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  1. Does energy diversification cause an economic slowdown?
    evidence from a newly constructed energy diversification index
    Autor*in: Gozgor, Giray; Paramati, Sudharshan Reddy
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    Countries have made considerable efforts to diversify their energy sources from fossil fuels to renewables in the last two decades to achieve sustainable economic development. However, it is widely argued that the countries may experience sluggish... mehr

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    Countries have made considerable efforts to diversify their energy sources from fossil fuels to renewables in the last two decades to achieve sustainable economic development. However, it is widely argued that the countries may experience sluggish economic development during the energy transition period due to structural and functional changes in the economic system. Given this backdrop, this study introduces a new measure of energy diversification. It explores its impact on economic development across the panels of low-income, high-income, European Union (EU), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and G20 countries. The study uses data from 1995 to 2018 and utilizes Nonlinear Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NPARDL) method. Our findings confirm that the major economies (including G20) realize positive economic growth with increasing long-run energy diversification. However, some countries (OECD and G20) experience negative economic growth due to energy diversification in the short term. The results also disclosed that energy diversification does not favor economic growth in low-income economies in both the short and long term. Therefore, more precautionary measures to be taken into account while diversifying energy sources.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/245428
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9247 (2021)
    Schlagworte: energy diversification; energy transition; energy mix; economic development; climate change; nonlinear panel ARDL estimations
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten)
  2. Pricing climate risk
    Autor*in: Jensen, Svenn; Traeger, Christian
    Erschienen: July 2021
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are changing the energy balance of our planet. Various climatic feedbacks make the resulting warming over the next decades and centuries highly uncertain. We quantify how this uncertainty changes the optimal... mehr

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    Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are changing the energy balance of our planet. Various climatic feedbacks make the resulting warming over the next decades and centuries highly uncertain. We quantify how this uncertainty changes the optimal carbon tax in a stochastic dynamic programming implementation of an integrated assessment model of climate change. We derive a general analytic formula for the "risk premium" governing the resulting climate policy. The formula generalizes simple precautionary savings analysis to more complex economic interactions and it builds the economic intuition for policy making under uncertainty. It clarifies the distinct roles of risk aversion, prudence, characteristics of the damage formulation, and future policy response. We show that an optimal response to uncertainty substantially reduces the risk premium.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245377
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9196 (2021)
    Schlagworte: climate change; uncertainty; risk premium; precautionary savings; prudence; climate policy; dynamic programming; integrated assessment; DICE; recursive utility
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. The impact of changing climate on children's nutritional status in Bangladesh
    Autor*in: Hanifi, S. M. Manzoor Ahmed; Menon, Nidhiya; Quisumbing, Agnes R.
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper studies the impact of climate change on the nutritional status of very young children between the ages of 0 - 3 years by using weather data from the last half century merged with rich information on child, mother and household... mehr

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    This paper studies the impact of climate change on the nutritional status of very young children between the ages of 0 - 3 years by using weather data from the last half century merged with rich information on child, mother and household characteristics in rural coastal Bangladesh. We evaluate the health consequences of rising temperature and relative humidity and varying rainfall jointly. Leveraging a saturated fixed-effects model that controls for annual trends and location-specific seasonality, and that allows the impacts of temperature to vary non-parametrically while rainfall and humidity have flexible non-linear forms, we find that extreme heat and humidity in the month of birth exert significant negative effects on children's nutritional status as measured by mid upper arm circumference. The impact of humidity in particular persists when child, mother and household controls are included. We find that exposure to changing climate in utero and in the month of conception also matters. Possible explanations for our findings include consequences of varying heat, humidity, and rainfall on the extent of pasture, rain-fed and irrigated lands, on the propensity of household out-migration, and on mother's age at first marriage. We employ alternate models and undertake falsification tests to underline the robustness of the estimates. Our results indicate that climate change has real consequences for the health of very young populations who are in vulnerable areas.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245708
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14657
    Schlagworte: climate change; temperature; humidity; rainfall; Bangladesh; children; mid upper arm circumference; non-parametric; nonlinear
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Limits to private climate change mitigation
    Autor*in: Elmalt, Dalya; Igan, Deniz; Kirti, Divya
    Erschienen: April 2021
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    As climate change looms larger, many look to sustainable investing that incorporates environmental, social, and governance (ESG) concerns as part of the way forward. To assess scope for ESG-conscious investing to achieve climate change goals, we... mehr

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    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Potsdamer Straße
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    Universitätsbibliothek Braunschweig
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    Bibliothek der Pädagogischen Hochschule Freiburg/Breisgau
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    Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig
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    Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Medien- und Informationszentrum, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Duale Hochschule Baden-Württemberg Mosbach, Bibliothek
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    Hochschule Offenburg, University of Applied Sciences, Bibliothek Campus Offenburg
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    As climate change looms larger, many look to sustainable investing that incorporates environmental, social, and governance (ESG) concerns as part of the way forward. To assess scope for ESG-conscious investing to achieve climate change goals, we explore the link between emissions growth and ESG scores using firm-level data for the largest emitters around the world. Discouragingly, our analysis uncovers at best a weak relationship: firms with better ESG scores do display somewhat slower emissions growth but this link is substantially attenuated and no longer statistically significant if we limit attention to within-country or within-firm variation. Our findings suggest limited scope for sustainable investing strategies conditioned solely on ESG indicators to meaningfully help mitigate climate change and, more broadly, underscore the need to continue to build consensus towards effective economy-wide policies to address climate change

     
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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
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    ISBN: 9781513582504
    Weitere Identifier:
    Schriftenreihe: IMF working paper ; WP/21, 112
    Schlagworte: Sustainable investing; ESG; major upstream emitters; climate change; Corporate Culture; Diversity; Foreign Exchange; Informal Economy; Underground Econom
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. The role of disclosure in green finance
    Autor*in: Steuer, Sebastian; Tröger, Tobias
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE, Sustainable Architecture for Finance in Europe, [Frankfurt am Main]

    We study the design features of disclosure regulations that seek to trigger the green transition of the global economy and ask whether such regulatory interventions are likely to bring about sufficient market discipline to achieve socially optimal... mehr

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    We study the design features of disclosure regulations that seek to trigger the green transition of the global economy and ask whether such regulatory interventions are likely to bring about sufficient market discipline to achieve socially optimal climate targets. We categorize the transparency obligations stipulated in green finance regulation as either compelling the standardized disclosure of raw data, or providing quality labels that signal desirable green characteristics of investment products based on a uniform methodology. Both categories of transparency requirements canbe imposed at activity, issuer, and portfolio level. Finance theory and empirical evidence suggest that investors may prefer "green" over "dirty" assets for both financial and non-financial reasons and may thus demand higher returns from environmentally-harmful investment opportunities. However, the market discipline that this negative cost of capital effect exerts on "dirty" issuers is potentially attenuated by countervailing investor interests and does not automatically lead to socially optimal outcomes. Mandatory disclosure obligations and their (public) enforcement can play an important role in green finance strategies. They prevent an underproduction of the standardized high-quality information that investors need in order to allocate capital according to their preferences. However, the rationale behind regulatory intervention is not equally strong for all categories and all levels of "green" disclosure obligations. Corporate governance problems and other agency conflicts in intermediated investment chains do not represent a categorical impediment for green finance strategies. However, the many forces that may prevent markets from achieving socially optimal equilibria render disclosure-centered green finance legislation a second best to more direct forms of regulatory intervention like global carbon taxation and emissions trading schemes. Inherently transnational market-based green finance concepts can play a supporting role in sustainable transition, which is particularly important as long as first-best solutions remain politically unavailable.

     
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    hdl: 10419/238205
    Schriftenreihe: SAFE working paper ; no. 320
    Schlagworte: green finance; sustainable finance; ESG; mandatory disclosure; taxonomies; benchmarks; labels; asset pricing; market discipline; climate change; climate risk
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 63 Seiten)
  6. Mitigating climate change
    growth-friendly policies to achieve net zero emissions by 2050
    Autor*in: Jaumotte, Florence; Liu, Weifeng; McKibbin, Warwick J.
    Erschienen: 15 September 2021
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP16553
    Schlagworte: climate change; Net-Zero Emissions; Green Infrastructure; Macroeconomics; DSGE,CGE; G-Cubed
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Climate change and fiscal sustainability
    risks and opportunities
    Autor*in: Agarwala, Matthew; Burke, Matt; Klusak, Patrycja; Mohaddes, Kamiar; Volz, Ulrich; Zenghelis, Dimitri
    Erschienen: September 3, 2021
    Verlag:  Australian National University, Crawford School of Public Policy, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Canberra

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    Schriftenreihe: CAMA working paper ; 2021, 80 (September 2021)
    Schlagworte: Sovereign debt; climate change; net zero; transition risk; productivity
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Asymmetric response of carbon emissions to recessions and expansions and oil market shocks
    Autor*in: Jiang, Xueting; Stern, David I.
    Erschienen: 20 October 2021
    Verlag:  Australian National University, Crawford School of Public Policy, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Canberra

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    Schriftenreihe: CAMA working paper ; 2021, 92 (October 2021)
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; climate change; business cycle
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. How bad are weather disasters for banks?
    Autor*in: Blickle, Kristian; Hamerling, Sarah N.; Morgan, Donald P.
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Federal Reserve Bank of New York, New York, NY

    Not very. We find that weather disasters over the last quarter century had insignificant or small effects on U.S. banks' performance. This stability seems endogenous rather than a mere reflection of federal aid. Disasters increase loan demand, which... mehr

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    Not very. We find that weather disasters over the last quarter century had insignificant or small effects on U.S. banks' performance. This stability seems endogenous rather than a mere reflection of federal aid. Disasters increase loan demand, which offsets losses and actually boosts profits at larger banks. Local banks tend to avoid mortgage lending where floods are more common than official flood maps would predict, suggesting that local knowledge may also mitigate disaster impacts.

     
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    hdl: 10419/247913
    Schriftenreihe: Staff reports / Federal Reserve Bank of New York ; no. 990 (November 2021)
    Schlagworte: hurricanes; wildfires; floods; climate change; weather disasters; FEMA; banks; financial stability; local knowledge
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. How can green differentiated capital requirements affect climate risks?
    a dynamic macrofinancial analysis
    Autor*in: Dafermos, Yannis; Nikolaidi, Maria
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Hans-Böckler-Stiftung, Düsseldorf

    Using an ecological macrofinancial model, we explore the potential impact of the "green supporting factor" (GSF) and the "dirty penalising factor" (DPF) on climate-related financial risks. We identify the transmission channels by which these green... mehr

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    Using an ecological macrofinancial model, we explore the potential impact of the "green supporting factor" (GSF) and the "dirty penalising factor" (DPF) on climate-related financial risks. We identify the transmission channels by which these green differentiated capital requirements (GDCRs) can affect credit provision and loan spreads, and we analyse these channels within a dynamic framework in which climate and macrofinancial feedback effects play a key role. Our main findings are as follows. First, GDCRs can reduce the pace of global warming and decrease thereby the physical financial risks. This reduction is quantitatively small, but is enhanced when the GSF and the DPF are implemented simultaneously or in combination with green fiscal policies. Second, the DPF reduces banks' credit provision and leverage, making them less fragile. Third, both the DPF and the GSF generate some transition risks: the GSF increases bank leverage because it boosts green credit and the DPF increases loan defaults since it reduces economic activity. These effects are small in quantitative terms and are attenuated when there is a simultaneous implementation of the DPF and the GSF. Fourth, fiscal policies that boost green investment amplify the transition risks of the GSF and reduce the transition risks of the DPF; the combination of green fiscal policy with the DPF is thereby a potentially effective climate policy mix from a financial stability point of view.

     
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    hdl: 10419/246828
    Schriftenreihe: FMM working paper ; Nr. 63(April, 2021)
    Schlagworte: stock-flow consistent modelling; climate change; financial stability; green financialregulation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Climate protection versus convergence?
    Autor*in: Lengwiler, Yvan
    Erschienen: September 2021
    Verlag:  Universität Basel, Faculty of Business and Economics, Basel, Switzerland

    Global economic convergence and protection of the climate are both worthwhile goals. Yet, there is an inherent tension between them. Greenhouse gases are a waste product that is often emitted in the production process. Limiting such emissions... mehr

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    Global economic convergence and protection of the climate are both worthwhile goals. Yet, there is an inherent tension between them. Greenhouse gases are a waste product that is often emitted in the production process. Limiting such emissions therefore hampers the accumulation of income and capital. I expand Solow's growth model to accommodate green house gases, and use this to estimate the contribution of such emissions to economic development. The sobering insight is that we would not have witnessed any convergence in the last 45 years if poorer countries had not increased greenhouse gas emissions.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: WWZ working paper ; 2021, 12
    Schlagworte: climate change; convergence; growth theory; growth accounting; green housegases; GHG; carbon emissions; pollution; poverty; natural resources
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
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  12. The economics of climate change
    green growth, zero- or de-growth
    Autor*in: Priewe, Jan
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Hans-Böckler-Stiftung, Düsseldorf

    The article discusses the ongoing green transition towards climate neutrality in 2050 with a focus on the options of green growth, zero- or de-growth. First, the key facts about the greenhouse effect and the status quo are shown with special... mehr

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    The article discusses the ongoing green transition towards climate neutrality in 2050 with a focus on the options of green growth, zero- or de-growth. First, the key facts about the greenhouse effect and the status quo are shown with special attention to the industrialisation of emerging economies as the key contributors to greenhouse gas emissions since about 1980. Second, the features and policies for facilitating the transition are analysed. The carbon price emerges as a key global price that needs public rather than market control. Third, the core debates on the feasibility of economic growth in ecological economics are used to shed more light on the present issues at stake. Finally, the quest for moderate global green growth is confirmed in order to accomplish decarbonization of the planet and terminate extractive capitalism as far as fossil energy is concerned; however, these attempts cannot evade the finiteness of natural resources, including land and renewable resources. The green transition leads likely close to global zero-growth of GDP which would eventually terminate the age of capital accumulation, the heart of capitalism.

     
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    hdl: 10419/246838
    Schriftenreihe: FMM working paper ; Nr. 73(October, 2021)
    Schlagworte: growth theory; energy economics; decarbonisation; zero-growth; de-growth; climate change; carbon prices; capitalism
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. The water-related Sustainable Development Goals in the Arab region
    Erschienen: [2019]
    Verlag:  United Nations, Beirut

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    Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Bibliothek
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    Schriftenreihe: ESCWA water development report ; 8
    Schlagworte: climate change; water; water policy; water resources; water resources development
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 143 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Financing human-centred COVID-19 recovery and decisive climate action worldwide
    international cooperation's twenty-first century moment of truth
    Autor*in: Samans, Richard
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    This Working Paper provides a concrete illustration of how the existing international financial architecture could be activated more fully to mobilize the large sums required to respond decisively to the “great divergence” in COVID-19 crisis recovery... mehr

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    This Working Paper provides a concrete illustration of how the existing international financial architecture could be activated more fully to mobilize the large sums required to respond decisively to the “great divergence” in COVID-19 crisis recovery between advanced and developing countries as well as to the climate crisis. International cooperation and financing for development in particular face a moment of truth. A lack of national capacity to combat the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change anywhere is a threat to the security and well-being of people everywhere. The most feasible way to mobilize the large additional sums required to advance a fully inclusive, human-centred recovery from the pandemic and a rapid acceleration of climate action on a worldwide basis - including in resource-constrained low-and lower-middle-income countries - is for the international community to apply the public capital it has already invested in the International Monetary Fund and multilateral development banksmore efficiently and expansively. This could be achieved by applying the balance sheets and tools of these institutions just as imaginatively for such common purposes as those of central banks and treasuries in advanced countries have been applied for domestic purposes during the pandemic. The paper proposes a set of initiatives to this end in order to fully fund the WHO ACT-A/COVAX Initiative, adequately resource debt relief and restructuring, social protection floors and job-rich sustainable infrastructure and industry in these countries, and finance a global effort to avoid a lock-in of greenhouse gas emissions from coal-fired power generation, which represents the single largest and most time sensitive aspect of the climate action required to achieve the goals of the Paris climate agreement. This fuller utilization of the existing international financial architecture to implement multilaterally agreed objectives would generate an average increase in annual external flows of about 4% of GDP to 82 poorer developing countries during the next seven years, exceeding the Marshall Plan's support of Europe's efforts to "build back better" from World War II, while using such additional international assistance in a similar manner to generate complementary increases in domestic resource mobilization.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 40 (October/2021)
    Schlagworte: decent work; future of work; social protection; development cooperation; economic recovery; international monetary system; international cooperation; multilateral system; COVID-19; climate change
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  15. Rainfall shocks, per capita income and rural out-migration
    Autor*in: Delacrétaz, Nathan; Lanz, Bruno; Delju, Amir H.; Piguet, Étienne
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Université de Neuchâtel, Institute de Recherches Économiques, [Neuchâtel]

    Rural regions are more exposed to rainfall shocks, notably through agriculture, and understanding how local population adapt to changes in the climate is an important policy challenge. In this paper we exploit longitudinal data for Turkish provinces... mehr

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    Rural regions are more exposed to rainfall shocks, notably through agriculture, and understanding how local population adapt to changes in the climate is an important policy challenge. In this paper we exploit longitudinal data for Turkish provinces from 2008 to 2018 together with precipitation records over more than 30 years to study how shocks to 12-month standard precipitation index (SPI) affect out-migration across rural, transitional and urban regions, and we document how these impacts are channeled through local income, agricultural GDP, and conflicts. Based on fixed effect regressions controlling for unobserved heterogeneity across provinces and over time, we find evidence that negative SPI shocks are associated with higher out-migration in rural provinces. We also show that the relationship is fully mediated by per capita GDP, whereas agricultural GDP and conflicts do not play a role.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: IRENE working paper ; 21, 06
    Schlagworte: out-migration; climate change; rainfall; urbanization; per capita income; agriculture; conflicts
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  16. The clash of "E" and "S" of ESG
    just transition on the path to net zero and the implications for sustainable corporate governance and finance
    Autor*in: Gözlügöl, Alperen Afşin
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE, Sustainable Architecture for Finance in Europe, [Frankfurt am Main]

    Climate change is one of the highest-ranking issues on the political and social agenda. Vulnerabilities of the world ecosystem laid bare by the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential damage for the human and business life made the need for urgent action... mehr

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    Climate change is one of the highest-ranking issues on the political and social agenda. Vulnerabilities of the world ecosystem laid bare by the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential damage for the human and business life made the need for urgent action clear once again. Corporations are one of the main actors that will play a major role in the decarbonisation of the economy. They need to put forward a net zero strategy and targets, transitioning to net-zero by 2050. Yet, an important but rather overlooked stakeholder group in the sustainability debates can pose a significant stumbling block in this transition: employees. Although climate action has huge benefits by ameliorating adverse environmental events and is expected to have overall positive impact on employment, net zero transition in companies, especially in certain sectors and regions, will cause substantial adverse employment effects for the workforce. This has the potential to slow down or even derail the necessary climate action in companies. In this regard, just transition is a promising concept, which calls for a swift and decisive climate action in corporations while taking account of and mitigating adverse effects for their workforce. If well implemented, it can accelerate net zero transition in companies. This potential clash of environmental (E) and social (S) aspects of ESG agenda, materialised in the companies' net zero transition, and its potential remedy, just transition, have important implications for corporate governance and finance, especially for directors' duties & executive remuneration, sustainability disclosures, institutional investors' engagement and green finance.

     
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    Auflage/Ausgabe: First version: 08.11.2021
    Schriftenreihe: SAFE working paper ; no. 325
    Schlagworte: climate change; sustainability; ESG; employees; workforce; net zero transition; corporate governance; institutional investors; green finance
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  17. Towards the sustainability of the agricultural landscape the case of the watershed management and implication in the Rift Valley of Ethiopia
    Autor*in: Assefa, Engdawork
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  Institute of Developing Economies (IDE), JETRO, Chiba, Japan

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    Schriftenreihe: IDE discussion paper ; no. 790
    Schlagworte: watershed; land degradation; forest; climate change; mitigation; sustainable development; Ethiopia
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  18. Are climate change policies politically costly?
    Autor*in: Furceri, Davide; Ganslmeier, Michael; Ostry, Jonathan David
    Erschienen: June 2021
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    Are policies designed to avert climate change (Climate Change Policies, or CCPs) politically costly? Using data on governmental popular support and the OECD's Environmental Stringency Index, we find that CCPs are not necessarily politically costly:... mehr

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    Are policies designed to avert climate change (Climate Change Policies, or CCPs) politically costly? Using data on governmental popular support and the OECD's Environmental Stringency Index, we find that CCPs are not necessarily politically costly: policy design matters. First, only market-based CCPs (such as emission taxes) generate negative effects on popular support. Second, the effects are muted in countries where non-green (dirty) energy is a relatively small input into production. Third, political costs are not significant when CCPs are implemented during periods of low oil prices, generous social insurance and low inequality

     
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    Schriftenreihe: IMF working paper ; WP/21, 156
    Schlagworte: Climate change policies; climate change; political support; political cost; Climate; Environmental Economics; Foreign Exchange; Informal Economy; Underground Econom
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  19. Climate action to unlock the inclusive growth story of the 21st century
    Autor*in: Bhattacharya, Amarendra; Ivanyna, Maksym; Oman, William; Stern, Nicholas H.
    Erschienen: May 2021
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    Climate change is a major threat to the sustainability and inclusiveness of our societies, and to the planet's habitability. A just transition to a low-carbon economy is the only viable way forward. This paper reviews the climate change challenge. It... mehr

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    Climate change is a major threat to the sustainability and inclusiveness of our societies, and to the planet's habitability. A just transition to a low-carbon economy is the only viable way forward. This paper reviews the climate change challenge. It stresses the criticality of systems changes (energy, transport, urban, land use, water) in a climate-challenged world, and the importance of infrastructure investment geared toward such systems changes. The key policies to enable the transition are: public spending on and investment frameworks for sustainable infrastructure, pricing carbon, regulations, promoting sustainable use of natural resources, scaling up and aligning finance with climate objectives, low-carbon industrial and innovation policies, building resilience and adaptation, better measurement of well-being and sustainability, and providing information and education on climate risks. Implemented well, climate action would unlock the inclusive growth story of the 21st century, making our societies more sustainable, inclusive, and prosperous

     
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    Schriftenreihe: IMF working paper ; WP/21, 147
    Schlagworte: climate change; sustainable development; just transition; low-carbon economy; inclusive growth; Climate; Foreign Exchange; Informal Economy; Natural Disasters and Their Management; Underground Econom
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  20. Water scarcity and social conflict
    Autor*in: Unfried, Kerstin; Kis-Katos, Krisztina; Poser, Tilman
    Erschienen: September 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Climate change and the increasing demand of water intensify the global water cycle, altering the distribution of water in space and time. This is expected to result in wet areas getting wetter and dry areas getting drier (Pan et al., 2015). As water... mehr

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    Climate change and the increasing demand of water intensify the global water cycle, altering the distribution of water in space and time. This is expected to result in wet areas getting wetter and dry areas getting drier (Pan et al., 2015). As water is key to life, water scarcity is likely to provoke conflict. Using grid-cell data for Africa and central America over the years of 2002 to 2017, we establish a causal empirical link between the likelihood of local conflict and water mass declines. We measure water mass anomalies based on changes in Earth's gravity field recorded by GRACE and link them to social conflict events recorded in the SCAD data. To account for potential endogeneity in the demand for water, we instrument water mass change by the interaction of the number of drought months per year with yearly global average temperature changes. Our results show that a one standard deviation decrease in local water mass that follows from droughts and an intensifying water cycle more than triple the local likelihood of social conflict. Access to groundwater and surface water helps to mitigate these effects substantially. Water demand factors contribute to a quicker depletion of water mass in case of drought shocks, but do not intensify the link between water decline and conflict itself.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245758
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14707
    Schlagworte: social conflict; water scarcity; climate change
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  21. Do social norms trump rational choice in voluntary climate change mitigation?
    multi-country evidence of social tipping points
    Autor*in: Welsch, Heinz
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Department of Economics, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg

    The rational choice model of voluntary public good provision predicts that an individual's contribution to climate change mitigation responds negatively to larger contributions by others whereas social norm theory maintains that one's own... mehr

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    The rational choice model of voluntary public good provision predicts that an individual's contribution to climate change mitigation responds negatively to larger contributions by others whereas social norm theory maintains that one's own contribution is positively related to that of others. This paper tests the competing hypotheses empirically using representative data for about 30,000 individuals from 23 European countries. The paper finds that, up to a threshold percentage of others perceived to engage in mitigation, individuals' willingness to engage in mitigation themselves is lower the more other individuals are perceived to engage in such behavior, whereas the relationship is positive when the threshold is passed. Since the actual percentage of others perceived to engage in mitigation is lower than the estimated threshold (30 to 56 percent) in a number of countries, marginal increases in the percentage of others perceived to behave in a climate-friendly way may backfire by enhancing free-rider behavior. For the social norm to take grip, policy-induced non-marginal increases of perceptions may be warranted in such cases. Given that the actual level of the relevant behavior is large relative to the perceived level, informing people about the actual level constitutes a sufficiently large change to trigger an increase in the behavior studied.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Oldenburg discussion papers in economics ; V-437-21 (September 2021)
    Schlagworte: climate change; social norm; rational choice; voluntary public good provision; social tipping point
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  22. An Amazon tipping point
    the economic and environmental fallout
    Autor*in: Banerjee, Onil; Cicowiez, Martín; Macedo, Marcia; Malek, Žiga; Verburg, Peter; Goodwin, Sean; Vargas, Renato; Rattis, Ludmila; Brando, Paulo M.; Coe, Michael T.; Neill, Christopher; Marti, Octavio Damiani
    Erschienen: July 2021
    Verlag:  Inter-American Development Bank, Department of Research and Chief Economist, [Washington, DC]

    The Amazon biome, despite its resilience, is being pushed by unsustainable economic drivers towards an ecological tipping point where restoration to its previous state may no longer possible. This is the result of self-reinforcing interactions... mehr

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    The Amazon biome, despite its resilience, is being pushed by unsustainable economic drivers towards an ecological tipping point where restoration to its previous state may no longer possible. This is the result of self-reinforcing interactions between deforestation, climate change and fire. In this paper, we develop scenarios that represent movement towards an Amazon tipping point and strategies to avert one. We assess the economic, natural capital and ecosystem services impacts of these scenarios using the Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform linked with high resolution spatial land use land cover change and ecosystem services modeling (IEEMESM). This papers main contributions are developing: (i) a framework for evaluating strategies to avert an Amazon tipping point based on their relative costs, benefits and trade-offs, and; (ii) a first approximation of the economic, natural capital and ecosystem services impacts of movement towards an Amazon tipping point, and evidence to build the economic case for strategies to avert it. We find that a conservative estimate of the cumulative regional cost through 2050 of an Amazon tipping point would be US$256.6 billion in Gross Domestic Product. Policies that would contribute to averting a tipping point, including strongly reducing deforestation, investing in climate-adapted agriculture, and improving fire management, would generate approximately US$339.3 billion in additional wealth. From a public investment perspective, the returns to implementing strategies for averting a tipping point would be US$29.5 billion. Quantifying the costs, benefits and trade-offs of policies to avert a tipping point in a transparent and replicable manner can pave the way for evidence-based approaches to support policy action focusing on the design of regional strategies for the Amazon biome and catalyze global cooperation and financing to enable their implementation.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: IDB working paper series ; no IDB-WP-01259
    Schlagworte: Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform; dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model; ecosystem services modeling; agriculture; climate change; decarbonization
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  23. Whatever it takes to save the planet?
    central banks and unconventional green policy
    Autor*in: Ferrari, Alessandro; Nispi Landi, Valerio
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Banca d'Italia Eurosistema, [Rom]

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    Schriftenreihe: Temi di discussione / Banca d'Italia ; number 1320 (February 2021)
    Schlagworte: central bank; monetary policy; Quantitative Easing; climate change
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  24. Bank carbon risk index - a simple indicator of climate-related transition risks of lending activity
    Autor*in: Bokor, László
    Erschienen: September 2021
    Verlag:  Magyar Nemzeti Bank, Budapest

    I propose a simple indicator of climate-related transition risks of banks’ lending activity based on transaction-level loan data. The underlying idea is that the higher the greenhouse gas intensity of an economic activity (and so a debtor), the... mehr

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    I propose a simple indicator of climate-related transition risks of banks’ lending activity based on transaction-level loan data. The underlying idea is that the higher the greenhouse gas intensity of an economic activity (and so a debtor), the higher its transition risk. Recent Hungarian trends of this indicator alerts to significantly regrowing risks.

     
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/241070
    Schriftenreihe: MNB occasional papers ; 141
    Schlagworte: climate change; transition risk; greenhouse gas intensity; lending activity; risk indicator
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Rare disasters, the natural interest rate and monetary policy
    Autor*in: Cantelmo, Alessandro
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  Banca d'Italia Eurosistema, [Rom]

    Zugang:
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Verlag (kostenfrei)

    Standort:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signatur:
    VS 450
    Fernleihe:
    keine Fernleihe
    Export in Literaturverwaltung   RIS-Format
      BibTeX-Format
    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    Schriftenreihe: Temi di discussione / Banca d'Italia ; number 1309 (December 2020)
    Schlagworte: natural disasters; natural interest rate; climate change; DSGE; monetary policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen