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  1. Addressing the COVID-19 pandemic: comparing alternative value frameworks
    Autor*in: Ferranna, Maddalena; Sevilla, J. P.; Bloom, David E.
    Erschienen: March 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The COVID-19 pandemic has forced countries to make difficult ethical choices, e.g., how to balance public health and socioeconomic activity and whom to prioritize in allocating vaccines or other scarce medical resources. We discuss the implications... mehr

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    The COVID-19 pandemic has forced countries to make difficult ethical choices, e.g., how to balance public health and socioeconomic activity and whom to prioritize in allocating vaccines or other scarce medical resources. We discuss the implications of benefit-cost analysis, utilitarianism, and prioritarianism in evaluating COVID-19-related policies. The relative regressivity of COVID-19 burdens and control policy costs determines whether increased sensitivity to distribution supports more or less aggressive control policies. Utilitarianism and prioritarianism, in that order, increasingly favor income redistribution mechanisms compared with benefit-cost analysis. The concern for the worse-off implies that prioritarianism is more likely than utilitarianism or benefit-cost analysis to target young and socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals in the allocation of scarce vaccine doses.

     
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/236212
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14181
    Schlagworte: prioritarianism; benefit-cost analysis; utilitarianism; COVID-19; vaccine allocation; lockdown; control policies
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 80 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Foundations of utilitarianism under risk and variable population
    Autor*in: Spears, Dean; Zuber, Stéphane
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne, Paris

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    Schriftenreihe: Documents de travail du Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne ; 2021, 17
    Schlagworte: Social risk; population ethics; utilitarianism; expected critical-level generalized utilitarianism; prioritarianism
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten)
  3. The values of nature
    Autor*in: Spash, Clive L.; Smith Spash, Tone
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Institute for Multi-Level Governance & Development, Department of Socio-Economics, Vienna University of Economics and Business, [Vienna]

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    Schriftenreihe: Social-ecological research in economics (SRE) discussion paper ; 2021, 03
    Schlagworte: environmental values; Nature; ethics; utilitarianism; rights; virtue; incommensurability; intrinsic value; economic valuation; moral considerability/standing; plural values
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten)
  4. Foundations of utilitarianism under risk and variable population
    Autor*in: Spears, Dean; Zuber, Stéphane
    Erschienen: June 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Utilitarianism is the most prominent family of social welfare functions. We present three new axiomatic characterizations of utilitarian (that is, additively separable) social welfare functions in a setting where there is risk over both population... mehr

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    Utilitarianism is the most prominent family of social welfare functions. We present three new axiomatic characterizations of utilitarian (that is, additively separable) social welfare functions in a setting where there is risk over both population size and the welfares of individuals. First, we show that, given uncontroversial basic axioms, Blackorby et al.'s (1998) Expected Critical-Level Generalized Utilitarianism (ECLGU) is equivalent to a new axiom holding that it is better to allocate higher utility-conditional-on-existence to possible people who have a higher probability of existence. The other two novel characterizations extend classic axiomatizations of utilitarianism from settings with either social risk or variable-population, considered alone. By considering both social risk and variable population together, we clarify the fundamental normative considerations underlying utilitarian policy evaluation.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/245566
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14515
    Schlagworte: social risk; population ethics; utilitarianism; expected critical-level generalized utilitarianism; prioritarianism
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Age and health related inheritance taxation
    Autor*in: Leroux, Marie-Louise; Pestieau, Pierre
    Erschienen: April 2021
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    This paper studies the design of an optimal non linear inheritance taxation when individuals differ in wage as well as in their risks of both mortality and old-age dependance. We assume that the government cannot distinguish between bequests motives,... mehr

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    This paper studies the design of an optimal non linear inheritance taxation when individuals differ in wage as well as in their risks of both mortality and old-age dependance. We assume that the government cannot distinguish between bequests motives, that is whether bequests result from precautionary reasons or from pure joy of giving reasons. Instead, we assume that it only observes whether bequests are made early in life or late in life, and in the latter case, whether the donor is autonomous or not. The main result is that, under asymmetric information, in addition to labour income taxation, early bequests of the low-productivity agent should be distorted downward, that is, they should be taxed so as to relax incentive constraints.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/235374
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9004 (2021)
    Schlagworte: bequest taxation; long term care; utilitarianism; old-age dependency; non linear taxation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 12 Seiten)
  6. A soul's view of the optimal population problem
    Autor*in: De la Croix, David; Doepke, Matthias
    Erschienen: March 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    A long-standing challenge for welfare economics is to develop welfare criteria that can be applied to allocations with different population levels. Such a criterion is essential to resolve the optimal population problem, i.e., the tradeoff between... mehr

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    A long-standing challenge for welfare economics is to develop welfare criteria that can be applied to allocations with different population levels. Such a criterion is essential to resolve the optimal population problem, i.e., the tradeoff between population size and the welfare of each person alive. A welfare criterion that speaks to this issue inherently requires evaluating the welfare of nonexistent people, because some people exist only in some allocations but not in others. To make progress, we consider the population problem in an environment where population is variable, but there is a fixed supply of souls, who may experience multiple incarnations over time. Rather than pondering the value of nonexistence, from the souls' perspective comparing larger or smaller populations merely involves valuing shorter or longer waits until the next incarnation. We argue that such comparisons are possible on the basis of introspection and lead to intuitive welfare criteria with attractive properties. We emphasize that one does not have to believe in reincarnation to accept the resulting criteria - rather, reincarnation serves as a metaphor to facilitate the necessary utility comparisons.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
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    hdl: 10419/236253
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14222
    Schlagworte: Wohlfahrtsökonomik; Soziale Wohlfahrtsfunktion; Ethik; Utilitarismus; Soziale Diskontrate; Bevölkerungsentwicklung; Theorie; population ethics; repugnant conclusion; endogenous discounting; utilitarianism; reincarnation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. The Consumer Ideology and the Truth about Man
    Autor*in: Reimers, Adrian J.
    Erschienen: 2021

    The formation of the human conscience is a controverted question in both philosophical ethics and moral philosophy. Conscience refers to one’s conception and understanding of the moral good. An especially significant manifestation of the problem of... mehr

     

    The formation of the human conscience is a controverted question in both philosophical ethics and moral philosophy. Conscience refers to one’s conception and understanding of the moral good. An especially significant manifestation of the problem of conscience in the 20th and 21st centuries is the impact of ideology on the individual person’s moral sense. This article considers the impact of two 19th century philosophies―Mill’s utilitarianism and Marxism―on contemporary moral thought insofar as the interaction of these two produce a powerful materialist ideology to determine the modern European and American conscience. We then turn to the thought of Pope John Paul II (Karol Wojtyła), who in his encyclical Veritatis Splendor and in his earlier philosophical writings developed an account of moral truth by which the dangers of materialistic ideology can be overcome. It is argued, with John Paul II, that only in the context of truth can a coherent account of freedom of conscience under the moral law be developed.

     
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einer Zeitschrift
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    Übergeordneter Titel: Enthalten in: Philosophy & canon law; Katowice : Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 2015; 7(2021), 2, Seite 1-21; Online-Ressource

    Schlagworte: John Paul II; John Stuart Mill; Karl Marx; Marxism; conscience; morality and moral law; utilitarianism