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  1. Gathering support for green tax reform
    evidence from German household surveys
    Autor*in: Ploeg, Frederick van der; Rezai, Armon; Tovar, Miguel
    Erschienen: November 2021
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    Green tax reform is unpopular because, typically, the poor are hurt most by the higher prices of carbon-intensive commodities. If revenues from a carbon tax are recycled, it may be feasible to gain popular support for green tax reform. To investigate... mehr

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    Green tax reform is unpopular because, typically, the poor are hurt most by the higher prices of carbon-intensive commodities. If revenues from a carbon tax are recycled, it may be feasible to gain popular support for green tax reform. To investigate this, we estimate an EASI demand system from German household data and a labour supply schedule, using wage data, and the German income tax schedule and let emission intensities decline in the carbon tax. If the revenue from a carbon tax is recycled via a lump-sum transfer to all households, this gives more equitable albeit less efficient outcomes, yet 70% of households are worse off. If the revenue is recycled via lower income taxes, there is more efficiency at the expense of more inequality, and about half of households benefit. With a recycling mix of lump-sum transfers and lower income taxes, popular support can be mustered without hurting equity too much. We also investigate the effects of Germany meeting its legal target for curbing emissions by 55% in 2030 relative to 1990 levels. We find that most of emission reductions are due to producers responding by lowering emission intensities rather than by consumers to less carbon-intensive consumption categories.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/248943
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9398 (2021)
    Schlagworte: popular support; carbon tax; revenue recycling; equity; EASI demand system; labour supply
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Voting for compromises: alternative voting methods in polarized societies
    Autor*in: Alós-Ferrer, Carlos; Buckenmaier, Johannes
    Erschienen: July 2021
    Verlag:  University of Zurich, Department of Economics, Zurich

    Democratic societies have been increasingly confronted with extreme, knife-edge election outcomes that affect everybody's lives and contribute to social instability. Even if political compromises based on social conventions as equity or economic... mehr

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    Democratic societies have been increasingly confronted with extreme, knife-edge election outcomes that affect everybody's lives and contribute to social instability. Even if political compromises based on social conventions as equity or economic arguments as efficiency are available, polarized societies might fail to select them. We demonstrate that part of the problem might be purely technical and, hence, potentially solvable. We study different voting methods in three experiments (total N = 5, 820), including small, medium-sized, and large electorates, and find that currently-used methods (Plurality Voting and Rank-Order systems) can lead voters to overwhelmingly support egoistic options. In contrast, alternative, more nuanced methods (Approval Voting and Borda Count) reduce the support for egoistic options and favor equity and efficiency, avoiding extreme outcomes. Those methods differ in whether they favor equity or efficiency when the latter benefits a majority. Our evidence suggests that targeted changes in the electoral system could favor socially-desirable compromises and increase social stability.

     
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    hdl: 10419/243111
    Auflage/Ausgabe: This version: July 2021
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / University of Zurich, Department of Economics ; no. 394
    Schlagworte: Polarization; social compromises; equity; efficiency; voting methods
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Financial frictions, equity constraints, and average firm size across countries
    Autor*in: Bento, Pedro; Ranasinghe, Ashantha
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  University of Alberta, Faculty of Arts, Department of Economics, Edmonton

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / University of Alberta, Faculty of Arts, Department of Economics ; no. 2021, 7
    Schlagworte: financial development; equity; firm size; investment; aggregate productivity
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Avaliação do gasto tributário em saúde: o caso das despesas médicas do Imposto de Renda da Pessoa Física (IRPF)
    Autor*in: Ocké-Reis, Carlos Octávio
    Erschienen: novembro de 2021
    Verlag:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    Considering the de-financing of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), the health-related tax expenditure seems to be undesirable under the distributive justice approach. It represents an unpaid tax or public expenditure not directly applied to... mehr

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    Considering the de-financing of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), the health-related tax expenditure seems to be undesirable under the distributive justice approach. It represents an unpaid tax or public expenditure not directly applied to health policies, promoting, among others, the profit of the private sector. In the context of fiscal constraints, looking over its magnitude and inequity that favors the upper income - the government should reflect how this problem can be tackled. This rebate represents a significant amount of funds not collected by the Individual Income Tax (IRPF), which is in part transferred to states and local authorities, playing a significant role in the SUS financing at poorest regions. This working paper evaluates the deduction of medical and hospital expenses of the IRPF, taking the opportunity to debate some ideas to eliminate, reduce or target such subsidies. It appears that any changes in the design and magnitude of the tax expenditure can be applied to different purposes. However, besides its increasing growth, the subsidy size is so significant that once allocated for other priorities, it might serve as a basis for creating social programs or for boosting existing programs, or even compensate effects on the tax burden, addressing the poverty and structural inequality in the society. If managed properly, this mechanism could contribute to overcoming certain inequities in the Brazilian health system.

     
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    Sprache: Portugiesisch
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    hdl: 10419/249228
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2712
    Schlagworte: government expenditures and health; equity; health care financing; allocation of health resources; health-related tax expenditure
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Assessment frequency and equity of the real property tax
    latest evidence from Philadelphia
    Autor*in: Hou, Yilin; Lei, Ding; Schwegman, David J.; Barca, Alaina G.
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working papers / Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia ; 21, 43 (December 2021)
    Schlagworte: real property tax; valuation; assessment cycle; equity
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. The economic gains from equity
    Autor*in: Buckman, Shelby R.; Choi, Laura Y.; Daly, Mary C.; Seitelman, Lily M.
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, [San Francisco, CA]

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    Auflage/Ausgabe: Version 1.0
    Schriftenreihe: Working papers series / Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco ; 2021, 11 (April 2021)
    Schlagworte: Economic growth; productivity; labor market gaps; misallocation; equity
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Phases of higher education, tuition grants, and equity-efficiency tradeoff
    Autor*in: Getachew, Yoseph Yilma
    Erschienen: January 2021
    Verlag:  Economic Research Southern Africa, [Cape Town]

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    Schriftenreihe: ERSA working paper ; 848
    Schlagworte: Education subsidy; equity; externality; phases of higher education
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Globalisation and the efficiency-equity trade-off
    Autor*in: Beck, Roland; Di Nino, Virginia; Stracca, Livio
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    We revisit the effects of globalisation over the past 50 years in a large sample of advanced and emerging countries. We use accessions to \Globalisation Clubs" (WTO, OECD, EU), financial liberalisation and an instrument for trade openness to study... mehr

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    We revisit the effects of globalisation over the past 50 years in a large sample of advanced and emerging countries. We use accessions to \Globalisation Clubs" (WTO, OECD, EU), financial liberalisation and an instrument for trade openness to study the trade-off between efficiency (proxied by real GDP per capita and TFP) and equity (proxied by the labour share of income and the Gini index of inequality). We find that (i) most of our episodes lead to an increase in trade openness (ii) effects on GDP per capita are mostly positive with some interesting exceptions and (iii) there is little evidence that globalisation shocks lead to more inequality.

     
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    ISBN: 9789289945462
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/234100
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / European Central Bank ; no 2546 (May 2021)
    Schlagworte: globalisation; efficiency; equity; WTO; OECD; EU; financial liberalization; trade integration
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. The financial health of select Philippine hospitals and the role of the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation as the national strategic purchaser of health services
    Autor*in: Uy, Jhanna; Nuevo, Christian Edward L.; Casas, Lyle; Ulep, Valerie Gilbert
    Erschienen: December 2021
    Verlag:  Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines

    Health care providers such as hospitals and primary health care facilities form an integral part of any health system. Providers must have both financial sustainability, such that they are able to continuously deliver health care services without... mehr

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    Health care providers such as hospitals and primary health care facilities form an integral part of any health system. Providers must have both financial sustainability, such that they are able to continuously deliver health care services without bankruptcy, and sufficient profits to maintain and improve the quality of their services. In this context, the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) is envisioned to be the national purchaser of health services that can support both inpatient and primary health care providers in the country while providing financial risk protection for Filipinos. In this paper, we (1) described the financial health of select public and private hospitals in the Philippines, and (2) examined PhilHealth's current position in relation to its envisioned role as national strategic purchaser for Universal Health Care (UHC). [...]

     
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    hdl: 10419/256871
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Philippine Institute for Development Studies ; no. 2021, 36 (December 2021)
    Schlagworte: Health financing; hospitals; financial health; PhilHealth; universal health care; primary health care; equity
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. An improved pay-as-you-go pension system, in comparison with a notional defined contribution system
    demographic, economic and policy characteristics
    Autor*in: De Santis, Gustavo
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Università degli studi Firenze, DISIA, Dipartimento di statistica, informatica, applicazioni "Giuseppe Parenti", [Florenz]

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    Schriftenreihe: DISIA working paper ; 2021, 08
    Schlagworte: public pensions; population ageing; equity; redistribution; Europe
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Contracts for primary and secondary care physicians and equity-effciency trade-offs
    Autor*in: Kaarbøe, Oddvar M.; Siciliani, Luigi
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  [Department of Economics, University of Bergen], [Bergen]

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    Schriftenreihe: Working papers in economics / Department of Economics, University of Bergen ; no. 21, 05
    Schlagworte: primary care; secondary care; equity; payment system; allocative effciency
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten)
  12. Gaining, losing, and regaining merit-based scholarships
    Autor*in: Ribar, David C.; Rubenstein, Ross
    Erschienen: April 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Georgia offers two merit-based scholarships to in-state college students: HOPE Scholarships, which provide partial tuition support, and Zell Miller Scholarships, which provide full tuition support but with more stringent eligibility and retention... mehr

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    Georgia offers two merit-based scholarships to in-state college students: HOPE Scholarships, which provide partial tuition support, and Zell Miller Scholarships, which provide full tuition support but with more stringent eligibility and retention conditions. Studies have examined retention of these scholarships but not other dynamics, including gaining HOPE Scholarships if students enter without them and follow-on transitions after students initially lose or gain a scholarship. This study uses 2013-2019 administrative data from 26 University System of Georgia institutions to jointly estimate multivariate competing-risk hazard models of a) losing an entering Zell Miller Scholarship, b) losing an entering HOPE Scholarship, c) gaining a HOPE Scholarship after matriculating without one, d) regaining a scholarship, and e) losing a non-entering scholarship. Many students change their scholarship status-event-history analyses predict that 25 percent of entering Zell Miller Scholarship students lose their scholarships by their 90th credit hour, 42 percent of entering HOPE Scholarship students lose their scholarship by their 90th credit hour, and 27 percent of students who enter without a scholarship gain them. Students of color, students with economic disadvantages, and men are more likely to lose scholarships and less likely to gain scholarships. These dynamics compound inequities in initial scholarship receipt.

     
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    hdl: 10419/236344
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14313
    Schlagworte: merit-based scholarships; financial aid; administrative data; dynamics; equity
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten)