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    ISBN: 9783957298423
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    hdl: 10419/243147
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / Deutsche Bundesbank ; no 2021, 34
    Schlagworte: Contact tracing; testing; quarantine; externality; infection chain; lockdown; epidemics; SIR-macro model; COVID-19
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Epidemic exposure, fintech adoption, and the digital divide
    Autor*in: Saka, Orkun; Eichengreen, Barry; Aksoy, Cevat Giray
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Systemic Risk Centre, The London School of Economics and Political Science, London

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    Schriftenreihe: SRC discussion paper ; no 112 (July 2021)
    Schlagworte: epidemics; fintech; banking
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Epidemic exposure, fintech adoption, and the digital divide
    Autor*in: Saka, Orkun; Eichengreen, Barry; Aksoy, Cevat Giray
    Erschienen: July 2021
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    We ask whether epidemic exposure leads to a shift in financial technology usage within and across countries and if so who participates in this shift. We exploit a dataset combining Gallup World Polls and Global Findex surveys for some 250,000... mehr

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    We ask whether epidemic exposure leads to a shift in financial technology usage within and across countries and if so who participates in this shift. We exploit a dataset combining Gallup World Polls and Global Findex surveys for some 250,000 individuals in 140 countries, merging them with information on the incidence of epidemics and local 3G internet infrastructure. Epidemic exposure is associated with an increase in remote-access (online/mobile) banking and substitution from bank branch-based to ATM-based activity. Using a machine-learning algorithm, we show that heterogeneity in this response centers on the age, income and employment of respondents. Young, high-income earners in full-time employment have the greatest propensity to shift to online/mobile transactions in response to epidemics. These effects are larger for individuals in subnational regions with better ex ante 3G signal coverage, highlighting the role of the digital divide in adaption to new technologies necessitated by adverse external shocks.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/245354
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9173 (2021)
    Schlagworte: epidemics; fintech; banking
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Epidemic exposure, fintech adoption, and the digital divide
    Autor*in: Saka, Orkun; Eichengreen, Barry; Aksoy, Cevat Giray
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  [LSE Financial Markets Group], [London]

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    Schriftenreihe: [FMG discussion paper] ; [DP 840]
    SRC discussion paper ; no 112 (July 2021)
    Schlagworte: epidemics; fintech; banking
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Epidemic exposure, fintech adoption, and the digital divide
    Autor*in: Saka, Orkun; Eichengreen, Barry; Aksoy, Cevat Giray
    Erschienen: July 2021
    Verlag:  European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, [London, United Kingdom]

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ; no. 257
    Schlagworte: epidemics; fintech; banking
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Revenge of the experts
    will COVID-19 renew or diminish public trust in science?
    Autor*in: Eichengreen, Barry; Aksoy, Cevat Giray; Saka, Orkun
    Erschienen: February 2021
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    It is sometimes said that an effect of the COVID-19 pandemic will be heightened appreciation of the importance of scientific research and expertise. We test this hypothesis by examining how exposure to previous epidemics affected trust in science and... mehr

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    It is sometimes said that an effect of the COVID-19 pandemic will be heightened appreciation of the importance of scientific research and expertise. We test this hypothesis by examining how exposure to previous epidemics affected trust in science and scientists. Building on the “impressionable years hypothesis” that attitudes are durably formed during the ages 18 to 25, we focus on individuals exposed to epidemics in their country of residence at this particular stage of the life course. Combining data from a 2018 Wellcome Trust survey of more than 75,000 individuals in 138 countries with data on global epidemics since 1970, we show that such exposure has no impact on views of science as an endeavor but that it significantly reduces trust in scientists and in the benefits of their work. We also illustrate that the decline in trust is driven by the individuals with little previous training in science subjects. Finally, our evidence suggests that epidemic-induced distrust translates into lower compliance with health-related policies in the form of negative views towards vaccines and lower rates of child vaccination.

     
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    hdl: 10419/232481
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 8884 (2021)
    Schlagworte: epidemics; trust; scientists; impressionable years
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Prevention and mitigation of epidemics: biodiversity conservation and confinement policies
    Autor*in: Augeraud-Véron, Emmanuelle; Fabbri, Giorgio; Schubert, Katheline
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  Institut de recherche économiques et sociales, UC Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 2078.1/232994
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / UC Louvain, LIDAM ; 2020, 26
    Schlagworte: Biodiversity; COVID-19; prevention; mitigation; epidemics; Poisson processes; recursive preferences
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Disentangling Covid-19, economic mobility, and containment policy shocks
    Autor*in: Camehl, Annika; Rieth, Malte
    Erschienen: 09. März 2021
    Verlag:  Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) - Member of the Leibniz Association, Halle (Saale), Germany

    We study the dynamic impact of Covid-19, economic mobility, and containment policy shocks. We use Bayesian panel structural vector autoregressions with daily data for 44 countries, identified through sign and zero restrictions. Incidence and mobility... mehr

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    We study the dynamic impact of Covid-19, economic mobility, and containment policy shocks. We use Bayesian panel structural vector autoregressions with daily data for 44 countries, identified through sign and zero restrictions. Incidence and mobility shocks raise cases and deaths significantly for two months. Restrictive policy shocks lower mobility immediately, cases after one week, and deaths after three weeks. Non-pharmaceutical interventions explain half of the variation in mobility, cases, and deaths worldwide. These flattened the pandemic curve, while deepening the global mobility recession. The policy tradeoff is 1 p.p. less mobility per day for 9% fewer deaths after two months.

     
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    hdl: 10419/231518
    Schriftenreihe: IWH discussion papers ; 2021, no. 2 (March 2021)
    Schlagworte: Bayesian analysis; coronavirus; epidemics; general equilibrium; non-pharmaceutical interventions; panel data; structural vector autoregressions
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (III, 35, 16 Seiten, 3,29 MB), Diagramme
  12. The political scar of epidemics
    Autor*in: Eichengreen, Barry; Saka, Orkun; Aksoy, Cevat Giray
    Erschienen: April 2021
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    What political legacy is bequeathed by national health crises such as epidemics? We show that epidemic exposure in an individual's "impressionable years" (ages 18 to 25) has a persistent negative effect on confidence in political institutions and... mehr

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    What political legacy is bequeathed by national health crises such as epidemics? We show that epidemic exposure in an individual's "impressionable years" (ages 18 to 25) has a persistent negative effect on confidence in political institutions and leaders. The effect is specific to the impressionable ages, observed only for political institutions and leaders, and does not carry over to other institutions and individuals with one key exception. That exception is strong negative effects on confidence in public health systems, suggesting that the loss of confidence in political institutions and leaders is associated with the (in)effectiveness of a government's healthcare-related responses to past epidemics. We document this mechanism, showing that weak governments took longer to introduce policy interventions in response to the COVID-19 outbreak, and demonstrating that the loss of political trust is larger for individuals who experienced epidemics under weak governments. Finally, we report evidence suggesting that the epidemic-induced loss of political trust may discourage electoral participation in the long term.

     
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    hdl: 10419/235383
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9013 (2021)
    Schlagworte: epidemics; trust; political approval
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 102 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Epidemic exposure, financial technology, and the digital divide
    Autor*in: Brausewetter, Lars; Thomsen, Stephan L.; Trunzer, Johannes
    Erschienen: March 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We ask whether epidemic exposure leads to a shift in financial technology usage and who participates in this shift. We exploit a dataset combining Gallup World Polls and Global Findex surveys for some 250,000 individuals in 140 countries, merging... mehr

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    We ask whether epidemic exposure leads to a shift in financial technology usage and who participates in this shift. We exploit a dataset combining Gallup World Polls and Global Findex surveys for some 250,000 individuals in 140 countries, merging them with information on the incidence of epidemics and local 3G internet infrastructure. Epidemic exposure is associated with an increase in remote-access (online/mobile) banking and substitution from bank branch-based to ATM activity. The temporary nature of the effects we identify is more consistent with a demand channel rather than that of supply with high initial fixed costs. Exploring heterogeneity using a machine-learning driven approach, we find that young, high-income earners in full-time employment have the greatest tendency to shift to online/mobile transactions in response to epidemics. Baseline effects are larger for individuals with better ex ante 3G signal coverage, highlighting the role of the digital divide in adaption to new technologies necessitated by adverse external shocks.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263416
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15200
    Schlagworte: epidemics; fintech; banking
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Epidemics and rapacity of multinational companies
    Autor*in: Sonno, Tommaso; Zufacchi, Davide
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / Centre for Economic Performance ; no. 1833 (March 2022)
    Schlagworte: epidemics; multinational enterprises; land grabbing; palm oil
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Labor scarcity, technology adoption and innovation
    evidence from the cholera pandemics in 19th century France
    Autor*in: Franck, Raphaël
    Erschienen: January 2022
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    To analyze the impact of labor scarcity on technology adoption and innovation, this study uses the differential spread of cholera across France in 1832, 1849 and 1854, before the transmission mode of this disease was understood. The results suggest... mehr

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    To analyze the impact of labor scarcity on technology adoption and innovation, this study uses the differential spread of cholera across France in 1832, 1849 and 1854, before the transmission mode of this disease was understood. The results suggest that a larger share of cholera deaths in the population, which can be causally linked to summer temperature levels, had a positive and significant shortrun effect on technology adoption and innovation in agriculture but a negative and significant short-run impact on technology adoption in industry. These results, which are not driven by migration, urbanization, religiosity or local financial intermediation, can be explained by the positive impact of labor scarcity on human capital formation.

     
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    hdl: 10419/252045
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9528 (2022)
    Schlagworte: epidemics; labor scarcity; technology adoption
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 106 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. IT enabled services in the post-pandemic economy
    new opportunities for relations between India and Latin America
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago de Chile

    During the last few decades, India’s trade with the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries has grown substantially, especially in the area of Information Technology (IT) services. The definition of IT services now includes a plethora of... mehr

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    During the last few decades, India’s trade with the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries has grown substantially, especially in the area of Information Technology (IT) services. The definition of IT services now includes a plethora of IT-enabled services (ITeS) directed to specific sectors, including Agri-tech, Fin-tech, Health-tech, manufacturing and mining-based services, as well as e-commerce. This sector has attracted significant Indian investment in the region. Over the last decade, the share of the IT sector in total Indian Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the region has nearly doubled to about 15 percent today.The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a myriad of challenges and new prospects for ITeS. The industry is confronting this health crisis through opportunities to promote skill-up, embrace the digital transformation and stimulate overall growth of the industry in both regions. The increased reliance on e-commerce has paved the way for greater development of IT-enabled financial products delivered via mobile applications. Moreover, to remain competitive in the global market, companies have increased their demand for new technologies.In this context, this report examines new challenges and prospects for ITeS and e-commerce in the pandemic economy in India and LAC, and explores new opportunities for bilateral direct investment and trade between the two regions. Introduction .-- Overview .-- Impacts and Challenges for the Information Technology .-- Enabled Services Sector During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Private Sector View .-- Recommendations and Policy Directives.

     
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  17. A decade of action for a change of era
    fifth report on regional progress and challenges in relation to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in Latin America and the Caribbean : Forum of the Countries of Latin America and the Caribbean on Sustainable Development : San José, 7-9 March 2022
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago

    For the fifth time, the countries of the region are convening in the framework of the Forum of the Countries of Latin America and the Caribbean on Sustainable Development. On each occasion, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean... mehr

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    For the fifth time, the countries of the region are convening in the framework of the Forum of the Countries of Latin America and the Caribbean on Sustainable Development. On each occasion, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) has presented a report on regional progress and challenges in relation to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Since 2020, efforts to assess progress towards meeting the 2030 Agenda have had to be undertaken amid the constraints imposed by measures to address the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.In this difficult context, ECLAC continued to step up its efforts to assess the progress towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Whereas in 2019 we only had 19 statistical series of SDG indicators for the region to analyse progress towards 2030, in this fifth report we are presenting the results for 359 series, corresponding to 111 targets, 73 of which are targets covered by the prioritized indicators for the region.Given the contradiction between, on the one hand, the growing institutional efforts to bring to fruition the Decade of Action of the Sustainable Development Goals called for by the United Nations Secretary-General and his proposal of Our Common Agenda and, on the other, the insufficient progress towards the achievement of the Goals, ECLAC stresses once again its proposal to launch a decade of action for a change of era. The Sustainable Development Goals will not be achieved by doing more of the same; we must move towards a new, inclusive and sustainable economic and social system.This document presents specific proposals in four areas in which we must continue to work: strengthening multilateralism, particularly in the area of financing for development; improving implementation of productive, social and environmental policies of national and regional scope; building up the resilience of institutions; and overcoming conflicts through agreements and compacts. Foreword .-- Chapter I. Asymmetries, the impact of the pandemic and the cost of not committing to the future. A. The economic impact of the pandemic has been stronger in Latin America and the Caribbean than in other regions of the world. B. Social impact amplified by the inequality matrix. C. Global warming and the environmental vulnerability of the region .-- Chapter II. Trends in the Sustainable Development Goal indicators .-- Chapter III. Progress on quality education, gender equality and marine and terrestrial ecosystems .-- Chapter IV. Institutional progress on the means of implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development .-- Chapter VAgreements for a decade of action. A. Multilateralism, international financing and regional integration. B. Public policy at the core of a transformative recovery. C. Governance in a new pattern of development. D. Conflicts, instability and social compacts for sustainable development.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Konferenzschrift
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    hdl: 11362/47746
    Körperschaften/Kongresse: Forum of the Countries of Latin America and the Caribbean on Sustainable Development, 5. (2022, San José, Costa Rica)
    Schriftenreihe: Libros y documentos institucionales
    United Nations publication
    Schlagworte: financing for development; inclusive development; inequality; international trade; macroeconomics; public policies; sustainable development; 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development; international cooperation; economic development; social development; COVID-19; viruses; epidemics; Sustainable Development Goals; education; gender equality; marine ecosystems; terrestrial ecosystems; international cooperation; civil society; multilateralism; development models; development finance; social policy; DESARROLLO ECONOMICO; DESARROLLO SOCIAL; DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE; COVID-19; VIRUS; EPIDEMIAS; OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE; EDUCACION; IGUALDAD DE GENERO; ECOSISTEMAS MARINOS; ECOSISTEMAS TERRESTRES; AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE; COOPERACION INTERNACIONAL; SOCIEDAD CIVIL; MULTILATERALISMO; MODELOS DE DESARROLLO; FINANCIACION DEL DESARROLLO; POLITICA SOCIAL; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; COVID-19; VIRUSES; EPIDEMICS; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS; EDUCATION; GENDER EQUALITY; MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; CIVIL SOCIETY; MULTILATERALISM; DEVELOPMENT MODELS; DEVELOPMENT FINANCE; SOCIAL POLICY
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 180 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. How to finance sustainable development
    recovery from the effects of COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean
    Erschienen: 27 January 2022
    Verlag:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago

    Global asymmetries influence policies for recovery in Latin America and the Caribbean. Nearly 30 years after the Earth Summit and the global adoption of an international development agenda, in practical terms the environmental pillar of the 2030... mehr

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    Global asymmetries influence policies for recovery in Latin America and the Caribbean. Nearly 30 years after the Earth Summit and the global adoption of an international development agenda, in practical terms the environmental pillar of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has not been taken into consideration in recovery policies in the region. This has created major problems in terms of the medium- and long-term direction of regional economies.On balance, recovery measures —which have focused on maintaining consumption or offsetting falls in it— have weakened non-health public services, territorial monitoring, and social and governmental monitoring functions. Transfers to support consumption strengthen an unsustainable development pattern and recovery measures prolong the anchoring to an approach that results in high vulnerability to environmental impacts, with unchanged or increased dependence on fossil fuels. The region is squandering the opportunity to use the recovery effort to enhance production and consumption patterns and improve the quality and coverage of public services, which the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has shown to be very important.This Special Report is the thirteenth in a series prepared by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) on the evolution and impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America and the Caribbean. I. Stylized facts of two processes that are difficult to reverse: a worsening environmental situation and setbacks with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. -- II. By targeting recovery spending, the opportunity to boost transformative sectors has been lost and this, coupled with the uncritical demand in recovery, underlines the unsustainable nature of thepre-pandemic development pattern .-- III. Aligning policies for the big push forsustainability, as a pillar of the recovery.

     
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  19. Pensiones de capitalización individual en América Latina
    efectos, reformas, impacto del COVID-19 y propuestas de política
    Autor*in: Mesa-Lago, Carmelo
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  Naciones Unidas, CEPAL, Santiago

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    Sprache: Spanisch
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    hdl: 11362/48004
    Schriftenreihe: Serie políticas sociales ; 242
    Schlagworte: Covid-19; health; protection / social security; social policies and programmes; social rights; pensions social security; pensions; viruses; epidemics; social aspects; economic reform; private sector; social policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 107 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Assessment of the effects and impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in The Bahamas
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago de Chile

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 11362/47978
    Schriftenreihe: Coediciones
    United Nations publication
    Schlagworte: disasters; environment; sustainable development; tourism; Covid-19; viruses; epidemics; economic aspects; social aspects; environmental aspects; health; education; housing; tourism; foreign trade; fisheries; transport; water; sanitation services; energy resources; macroeconomics; development policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 167 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) and the COVID-19 crisis
    Erschienen: April 2022
    Verlag:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago de Chile

    The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is the worst global crisis since the Second World War, with developing countries suffering more devastating economic and social effects than developed countries. Governments’ increased pandemic-related... mehr

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    The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is the worst global crisis since the Second World War, with developing countries suffering more devastating economic and social effects than developed countries. Governments’ increased pandemic-related expenditure combined with the drastic fall in tax revenues have increased their fiscal deficits and heightened their debt vulnerabilities. The generalized increase in fiscal imbalances and indebtedness has given rise to greater liquidity needs across developing countries, despite considerable heterogeneity in their fiscal positions and debt profiles.Easing liquidity constraints and expanding fiscal space for all developing countries requires alternative mechanisms in addition to existing credit facilities. The new general allocation of US$ 650 billion in Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) implemented on 23 August 2021 provided the most expedient mechanism to provide concessional liquidity at scale to all countries regardless of their level of income. Aside from its agility and financial effects, SDRs are the only democratic device to enhance policy space in developing economies, as it comes with no conditionalities. „ SDRs have several advantages over other IMF credit facilities and financing lines, including the fact that they do not generate debt, have a very low cost of use, and can reduce the risk premium for highly indebted countries. The new issuance of SDRs can help boost the level of international reserves of developing economies, strengthen their external positions, reduce their liquidity and default risk, and free up resources to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Key messages .-- A. The pandemic and developing countries’ financing needs .-- B. SDRs and their advantages .-- C. Recipient countries ofthe SDR allocation .-- D. Determining the value of SDRs to be reallocated from developedto developing countries (low-and middle-income countries) .-- E. Proposed means of reallocating SDRs .-- F. Conclusion.

     
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  22. Towards construction of comprehensive care systems in Latin America and the Caribbean
    elements for their implementation
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago

    This document, prepared by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and UN Women, has been conceived to serve as a guiding framework for those involved in the development of comprehensive national Care Systems as a pillar... mehr

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    This document, prepared by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and UN Women, has been conceived to serve as a guiding framework for those involved in the development of comprehensive national Care Systems as a pillar of social protection in the countries of the region. We believe that these systems should be designed from a human rights perspective, with particular emphasis on mainstreaming the gender perspective to achieve care models co-responsible between the State, the market, the community, and families, and between men and women.

     
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  23. Soluciones basadas en la naturaleza y la bioeconomía
    contribución a una transformación sostenible e inclusiva de la agricultura y a la recuperación pos-COVID-19
    Autor*in: Meza, Laura E.; Rodríguez, Adrián G.
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  Naciones Unidas, CEPAL, Santiago

    Las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza (SbN) se han posicionado en la vanguardia para enfrentar el cambio ambiental global en sus múltiples dimensiones. En el documento se revisan las sinergias entre múltiples objetivos que pueden ofrecer dichas... mehr

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    Las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza (SbN) se han posicionado en la vanguardia para enfrentar el cambio ambiental global en sus múltiples dimensiones. En el documento se revisan las sinergias entre múltiples objetivos que pueden ofrecer dichas soluciones, para el accionar de una agricultura más sostenible y el fortalecimiento de la bioeconomía en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), con vistas a la recuperación posterior a la pandemia del COVID-19. Resumen .-- Introducción .-- I. Soluciones basadas en la naturaleza y las convenciones ambientales globales .-- II. La recuperación pospandemia y la transformación de los sistemas alimentarios .-- III. Evaluación de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza en la agricultura con sinergias para la recuperación .-- IV. Oportunidades para la promoción de las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza en la agricultura .-- V. Percepciones sobre soluciones basadas en la naturaleza para la sostenibilidadde la agricultura .-- VI. Casos de estudio de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza en América Latina y el Caribe .-- VII. Conclusiones y recomendaciones.

     
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  24. Real wages during the pandemic
    trends and challenges
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  United Nations, ECLAC, Santiago

    There were signs of a partial recovery in the labour markets and economies of Latin America and the Caribbean during 2021, in the wake of the crisis caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Nonetheless, although the labour force... mehr

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    There were signs of a partial recovery in the labour markets and economies of Latin America and the Caribbean during 2021, in the wake of the crisis caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Nonetheless, although the labour force participation rate and employment both improved in the year, figures for some of the groups hit hardest by the pandemic, such as women and domestic workers, remained well below pre-pandemic levels. The partial recovery in local demand and the effect of global conditions on production costs contributed to a rise in regional inflation, in turn affecting minimum wages and real wages. The second section of this report outlines how real wages in the region remain further from pre-pandemic levels than employment and economic activity, and underscores the importance of institutional mechanisms and social dialogue in the world of work to facilitate appropriate adjustments to workers’ wages in Latin America and the Caribbean.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Employment situation in Latin America and the Caribbean ; number 26 (June 2021)
    Schlagworte: Covid-19; employment; gender equality; labour policy; macroeconomics employment; wages; viruses; epidemics; economic aspects; labour market; women's employment; gender equality; employment policy; EMPLEO; SALARIOS; COVID-19; VIRUS; EPIDEMIAS; ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS; MERCADO DE TRABAJO; EMPLEO DE LA MUJER; IGUALDAD DE GENERO; POLITICA DE EMPLEO; EMPLOYMENT; WAGES; COVID-19; VIRUSES; EPIDEMICS; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; LABOUR MARKET; WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT; GENDER EQUALITY; EMPLOYMENT POLICY
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Economic consequences of pre-COVID-19 epidemics
    a literature review
    Autor*in: Noy, Ilan; Uher, Tomáš
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  School of Economics and Finance, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10063/9457
    Schriftenreihe: SEF working paper ; 2021, 2
    Schlagworte: pandemics; epidemics; economic costs
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten)