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  1. Od szczepionek do szczepień
    jak skutecznie włączać społeczeństwo w walkę z pandemią?
    Autor*in: Trojanowska, Maja; Wincewicz-Price, Agnieszka; Zyzik, Radosław
    Erschienen: kwiecień 2021
    Verlag:  Polski Instytut Ekonomiczny, Warszawa

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    Sprache: Polnisch
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    ISBN: 9788366698260
    Schriftenreihe: Policy paper / Polski Instytut Ekonomiczny ; 2021, 2
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Impfung; Infektionsschutz; Gesundheitspolitik; Verhalten; Polen
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 62 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. COVID-19 in India
    disease burden, managing the second wave and Innovations
    Autor*in: Bajpai, Nirupam; Wadhwa, Manisha
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  Center for Sustainable Development, Earth Institute, Columbia University, [New York, NY]

    The second wave of COVID-19 caused havoc across India. It was twice as severe as the first one. More than 400,000 COVID-19 cases per day were being reported. The worst affected states were Maharashtra, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Delhi and Andhra... mehr

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    The second wave of COVID-19 caused havoc across India. It was twice as severe as the first one. More than 400,000 COVID-19 cases per day were being reported. The worst affected states were Maharashtra, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Delhi and Andhra Pradesh. The spike in cases was largely assumed to be the result of leniency in COVID-19 appropriate behaviour, such as people were not wearing masks, resumption of economic activity, gathering in large numbers e.g. in marriages, political meetings, rallies, IPL matches, religious gatherings like Kumbh Mela etc. 67 percent of India’s population above the age of six years has been exposed to COVID-19 according to a national serological survey conducted by ICMR, the findings of which were revealed on July 20, 2021. The survey was conducted during June and July across 70 districts of 21 states. These are the very same districts where three earlier rounds of sero surveys were conducted during May-June 2020; August-September 2020 and December-January 2020/21. On January 16th 2021, India launched the world’s largest vaccination drive and as of July 15, more than 391,340,491 vaccine doses had been administered across the country. The vaccine has been administered in a phased manner with the initial focus being on priority groups like health workers, frontline workers like the police workforce, municipal workers, defence personnel etc., people above 60 years of age and those between 45-60 years with co-morbidities. From May 1, 2021, people between age group 18-45 were also eligible for vaccination. But, until a substantial proportion of the population is vaccinated, precautionary measures like wearing masks, sanitization, regular hand washing and physical distancing must remain the mainstay. Inter-departmental coordination has been the cornerstone in dealing with COVID-19 situation in India. Various departments such as Health, Tourism, Defence, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Finance etc. took various initiatives in collaboration with other departments to deal with the pandemic. Challenges posed by COVID-19 also sparked a wave of innovations across sectors in India. A host of new interventions were implemented by various departments, such as health, agriculture, education, police, railways etc. This document is based on secondary data collected from government documents and websites, news reporting, media interviews, newspaper articles, various national and international journals and private websites. The present paper discusses current scenario of COVID-19 in India, COVID-19 vaccination drive, innovative approaches to address vaccine hesitancy in India, inter-departmental coordination and innovation across sectors in dealing with COVID-19 situation. We also put forward recommendations to deal with the surge in COVID-19 cases in future and to scale up innovations and undertake research studies to identify gaps and address challenges.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/249843
    Schriftenreihe: CSD working paper series
    ICT India working paper ; #54
    Schlagworte: Gesundheitspolitik; Coronavirus; Epidemie; Impfung; Infektionsschutz; Indien
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Using Donald Trump's COVID-19 vaccine endorsement to give public health a shot in the arm
    a large-scale ad experiment
    Autor*in: Larsen, Bradley J.; Ryan, Timothy J.; Greene, Steven; Hetherington, Marc J.; Maxwell, Rahsaan; Tadelis, Steve
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), Stanford, CA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR) ; no. 22, 08 (March, 2022)
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Impfung; Gesundheitspolitik; Gesundheitsmarketing; Politische Kommunikation; Experiment; USA; COVID-19; vaccines; vaccine-hesitancy; political polarization; advertising; online auctions; political science; economics; marketing
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Reserve System Design for Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources in a Pandemic
    Some Perspectives from the Field
    Autor*in: Pathak, Parag A.; Persad, Govind; Sönmez, Tayfun; Ünver, M. Utku
    Erschienen: May 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    The Covid-19 pandemic has brought renewed attention to rationing guidelines for scarce medical resources. This paper describes the benefits of using a reserve system over a priority system in operationalizing compromises between certain ethical... mehr

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    Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    The Covid-19 pandemic has brought renewed attention to rationing guidelines for scarce medical resources. This paper describes the benefits of using a reserve system over a priority system in operationalizing compromises between certain ethical goals. In the last two years, more than a dozen states and local jurisdictions have adopted reserve systems in initial phases of vaccine distribution. We highlight several design issues arising in some of these implementations

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30064
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Impfung; Arzneimittel; Allokation; USA; Rationing; Licensing; Market Design; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  5. The Value of a Cure
    An Asset Pricing Perspective
    Autor*in: Acharya, Viral V.; Johnson, Timothy C.; Sundaresan, Suresh M.; Zheng, Steven
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  SSRN, [S.l.]

    We estimate the value of ending a pandemic using the joint behavior of stock prices and a vaccine progress indicator during 2020. In a general equilibrium model, the observed market response to vaccine progress serves to identify the expected rate of... mehr

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    We estimate the value of ending a pandemic using the joint behavior of stock prices and a vaccine progress indicator during 2020. In a general equilibrium model, the observed market response to vaccine progress serves to identify the expected rate of loss of wealth during the pandemic, which pins down the economy-wide welfare gain attributable to a cure. With standard preference parameters, ending the pandemic is worth 5-15% of total wealth. This value rises with greater exposure externality in labor choice. With uncertainty about pandemic frequency and duration, resolving the uncertainty can be as valuable as the cure itself

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NYU Stern School of Business
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Impfung; Infektionsschutz; CAPM; Strukturbruch; Wohlfahrtsanalyse
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p)
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    Nach Informationen von SSRN wurde die ursprüngliche Fassung des Dokuments March 19, 2021 erstellt
  6. The Effect of Vaccine Mandates on Disease Spread
    Evidence from College COVID-19 Mandates
    Autor*in: Acton, Riley K.; Cao, Wenjia; Cook, Emily E.; Imberman, Scott A.; Lovenheim, Michael F.
    Erschienen: July 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Since the spring of 2021, nearly 700 colleges and universities in the U.S. have mandated that their students become vaccinated against the COVID-19 virus. We leverage rich data on colleges' vaccination policies and semester start dates, along with a... mehr

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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Since the spring of 2021, nearly 700 colleges and universities in the U.S. have mandated that their students become vaccinated against the COVID-19 virus. We leverage rich data on colleges' vaccination policies and semester start dates, along with a variety of county-level public health outcomes, to provide the first estimates of the effects of these mandates on the communities surrounding four-year, residential colleges. In event study specifications, we find that, over the first 13 weeks of the fall 2021 semester, college vaccine mandates reduced new COVID-19 cases by 339 per 100,000 county residents and new deaths by 5.4 per 100,000 residents, with an estimated value of lives saved between $9.7 million and $27.4 million per 100,000 residents. These figures suggest that the mandates reduced total US COVID-19 deaths in autumn 2021 by approximately 5%

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30303
    Schlagworte: Hochschule; Studierende; Coronavirus; Impfung; Ereignisstudie; Morbidität; USA; State and Local Government: Health; Education; Welfare; Public Pensions; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health; Higher Education; Research Institutions
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  7. Expanding Capacity for Vaccines Against Covid-19 and Future Pandemics
    A Review of Economic Issues
    Autor*in: Athey, Susan; Castillo, Juan Camilo; Chaudhuri, Esha; Kremer, Michael; Simoes Gomes, Alexandre; Snyder, Christopher M.
    Erschienen: July 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We review economic arguments for using public policy to accelerate vaccine supply during a pandemic. Rapidly vaccinating a large share of the global population helps avoid economic, mortality, and social losses, which in the case of Covid-19 mounted... mehr

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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    We review economic arguments for using public policy to accelerate vaccine supply during a pandemic. Rapidly vaccinating a large share of the global population helps avoid economic, mortality, and social losses, which in the case of Covid-19 mounted into trillions of dollars. However, pharmaceutical firms are unlikely to have private incentives to invest in vaccine capacity at the socially optimal scale and speed. The socially optimal level of public spending may cause some sticker shock but--as epitomized by the tagline "spending billions to save trillions"--is eclipsed by the benefits and can be restrained with the help of careful policy design and advance preparations. Capacity is so valuable during a pandemic that fractional dosing and other measures to stretch available capacity should be explored

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30192
    Schlagworte: Infektionskrankheit; Coronavirus; Epidemie; Impfung; Infektionsschutz; Pharmaindustrie; Wirkungsanalyse; Wohlfahrtsanalyse; Market Design; Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets; Health and Economic Development; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health; Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  8. How Did Federal Aid to States and Localities Affect Testing and Vaccine Delivery?
    Autor*in: Clemens, Jeffrey; Hoxie, Philip G.; Kearns, John; Veuger, Stan
    Erschienen: July 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We estimate whether federal aid for state and local governments played a role in advancing population testing for COVID-19 and the administration of vaccines. To overcome biases that can result from the endogeneity of federal aid allocations, we use... mehr

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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    We estimate whether federal aid for state and local governments played a role in advancing population testing for COVID-19 and the administration of vaccines. To overcome biases that can result from the endogeneity of federal aid allocations, we use an instrumental-variables estimator reliant on the substantial variation in federal aid predicted by variation in states' congressional representation. We find that federal fiscal assistance dollars had a modest if any impact on the pace of vaccine rollouts, may have improved the equitability of vaccine administration, and had a substantial impact on the volume of tests administered. Regarding the total number of vaccines delivered, we estimate that an additional $1,000 in fiscal relief per resident, which would amount to $330 billion nationwide, translated into just under 1,200 extra doses of the vaccine being delivered per 100,000 people, with the upper bound of our confidence interval suggesting that we can rule out effects in excess of 7,030 extra doses per 100,000 people. We find that federal dollars predict a smaller gap between the vaccination rates of those with a college education relative to those with a high school education. Finally, our baseline estimate implies that each $1,000 in COVID-19 relief aid per capita generated 55,850 additional tests per 100,000 people

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30206
    Schlagworte: Föderalismus; Gesundheitspolitik; Coronavirus; Impfung; Infektionsschutz; Wirkungsanalyse; USA; State and Local Government: Health; Education; Welfare; Public Pensions; Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession; Health and Inequality
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  9. How Undervalued is the Covid-19 Vaccine? Evidence from Discrete Choice Experiments and VSL Benchmarks
    Autor*in: Carlin, Patrick; Dixon, Brian E.; Simon, Kosali Ilayperuma; Sullivan, Ryan; Wing, Coady
    Erschienen: June 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Two discrete choice experiments conducted early in the Covid-19 vaccination campaign show that people dramatically undervalue the Covid-19 vaccine, relative to benchmarks implied by the value of a statistical life (VSL). Our first experiment found... mehr

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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Two discrete choice experiments conducted early in the Covid-19 vaccination campaign show that people dramatically undervalue the Covid-19 vaccine, relative to benchmarks implied by the value of a statistical life (VSL). Our first experiment found that median willingness to pay (WTP) for initial vaccination is around $50, only 2 percent of the WTP implied by standard VSL calculations. Our second experiment found the median person was willing to accept (WTA) about $200 to delay the second dose, only 32 percent of the WTA implied by standard VSL calculations. While standard economic models imply that vaccines are undervalued because of their large externalities, we interpret the finding that WTP estimates are well below the VSL benchmarks as evidence that internalities play a substantial role. This evidence that people undervalue even the private benefits of vaccination suggests that there may be a role for government beyond conventional efforts to correct externalities

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30118
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Impfung; Zahlungsbereitschaftsanalyse; Infektionsschutz; Diskrete Entscheidung; USA; Wert eines Menschenlebens; Value of life; Value of statistical life; General; General; Health Behavior; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health; Government Policy
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  10. Accelerating Vaccine Innovation for Emerging Infectious Diseases via Parallel Discovery
    Autor*in: Barberio, Joseph; Becraft, Jacob; Ben Chaouch, Zied; Bertsimas, Dimitris; Kitada, Tasuku; Li, Michael Lingzhi; Lo, Andrew W.; Shi, Kevin; Xu, Qingyang
    Erschienen: June 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We analyze the financial performance of a hypothetical portfolio of 120 mRNA vaccine candidates in the preclinical stage targeting 11 emerging infectious diseases. We calibrate the simulation parameters with input from domain experts in mRNA... mehr

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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    We analyze the financial performance of a hypothetical portfolio of 120 mRNA vaccine candidates in the preclinical stage targeting 11 emerging infectious diseases. We calibrate the simulation parameters with input from domain experts in mRNA technology and an extensive literature review. We find that the portfolio generates an average annualized return on investment of -6.0% per annum and a net present value of -$9.5 billion, despite the scientific advantages of mRNA technology and the financial benefits of diversification. Clinical trial costs account for 94% of the total investment, with manufacturing costs accounting for only 6%. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the most important factor determining financial performance is the price per dose, while the increased probability of success due to mRNA technology, adjusting the size of the portfolio, and the possibility of conducting human challenge trials do not significantly improve financial performance. These results underscore that if the goal is to create a sustainable business model and robust global vaccine ecosystem, continued collaboration between government agencies and the private sector is likely to be necessary

     
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  11. Vaccination Policy, Delayed Care, and Health Expenditures
    Autor*in: Aslim, Erkmen Giray; Fu, Wei; Liu, Chia-Lun; Tekin, Erdal
    Erschienen: June 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected the United States healthcare system, resulting in major disruptions in the delivery of essential care and causing crippling financial losses that threaten the viability of millions of medical practices.... mehr

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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected the United States healthcare system, resulting in major disruptions in the delivery of essential care and causing crippling financial losses that threaten the viability of millions of medical practices. There is little empirical evidence on the types of policies or innovations that are effective in shaping healthcare seeking behavior during a public health crisis. This paper evaluates the effect of COVID-19 vaccination on the individual propensity to delay or skip medical care. Our research design exploits the arguably exogenous variation in age-specific vaccine eligibility rollout across states and over time as an instrument for individual vaccination status. We find that receiving a COVID-19 vaccine reduces the likelihood of delaying care for any medical condition by 37 percent. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that children are significantly less likely to delay or skip healthcare delayed as a result of the availability of vaccines for their parents, indicating the presence of a positive health spillover within households that extends beyond protection against infection. We also find evidence to indicate that vaccination affects healthcare seeking behavior by easing concerns about contracting or spreading COVID-19. In supplementary analysis, we use novel data on debit and credit card spending to demonstrate that increased vaccine uptake has a positive, albeit statistically insignificant, effect on consumer healthcare spending in the short run. Our results highlight the important role that vaccines play in, not only protecting against coronavirus, but also safeguarding against the worsening of health due to delayed or foregone medical care. The decline in delayed or foregone care caused by vaccination is particularly strong among minorities and those with a low socioeconomic background, revealing an important role that vaccination efforts can play in narrowing inequities in health and healthcare. More broadly, our findings imply that advancements in vaccine development coupled with a regulatory process that accelerates the availability of vaccines to public in a safe manner can have the additional benefit of tackling unmet healthcare needs during a public health crisis

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30139
    Schlagworte: Gesundheitspolitik; Coronavirus; Impfung; Infektionsschutz; Gesundheitskosten; Patienten; Gesundheitsversorgung; Gesundheitswesen; USA; Health; Health Behavior; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
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  12. A Shot at Economic Prosperity
    Long-term Effects of India's Childhood Immunization Program on Earnings and Consumption Expenditure
    Autor*in: Summan, Amit; Nandi, Arindam; Bloom, David E.
    Erschienen: June 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Routine childhood vaccinations are among the most cost-effective interventions. In recent years, the broader benefits of vaccines, which include improved cognitive and schooling outcomes, have also been established. This paper evaluates the long-term... mehr

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    Routine childhood vaccinations are among the most cost-effective interventions. In recent years, the broader benefits of vaccines, which include improved cognitive and schooling outcomes, have also been established. This paper evaluates the long-term economic benefits of India's national program of childhood vaccinations, known as the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP). We combine individual-level data from the 68th round of the National Sample Survey of India (2011-2012) with district-wise data on the rollout of UIP in 1985-1990. We employ age-district fixed effects regression models to compare the earnings and per capita household consumer spending of 21- to 26-year-old adults who were born in UIP-covered districts vis-à-vis non-UIP districts in 1985-1990. We find that exposure to UIP in infancy increases weekly wages by 13.8% (95% CI: 7.6% to 20.3%, p<0.01) and monthly per capita household consumption expenditure by 2.9% (95% CI: 0.7% to 5.0% , p<0.01). Program exposure also reduces the probability that an individual's household relies on agriculture as the main source of income by 1.9% (95% CI: 0.0% to 3.5%, p<0.01). The findings are robust to several specifications, including varying study duration and accounting for potential migration. The effects vary by sex, location, and caste groups

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30173
    Schlagworte: Impfung; Infektionskrankheit; Gesundheitspolitik; Wirkungsanalyse; Privater Konsum; Lohnniveau; Indien; Health and Economic Development; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health; Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials; Public Policy
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  13. The Benefits and Costs of U.S. Employer COVID-19 Vaccine Mandates
    Autor*in: Ferranna, Maddalena; Robinson, Lisa A.; Cadarette, Daniel; Eber, Michael; Bloom, David E.
    Erschienen: August 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    In 2021, the Biden Administration issued mandates requiring COVID-19 vaccinations for U.S. federal employees and contractors and for some healthcare and private sector workers. Although these mandates have been subject to legal challenges and some... mehr

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    In 2021, the Biden Administration issued mandates requiring COVID-19 vaccinations for U.S. federal employees and contractors and for some healthcare and private sector workers. Although these mandates have been subject to legal challenges and some have been halted or delayed, rigorous appraisal of their benefits and costs accompanied neither the decision to implement them nor the efforts to terminate them. This paper aims to help fill that gap. We estimate the direct costs and health-related benefits that would have accrued if these vaccination requirements had been implemented as intended. Compared with the vaccination rates observed in January 2022, we find that the mandates could have led to 15 million additional vaccinated individuals, increasing the overall proportion of the fully vaccinated U.S. population to 68%. The associated net benefits depend on the evolution of the pandemic from the time of mandate enactment--information unavailable ex ante to analysts or policymakers. In scenarios involving the emergence of a novel, more transmissible variant, against which vaccination and previous infection offer moderate protection, the estimated net benefits reach more than $16,000 per additional vaccinated individual, with more than 20,000 total deaths averted in total. In scenarios involving a fading pandemic, existing vaccination-acquired or infection-acquired immunity provides sufficient protection, and the mandates' benefits are unlikely to exceed their costs. Thus, mandates may be most useful when the consequences of inaction are catastrophic. However, we do not compare the effects of mandates with alternative policies for increasing vaccination rates or promoting other protective measures, which may receive stronger public support and be less likely to be overturned by litigation

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30339
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Epidemie; Infektionsschutz; Impfung; Öffentlicher Dienst; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse; USA; Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Crisis Management; Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate; Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
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  14. If You Build it, Will They Vaccinate? The Impact of COVID-19 Vaccine Sites on Vaccination Rates and Outcomes
    Autor*in: Brownstein, John; Cantor, Jonathan H.; Rader, Benjamin; Simon, Kosali Ilayperuma; Whaley, Christopher M.
    Erschienen: September 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Safe and effective vaccines have vastly reduced the lethality of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide, but disparities exist in vaccine take-up. Although the out-of-pocket price is set to zero in the U.S., time (information gathering, signing up,... mehr

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    Safe and effective vaccines have vastly reduced the lethality of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide, but disparities exist in vaccine take-up. Although the out-of-pocket price is set to zero in the U.S., time (information gathering, signing up, transportation and waiting) and misinformation costs still apply. To understand the extent to which geographic access impacts COVID-19 vaccination take-up rates and COVID-19 health outcomes, we leverage exogenous, pre-existing variation in locations of retail pharmacies participating the U.S. federal government's vaccine distribution program through which over 40% of US vaccine doses were administered. We use unique data on nearly all COVID-19 vaccine administrations in 2021. We find that the presence of a participating retail pharmacy vaccination site in a county leads to an approximately 26% increase in the per-capita number of doses administered, possibly indicating that proximity and familiarity play a substantial role in vaccine take-up decisions. Increases in county-level per capita participating retail pharmacies lead to an increase in COVID-19 vaccination rates and a decline in the number of new COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths, with substantial heterogeneity based on county rurality, political leanings, income, and race composition. The relationship we estimate suggests that averting one COVID-19 case, hospitalization, and death requires approximately 25, 200, and 1,500 county-level vaccine total doses, respectively. These results imply a 9,500% to 22,500% economic return on the full costs of COVID-19 vaccination. Overall, our findings add to understanding vaccine take-up decisions for the design of COVID era and other public health interventions

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30429
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Impfung; Infektionskrankheit; USA; General
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  15. Direct and Indirect Effects of Vaccines
    Evidence from COVID-19 in Schools
    Autor*in: Freedman, Seth; Sacks, Daniel W.; Simon, Kosali Ilayperuma; Wing, Coady
    Erschienen: October 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Vaccines influence the course of pandemics both directly, by protecting the vaccinated, and indirectly, by reducing transmission to the unvaccinated, a key externality. Estimating direct effects is challenging because of selective vaccine take-up;... mehr

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    Vaccines influence the course of pandemics both directly, by protecting the vaccinated, and indirectly, by reducing transmission to the unvaccinated, a key externality. Estimating direct effects is challenging because of selective vaccine take-up; estimating indirect effects also poses difficulty as it requires exogenous variation in peer vaccination status. We overcome these challenges using unique microdata from Indiana together with a natural experiment. To identify direct effects, we use federal age-based vaccine eligibility rules by which seventh graders were eligible in Fall 2021 but sixth graders and younger were not. To identify indirect effects, we compare sixth graders in middle schools (whose older schoolmates are vaccine eligible) to sixth graders in elementary schools (whose schoolmates are ineligible). This variation in difference-in-differences designs leads to large estimates of direct effects: vaccination reduces COVID-19 incidence by 80 percent. But our estimates of indirect effects are small and statistically insignificant: despite a 20 percentage point increase in vaccination rates across all grades, we find essentially no difference in COVID-19 incidence between sixth graders in middle schools and sixth graders in elementary schools. A complementary identification strategy also finds small indirect effects from vaccinated grade-mates. This evidence from real-world settings matches clinical evidence forCOVID-19 vaccines' benefits for the vaccinated, and provides new evidence that clinical trials were unable to examine, on indirect effects. Prior work on the influenza and pertussis vaccines has found substantial externalities, thus our findings suggest that prior evidence on one disease and its vaccine need not generalize to others

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30550
    Schlagworte: Epidemie; Impfung; Coronavirus; Schule; Wirkungsanalyse; USA; General; Government Policy
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  16. The Ex-Ante Moral Hazard Effects of COVID-19 Vaccines
    Autor*in: Agrawal, Virat; Sood, Neeraj; Whaley, Christopher M.
    Erschienen: October 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    A long-standing economic question is how protection against harm from insurance or other harm reducing interventions leads to potentially offsetting behavior changes (ex-ante moral hazard). Immunization is a type of insurance, as individuals incur an... mehr

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    A long-standing economic question is how protection against harm from insurance or other harm reducing interventions leads to potentially offsetting behavior changes (ex-ante moral hazard). Immunization is a type of insurance, as individuals incur an upfront cost when they get vaccinated, but it protects individuals if they are exposed to a vaccine preventable disease. In this study, we empirically evaluate the ex-ante moral hazard effects of COVID-19 vaccines. First, exploiting the discontinuity in vaccination rates at age 65 due to early eligibility of older population, we compared vaccination rates and risk mitigation behavior between those just above and just below 65 years of age. We find no evidence of decrease in risk mitigating behavior among the 65 years old and older population. Second, leveraging state-level variation in the timing of when people in different age groups became eligible for vaccination, we estimate that COVID-19 vaccination has no effect on risk mitigating behaviors in adult population. Our findings imply minimal moral hazard effects of COVID-19 vaccines in the short-term

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30602
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Impfung; Risikopräferenz; Moral Hazard; Health; Health Behavior; Health Insurance, Public and Private
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  17. Covid-19 en España durante 2021
    Autor*in: Boscá, José E.; Cano, José; Ferri, Javier
    Erschienen: enero de 2022
    Verlag:  [FEDEA], [Madrid]

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    Schriftenreihe: Documento de trabajo / Fedea ; 2022, 01
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Morbidität; Krankenhaus; Gesundheitsversorgung; Impfung; Spanien
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  18. The economic case for UK investment in the Covid-19 pandemic response in 2022
    Autor*in: Agarwal, Prachi; Lemma, Alberto; Velde, Dirk Willem te; White, Lucy
    Erschienen: 22 June 2022
    Verlag:  ODI, London

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    Schriftenreihe: ODI report
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Impfung; Pharmakologie; Finanzierung; Wirkungsanalyse; Großbritannien
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  19. "Building a sailboat in a storm"
    the evolution of COVAX in 2021 and its impact on supplies to Southeast Asia's six lower-income economies
    Autor*in: Zaini, Khairulanwar
    Erschienen: February 2022
    Verlag:  ISEAS, Yusof Ishak Institute, Singapore

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    Schriftenreihe: Trends in Southeast Asia ; 2022, issue 4
    Schlagworte: Arzneimittel; Impfung; Coronavirus; Vertrieb; Fundraising; Entwicklungsländer; Südostasien
    Umfang: 43 Seiten, Illustrationen
  20. Adaptive targeted infectious disease testing
    Autor*in: Kasy, Maximilian; Teytelboym, Alexander
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  Department of Economics, University of Oxford, Oxford

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    Schriftenreihe: Department of Economics discussion paper series / University of Oxford ; number 907 (May 2020)
    Schlagworte: Gesundheitsvorsorge; Medizinische Behandlung; Coronavirus; Impfung; Maximum-Likelihood-Schätzung
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  21. Confirmatory bias in health decisions
    evidence from the MMR-autism controversy
    Autor*in: Qian, Mengcen; Chou, Shin-yi; Lai, Ernest K.
    Erschienen: February 2020
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 26772
    Schlagworte: Impfung; Kritik; Information; USA
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  22. Advance market commitments
    insights from theory and experience
    Autor*in: Kremer, Michael; Levin, Jonathan; Snyder, Christopher M.
    Erschienen: February 2020
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 26775
    Schlagworte: Impfung; Produktentwicklung; Investition; Kanada; Italien; Norwegen; Russland; Großbritannien
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  23. A multi-risk SIR model with optimally targeted lockdown
    Autor*in: Acemoglu, Daron; Chernozhukov, Victor; Werning, Iván; Whinston, Michael D.
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  Cemmap, Centre for Microdata Methods and Practice, The Institute for Fiscal Studies, Department of Economics, UCL, [London]

    We develop a multi-risk SIR model (MR-SIR) where infection, hospitalization and fatality rates vary between groups-in particular between the "young", "the middleaged" and the "old". Our MR-SIR model enables a tractable quantitative analysis of... mehr

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    We develop a multi-risk SIR model (MR-SIR) where infection, hospitalization and fatality rates vary between groups-in particular between the "young", "the middleaged" and the "old". Our MR-SIR model enables a tractable quantitative analysis of optimal policy similar to those already developed in the context of the homogeneousagent SIR models. For baseline parameter values for the COVID-19 pandemic applied to the US, we find that optimal policies differentially targeting risk/age groups significantly outperform optimal uniform policies and most of the gains can be realized by having stricter lockdown policies on the oldest group. For example, for the same economic cost (24.3% decline in GDP), optimal semi-targeted or fully-targeted policies reduce mortality from 1.83% to 0.71% (thus, saving 2.7 million lives) relative to optimal uniform policies. Intuitively, a strict and long lockdown for the most vulnerable group both reduces infections and enables less strict lockdowns for the lower-risk groups. We also study the impacts of social distancing, the matching technology, the expected arrival time of a vaccine, and testing with or without tracing on optimal policies. Overall, targeted policies that are combined with measures that reduce interactions between groups and increase testing and isolation of the infected can minimize both economic losses and deaths in our model.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Cemmap working paper ; CWP20, 14
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Epidemie; Lockdown; Impfung; Sterblichkeit; Wirtschaftlicher Schaden; Altersgruppe; Modellierung; Multi-risk SIR model
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  24. The macroeconomics of epidemics
    Autor*in: Eichenbaum, Martin S.; Rebelo, Sérgio; Trabandt, Mathias
    Erschienen: 19 April 2020
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP14520
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Epidemie; Infektionsschutz; Impfung; SIR-Modell; Makroökonomisches Modell
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  25. Der Corona-Innovationswettlauf in der Wissenschaft
    eine Analyse der wissenschaftlichen Publikationen zur Bekämpfung der Corona-Pandemie und die Bedeutung für den Pharma-Standort Deutschland = The corona innovation race in science : an analysis of scientific publications on the fight against the corona pandemic and their significance for the pharmaceutical industry in Germany
    Autor*in: Kirchhoff, Jasmina; Mertens, Armin; Scheufen, Marc
    Erschienen: 05.05.2020
    Verlag:  Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft, Köln

    Die Corona-Pandemie und die damit einhergehenden Einschränkungen in fast allen gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Bereichen beeinflussen seit einigen Wochen das Leben der Menschen weltweit. Neben der möglichen Strategie, eine Herdenimmunität... mehr

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    Die Corona-Pandemie und die damit einhergehenden Einschränkungen in fast allen gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Bereichen beeinflussen seit einigen Wochen das Leben der Menschen weltweit. Neben der möglichen Strategie, eine Herdenimmunität durch Infizierung von 60 bis 70 Prozent der Bevölkerung anzustreben, ist ein geeigneter Impfstoff die große Hoffnung, um in naher Zukunft die "alte Normalität", wie es der deutsche Vizekanzler und Finanzminister Olaf Scholz nennt, wiederherzustellen. Vor diesem Hintergrund suchen Wissenschaftler öffentlicher Institutionen und pharmazeutischer Unternehmen unter Hochdruck nach Innovationen. Diese Studie untersucht aktuelle wissenschaftliche Publikationen auf Basis von bibliometrischen Daten von "Europe PubMed Central", um mögliche Spillover-Effekte von der Wissenschaft auf den pharmazeutischen Innovationsprozess zu analysieren. Die zeitliche und ländervergleichende Analyse der wissenschaftlichen Publikationen vom 1. Dezember 2019 bis zum 25. April 2020 zeigt eine Flut an neuen Beiträgen und Erkenntnissen, die dabei helfen sollen, das Virus "SARS-CoV-2" besser zu verstehen, um vor diesem Hintergrund ein Gegenmittel entwickeln zu können. Abgesehen von der quantitativ beeindruckenden Anzahl an Publikationen wird mit Blick auf deren Qualität deutlich, dass Deutschland eine führende Position in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung einnimmt. Die Position Deutschlands in der Bekämpfung des Virus motiviert eine Detailbetrachtung. Neben einer Analyse nach Standorten und Institutionen, die die Forschungsleistung Deutschlands besser verstehen lässt, soll auch die Bedeutung dieser für den deutschen Pharma-Standort im Mittelpunkt stehen. Lockerungen der politisch ergriffenen Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung der Auswirkungen des Virus auf die Gesundheit der Bevölkerung und auf die Wirtschaft bedürfen einer Rückkoppelung mit Erkenntnissen aus der wissenschaftlichen Forschung und Innovationen aus der Pharmaindustrie. The corona pandemic and the associated restrictions on social and economic life have been affecting all our lives around the world for several weeks now. Besides, the possible strategy of aiming for herd immunity by infecting 60 to 70 percent of the population, a suitable vaccine is the great hope to restore the "old normality", as Olaf Scholz calls it, in the near future. Against this background, science and pharmaceutical companies are looking for innovations. This study examines the flood of scientific publications on the basis of bibliometric data from "Europe PubMed Central" to analyze the spillover effects from science to the pharmaceutical innovation process. The analysis of the scientific publications from December 1, 2019, to April 15, 2020, over time and in comparison to other countries, reveals a flood of new contributions and findings that should help to better understand the virus "SARS-CoV-2" in order to develop an vaccine against this background. In addition to the quantitatively impressive number of publications, the quality of research shows that Germany is a leader in scientific research. This leading role of Germany in the fight against the virus motivates a detailed examination. In addition to an analysis according to locations and institutions, which provides a better understanding of Germany's research performance, the focus will also be on the significance of this for the pharmaceutical industry in Germany.

     
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/216830
    Schriftenreihe: IW-Report ; 2020, 17
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Impfung; Innovationswettbewerb; Medizin; Pharmakologie; Deutschland
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen