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  1. Encouraging women's economic opportunities in Croatia
    empirical evidence of determinants and policy advice
    Autor*in: Robayo-Abril, Monica; Terskaya, Anastasia; Noelle Vaughan, Kristina; Garcia Pena, Natalia
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    This report analyzes potential factors and determinants affecting female labor force participation in Croatia and identifies potential policy options to facilitate greater participation of women in the labor market. Our results show that the main... mehr

    Zugang:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Standort:
    Orient-Institut Beirut
    Signatur:
    Online
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Potsdamer Straße
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Universitätsbibliothek Clausthal
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Fachhochschule Kiel, Zentralbibliothek
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Medien- und Informationszentrum, Universitätsbibliothek
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

     

    This report analyzes potential factors and determinants affecting female labor force participation in Croatia and identifies potential policy options to facilitate greater participation of women in the labor market. Our results show that the main reason for women’s inactivity in Croatia is child-rearing and other family responsibilities. While Croatia provides a generous maternity leave allowance in comparison with other EU countries, the absence of compulsory paternity leave does not encourage the distribution of child-rearing responsibilities between men and women. Childcare responsibilities also hinder mothers of school-age children from participating in economic activity, although this constraint is lower for mothers of children attending schools with longer school days. Our results also show that both informal and formal factors play a role. Patriarchal views—which were demonstrated to be negatively associated with women’s labor force participation—are more prevalent in Croatia than in many European countries; these views tend to be more prevalent among men, older people, and less-educated individuals. Labor market regulations also play an important role: despite recent reforms aimed at relaxing excessively strict employment protection legislation, introducing more flexibility in the labor market, and boosting active labor market policies, Croatia still lags behind its EU counterparts along these dimensions as is reflected in their low ranking on the ease of hiring and firing, a low proportion of flexible forms of employment, and low expenditure and coverage of active labor market policies. Finally, despite being a common reason in the literature for gender wage gaps, we did not find evidence that the systematic selection of women into low-wage occupations contributes significantly to the observed gender wage gaps

     
    Export in Literaturverwaltung   RIS-Format
      BibTeX-Format
    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10986/34605
    Schlagworte: Weibliche Arbeitskräfte; Arbeitsmarktintegration; Gleichstellungspolitik; Kroatien; ACCESS TO EDUCATION; CHILDCARE; ELDERCARE; FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION; GENDER GAP; LABOR POLICY; MATERNITY LEAVE; OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE; SOCIAL NORMS
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 81 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Promoting female labor force participation
    Autor*in: Pimkina, Svetlana; Flor, Luciana de la
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  World Bank Group, Jobs, Washington, DC, USA

    Women comprise half of the world’s adult population, and therefore potentially half of its labor force. Removing barriers that restrict women from entering the labor market is crucial for achieving equality, as well as to untap economic growth. The... mehr

    Zugang:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Standort:
    Orient-Institut Beirut
    Signatur:
    Online
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Potsdamer Straße
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Universitätsbibliothek Clausthal
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Fachhochschule Kiel, Zentralbibliothek
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signatur:
    VS 724
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Medien- und Informationszentrum, Universitätsbibliothek
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

     

    Women comprise half of the world’s adult population, and therefore potentially half of its labor force. Removing barriers that restrict women from entering the labor market is crucial for achieving equality, as well as to untap economic growth. The focus of this review is on female labor force participation (FLFP) instead of employment. Labor force participation captures the decision to actively engage with the labor market, while employment represents an equilibrium outcome. The distinction is often under-emphasized, but it is not trivial, as these indicators move separately. Indeed, the global rate of female employment has remained high at around 94 percent, while the rate of FLFP has not yet surpassed 50 percent. This review identifies constraints around three key drivers of FLFP. First, the authors examine how constraints in endowments such as time, education, financial and social capital limit women’s participation. Second, authors review evidence on the role of internal factors such as choices, preferences, norms and beliefs on FLFP. Third, authors discuss how external constraints such as income shocks and demand-side factors inhibit active engagement in the labor market. Finally, the paper concludes with some lesson learned from policies to improve FLFP and draws up an agenda for future research

     
    Export in Literaturverwaltung   RIS-Format
      BibTeX-Format
    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10986/34953
    Schriftenreihe: Jobs working paper ; issue no. 56
    Schlagworte: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT; FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION; GENDER; LABOR DEMAND; LABOR MARKET; LABOR SKILLS DEVELOPMENT; SOCIAL NORMS
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Women's economic participation in Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    Female labor force participation in the Mashreq is exceptionally low, a problem likely to be exacerbated by the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This report calls for action in the following areas: stronger economic growth, effective policy... mehr

    Zugang:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Standort:
    Orient-Institut Beirut
    Signatur:
    Online
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Potsdamer Straße
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Universitätsbibliothek Clausthal
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Fachhochschule Kiel, Zentralbibliothek
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Medien- und Informationszentrum, Universitätsbibliothek
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

     

    Female labor force participation in the Mashreq is exceptionally low, a problem likely to be exacerbated by the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This report calls for action in the following areas: stronger economic growth, effective policy action to close legal gaps, promotion of more egalitarian attitudes, access to quality childcare, and the provision of safe transportation. The main focus of the report is women’s economic opportunities, as opposed to the broader issue of women’s empowerment. The report analyzes other aspects of female empowerment, but in particular as those aspects influence, determine, and are affected by women’s participation in paid economic activities. Economic opportunities encompass the availability and possibility of taking advantage of earnings opportunities as well as the existence of an enabling environment in terms of the appropriate legal, institutional setting. The report is structured as follows: chapter one provides a description of women’s economic opportunities in Mashreq countries and highlights differences in labor participation across critical life stages. Chapter two presents evidence on the different barriers faced by women toward participating in the labor market, related to legal aspects, informal institutions, and markets. Chapter three provides a brief description of international experiences with sizeable increases in female participation in the labor market, chapter four expands to explore important areas where policies can be improved in the Mashreq countries to lower these barriers and close participation gaps, as well as an emerging opportunity that, if used well, can accelerate this process. Chapter five concludes and reflects on how the COVID-19 outbreak and the measures to contain it may exacerbate some of the barriers faced by women

     
    Export in Literaturverwaltung   RIS-Format
      BibTeX-Format
    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10986/34535
    Schriftenreihe: State of the Mashreq women flagship ; 1
    Schlagworte: Politische Partizipation; Weibliche Arbeitskräfte; Arbeitsmarktintegration; Irak; Jordanien; Libanon; CHILDCARE; ELDERCARE; FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION; GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT; GENDER BIAS; GENDER GAP; LABOR LAW; LABOR MARKET; MASHREQ COUNTRIES; SOCIAL NORMS
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 206 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Trust and identity in a small, post-socialist, post-crisis society
    Erschienen: 2014
    Verlag:  World Bank, Europe and Central Asia Region, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, Washington, DC

    The principal focus in the substantial literature on impediments to economic development has been on the inadequacies of policies and governance. However, successful economic development requires effectiveness of markets and incentives for... mehr

    Standort:
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
    Fernleihe:
    uneingeschränkte Fernleihe, Kopie und Ausleihe

     

    The principal focus in the substantial literature on impediments to economic development has been on the inadequacies of policies and governance. However, successful economic development requires effectiveness of markets and incentives for investment, which in turn require trust. This paper reports on trust in a development context. The paper uses trust experiments, a post-experiment survey, and econometric analysis relating trust to identity and other personal attributes in the setting of Montenegro, a small, recently-independent, post-socialist, post-crisis society. External validity was sought by providing sufficient material reward to balance identity-related expressive motives and by having two groups of subjects, one usual university students and another group that, while also students, was somewhat older and had had greater market or ommercial experience. The paper reviews cultural priors that can be expected to affect trust and distinguishes between generalized trust that can be socially beneficial and particularized trust that can be disadvantageous for development. The empirical results suggest that trust among private individuals is not an impediment to development in Montenegro. As a result, policy reform can improve economic and social outcomes. However, the results redirect the focus to issues of governance and political entrenchment as potential explanations for impediments to development.

     
    Export in Literaturverwaltung   RIS-Format
      BibTeX-Format
    Hinweise zum Inhalt
    Volltext (kostenfrei)
  5. Promoting female labor force participation
    Autor*in: Pimkina, Svetlana; Flor, Luciana de la
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  World Bank Group, Jobs, Washington, DC, USA

    Women comprise half of the world’s adult population, and therefore potentially half of its labor force. Removing barriers that restrict women from entering the labor market is crucial for achieving equality, as well as to untap economic growth. The... mehr

    Zugang:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Standort:
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
    Fernleihe:
    uneingeschränkte Fernleihe, Kopie und Ausleihe

     

    Women comprise half of the world’s adult population, and therefore potentially half of its labor force. Removing barriers that restrict women from entering the labor market is crucial for achieving equality, as well as to untap economic growth. The focus of this review is on female labor force participation (FLFP) instead of employment. Labor force participation captures the decision to actively engage with the labor market, while employment represents an equilibrium outcome. The distinction is often under-emphasized, but it is not trivial, as these indicators move separately. Indeed, the global rate of female employment has remained high at around 94 percent, while the rate of FLFP has not yet surpassed 50 percent. This review identifies constraints around three key drivers of FLFP. First, the authors examine how constraints in endowments such as time, education, financial and social capital limit women’s participation. Second, authors review evidence on the role of internal factors such as choices, preferences, norms and beliefs on FLFP. Third, authors discuss how external constraints such as income shocks and demand-side factors inhibit active engagement in the labor market. Finally, the paper concludes with some lesson learned from policies to improve FLFP and draws up an agenda for future research

     
    Export in Literaturverwaltung   RIS-Format
      BibTeX-Format
    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10986/34953
    Schriftenreihe: Jobs working paper ; issue no. 56
    Schlagworte: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT; FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION; GENDER; LABOR DEMAND; LABOR MARKET; LABOR SKILLS DEVELOPMENT; SOCIAL NORMS
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Encouraging women's economic opportunities in Croatia
    empirical evidence of determinants and policy advice
    Autor*in: Robayo-Abril, Monica; Terskaya, Anastasia; Noelle Vaughan, Kristina; Garcia Pena, Natalia
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    This report analyzes potential factors and determinants affecting female labor force participation in Croatia and identifies potential policy options to facilitate greater participation of women in the labor market. Our results show that the main... mehr

    Zugang:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Standort:
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
    Fernleihe:
    uneingeschränkte Fernleihe, Kopie und Ausleihe

     

    This report analyzes potential factors and determinants affecting female labor force participation in Croatia and identifies potential policy options to facilitate greater participation of women in the labor market. Our results show that the main reason for women’s inactivity in Croatia is child-rearing and other family responsibilities. While Croatia provides a generous maternity leave allowance in comparison with other EU countries, the absence of compulsory paternity leave does not encourage the distribution of child-rearing responsibilities between men and women. Childcare responsibilities also hinder mothers of school-age children from participating in economic activity, although this constraint is lower for mothers of children attending schools with longer school days. Our results also show that both informal and formal factors play a role. Patriarchal views—which were demonstrated to be negatively associated with women’s labor force participation—are more prevalent in Croatia than in many European countries; these views tend to be more prevalent among men, older people, and less-educated individuals. Labor market regulations also play an important role: despite recent reforms aimed at relaxing excessively strict employment protection legislation, introducing more flexibility in the labor market, and boosting active labor market policies, Croatia still lags behind its EU counterparts along these dimensions as is reflected in their low ranking on the ease of hiring and firing, a low proportion of flexible forms of employment, and low expenditure and coverage of active labor market policies. Finally, despite being a common reason in the literature for gender wage gaps, we did not find evidence that the systematic selection of women into low-wage occupations contributes significantly to the observed gender wage gaps

     
    Export in Literaturverwaltung   RIS-Format
      BibTeX-Format
    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10986/34605
    Schlagworte: Weibliche Arbeitskräfte; Arbeitsmarktintegration; Gleichstellungspolitik; Kroatien; ACCESS TO EDUCATION; CHILDCARE; ELDERCARE; FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION; GENDER GAP; LABOR POLICY; MATERNITY LEAVE; OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE; SOCIAL NORMS
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 81 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Women's economic participation in Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA

    Female labor force participation in the Mashreq is exceptionally low, a problem likely to be exacerbated by the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This report calls for action in the following areas: stronger economic growth, effective policy... mehr

    Zugang:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)

    Standort:
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
    Fernleihe:
    uneingeschränkte Fernleihe, Kopie und Ausleihe

     

    Female labor force participation in the Mashreq is exceptionally low, a problem likely to be exacerbated by the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This report calls for action in the following areas: stronger economic growth, effective policy action to close legal gaps, promotion of more egalitarian attitudes, access to quality childcare, and the provision of safe transportation. The main focus of the report is women’s economic opportunities, as opposed to the broader issue of women’s empowerment. The report analyzes other aspects of female empowerment, but in particular as those aspects influence, determine, and are affected by women’s participation in paid economic activities. Economic opportunities encompass the availability and possibility of taking advantage of earnings opportunities as well as the existence of an enabling environment in terms of the appropriate legal, institutional setting. The report is structured as follows: chapter one provides a description of women’s economic opportunities in Mashreq countries and highlights differences in labor participation across critical life stages. Chapter two presents evidence on the different barriers faced by women toward participating in the labor market, related to legal aspects, informal institutions, and markets. Chapter three provides a brief description of international experiences with sizeable increases in female participation in the labor market, chapter four expands to explore important areas where policies can be improved in the Mashreq countries to lower these barriers and close participation gaps, as well as an emerging opportunity that, if used well, can accelerate this process. Chapter five concludes and reflects on how the COVID-19 outbreak and the measures to contain it may exacerbate some of the barriers faced by women

     
    Export in Literaturverwaltung   RIS-Format
      BibTeX-Format
    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10986/34535
    Schriftenreihe: State of the Mashreq women flagship ; 1
    Schlagworte: Politische Partizipation; Weibliche Arbeitskräfte; Arbeitsmarktintegration; Irak; Jordanien; Libanon; CHILDCARE; ELDERCARE; FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION; GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT; GENDER BIAS; GENDER GAP; LABOR LAW; LABOR MARKET; MASHREQ COUNTRIES; SOCIAL NORMS
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 206 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Trust and identity in a small, post-socialist, post-crisis society
    Erschienen: 2014
    Verlag:  World Bank, Europe and Central Asia Region, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, Washington, DC

    The principal focus in the substantial literature on impediments to economic development has been on the inadequacies of policies and governance. However, successful economic development requires effectiveness of markets and incentives for... mehr

    Standort:
    Orient-Institut Beirut
    Signatur:
    Online
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Potsdamer Straße
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Universitätsbibliothek Clausthal
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Fachhochschule Kiel, Zentralbibliothek
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signatur:
    VS 2 (6828)
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

    Standort:
    Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Medien- und Informationszentrum, Universitätsbibliothek
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe

     

    The principal focus in the substantial literature on impediments to economic development has been on the inadequacies of policies and governance. However, successful economic development requires effectiveness of markets and incentives for investment, which in turn require trust. This paper reports on trust in a development context. The paper uses trust experiments, a post-experiment survey, and econometric analysis relating trust to identity and other personal attributes in the setting of Montenegro, a small, recently-independent, post-socialist, post-crisis society. External validity was sought by providing sufficient material reward to balance identity-related expressive motives and by having two groups of subjects, one usual university students and another group that, while also students, was somewhat older and had had greater market or ommercial experience. The paper reviews cultural priors that can be expected to affect trust and distinguishes between generalized trust that can be socially beneficial and particularized trust that can be disadvantageous for development. The empirical results suggest that trust among private individuals is not an impediment to development in Montenegro. As a result, policy reform can improve economic and social outcomes. However, the results redirect the focus to issues of governance and political entrenchment as potential explanations for impediments to development.

     
    Export in Literaturverwaltung   RIS-Format
      BibTeX-Format
    Hinweise zum Inhalt
    Volltext (kostenfrei)