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  1. Aggressive Stimmungsmache gegen Ungeimpfte. Das Verhältnis zwischen Sprache und Gewalt in Artikeln der Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung
    Eine linguistische Analyse
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  GRIN Verlag, München

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    Sprache: Deutsch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9783346654687
    Weitere Identifier:
    9783346654687
    Auflage/Ausgabe: 1. Auflage, digitale Originalausgabe
    Schlagworte: Gewalt; Deutsch; Impfung; Pandemie; Sprache; COVID-19
    Weitere Schlagworte: (Produktform)Electronic book text; (BISAC Subject Heading)LIT004170: LITERARY CRITICISM / European / German; aggressive;stimmungsmache;ungeimpfte;verhältnis;sprache;gewalt;artikeln;frankfurter;allgemeinen;zeitung;eine;analyse; (VLB-WN)9563: Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft, Deutschsprachige Literaturwissenschaft
    Umfang: Online-Ressource, 25 Seiten
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  2. MRNA-IMPFSTOFF
    MEIN KÖRPER SAGTE NEIN
    Autor*in: Gretchen, von
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  BoD – Books on Demand, Norderstedt

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    Sprache: Deutsch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Druck
    ISBN: 9783755760306; 3755760304
    Weitere Identifier:
    9783755760306
    Auflage/Ausgabe: 1. Auflage
    Schriftenreihe: MRNA-IMPFSTOFF ; 1
    Weitere Schlagworte: (Produktform)Paperback / softback; Corona; Impfung; mrna impfstoff; Nebenwirkungen; Deutschland; (VLB-WN)1560: Hardcover, Softcover / Sprachwissenschaft, Literaturwissenschaft
    Umfang: 52 Seiten, 29.7 cm x 21 cm, 181 g
  3. Aggressive Stimmungsmache gegen Ungeimpfte. Das Verhältnis zwischen Sprache und Gewalt in Artikeln der Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung
    Eine linguistische Analyse
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  GRIN Verlag, München

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    ISBN: 9783346654694
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    9783346654694
    Auflage/Ausgabe: 1. Auflage
    Schlagworte: Deutsch; Impfung; Gewalt; Pandemie; Sprache; COVID-19
    Weitere Schlagworte: (Produktform)Paperback / softback; (BISAC Subject Heading)LIT004170: LITERARY CRITICISM / European / German; aggressive;stimmungsmache;ungeimpfte;verhältnis;sprache;gewalt;artikeln;frankfurter;allgemeinen;zeitung;eine;analyse; (VLB-WN)1563: Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft, Deutschsprachige Literaturwissenschaft
    Umfang: Online-Ressource, 28 Seiten
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  4. Anatomy of a health scare
    education, income and the MMR controversy in the UK
    Beteiligt: Anderberg, Dan (Mitwirkender)
    Erschienen: 2008
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn

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    Beteiligt: Anderberg, Dan (Mitwirkender)
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Format: Online
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion papers series / IZA ; No. 3590
    Schlagworte: Gesundheitsvorsorge; Bildungsniveau; Impfung; Kind; Gesundheit; Immunisierung
    Weitere Schlagworte: (stw)Gesundheitsvorsorge; (stw)Bildungsniveau; (stw)Impfung; (stw)Kinder; (stw)Gesundheit; (stw)Großbritannien; MMR vaccine--Great Britain; Health risk assessment--Great Britain; Parenting--Great Britain; Arbeitspapier; Graue Literatur; Buch; Online-Publikation
    Umfang: Online-Ressource
  5. Vaccination Planning under Uncertainty, with Application to Covid-19
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Vaccination against infectious disease may be beneficial to reduce illness in vaccinated persons and disease transmission across the population. The welfare-economic practice of specifying a social welfare function and considering a planner who seeks... mehr

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    Vaccination against infectious disease may be beneficial to reduce illness in vaccinated persons and disease transmission across the population. The welfare-economic practice of specifying a social welfare function and considering a planner who seeks to optimize welfare provides a constructive framework to evaluate vaccination policy. This paper characterizes choice of vaccination policy as a planning problem that aims to minimize the social cost of illness and vaccination. Manski (2010, 2017) studied vaccination as a problem of planning under uncertainty, assuming that a planner can choose any vaccination rate or that the planner has only two options: mandate or decentralize vaccination. The analysis focused on uncertainty regarding the effect of vaccination on disease transmission. Here I weaken the assumptions to recognize multiple uncertainties relevant to evaluation of policy for vaccination against COVID-19. These include uncertainty not only about the effect of vaccination on disease transmission, but also about the fraction of susceptible persons in the population, the effectiveness of vaccination in reducing illness and infectiousness, and the health risks associated with vaccination. The paper considers planning under ambiguity using the minimax and minimax-regret criteria, as well as planning using a subjective probability distribution on unknown quantities. It develops algorithms that may be applied flexibly to determine policy choices with specified degrees and types of uncertainty

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w28446
    Schlagworte: Impfung; Coronavirus; Infektionskrankheit; Infektionsschutz; Entscheidung unter Risiko; Wohlfahrtsökonomik
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  6. In vaccines we trust?
    the effects of the CIA's vaccine ruse on immunization in Pakistan
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  University of Warwick, Department of Economics, Coventry, United Kingdom

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    Schriftenreihe: Warwick economics research papers ; no: 1332 (February 2021)
    Schlagworte: Impfung; Terrorismusbekämpfung; Geheimdienst; Amerikanisch; Informationsverbreitung; Wirkungsanalyse; Infektionsschutz; Gesundheitspolitik; Pakistan
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Testing Fractional doses of COVID-19 Vaccines
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Millions of people are being vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 every day, but the virus is also mutating and spreading fast. Vaccine production is increasing, but supply still constrains vaccinations worldwide. Using lower doses of vaccines could... mehr

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    Millions of people are being vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 every day, but the virus is also mutating and spreading fast. Vaccine production is increasing, but supply still constrains vaccinations worldwide. Using lower doses of vaccines could dramatically accelerate vaccination. Available evidence on efficacy is not dispositive but suggests half- or even quarter-doses of some vaccines could be almost as effective as currently-used doses. Even if fractional doses are less effective than standard doses, an epidemiological model suggests they could significantly reduce total infections and deaths. The social value of testing dwarfs the costs. However, firms do not internalize the full social value, a market failure that could be addressed with public funding. Governments could support either experimental or observational evaluations of fractional dosing

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29180
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Impfung; Infektionskrankheit; Infektionsschutz
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  8. The Virus, Vaccination, and Voting
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Vaccination rates have a statistically significant downward effect on the Covid-19 death rate across US counties, as of August 12, 2021. Controlling for poverty rates, age, and temperature lowers the magnitude of the estimate a little. Using the... mehr

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    Vaccination rates have a statistically significant downward effect on the Covid-19 death rate across US counties, as of August 12, 2021. Controlling for poverty rates, age, and temperature lowers the magnitude of the estimate a little. Using the Biden-Trump vote in the 2020 election as an instrument for vaccination rates raises the magnitude of the estimate. Presumably it corrects for a positive effect of observed local Covid deaths on the decision to get vaccinated. Overall, the estimated beneficial effect holds up and has risen over time

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29186
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Impfung; Infektionskrankheit; Infektionsschutz; Morbidität; Sterblichkeit; Politische Einstellung; USA
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  9. Could Vaccine Dose Stretching Reduce COVID-19 Deaths?
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We argue that alternative COVID-19 vaccine dosing regimens could potentially dramatically accelerate global COVID-19 vaccination and reduce mortality, and that the costs of testing these regimens are dwarfed by their potential benefits. We first use... mehr

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    We argue that alternative COVID-19 vaccine dosing regimens could potentially dramatically accelerate global COVID-19 vaccination and reduce mortality, and that the costs of testing these regimens are dwarfed by their potential benefits. We first use the high correlation between neutralizing antibody response and efficacy against disease (Khoury et. al. 2021) to show that half or even quarter doses of some vaccines generate immune responses associated with high vaccine efficacy. We then use an SEIR model to estimate that under these efficacy levels, doubling or quadrupling the rate of vaccination by using fractional doses would dramatically reduce infections and mortality. Since the correlation between immune response and efficacy may not be fully predictive of efficacy with fractional doses, we then use the SEIR model to show that fractional dosing would substantially reduce infections and mortality over a wide range of plausible efficacy levels. Further immunogenicity studies for a range of vaccine and dose combinations could deliver outcomes in weeks and could be conducted with a few hundred healthy volunteers. National regulatory authorities could also decide to test efficacy of fractional dosing in the context of vaccination campaigns based on existing immune response data, as some did for delayed second doses. If efficacy turned out to be high, the approach could be implemented broadly, while if it turned out to be low, downside risk could be limited by administering full doses to those who had received fractional doses. The SEIR model also suggests that delaying second vaccine doses will likely have substantial mortality benefits for multiple, but not all, vaccine-variant combinations, underscoring the importance of ongoing surveillance. Finally, we find that for countries choosing between approved but lower efficacy vaccines available immediately and waiting for mRNA vaccines, using immediately available vaccines typically reduces mortality

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29018
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Impfung; Morbidität; SIR-Modell
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  10. Biden, COVID and Mental Health in America
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Using US Census Household Pulse Survey data for the period April 2020 to June 2021 we track the evolution of the mental health of nearly 2.3 million Americans during the COVID pandemic. We find anxiety, depression and worry peaked in November 2020,... mehr

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    Using US Census Household Pulse Survey data for the period April 2020 to June 2021 we track the evolution of the mental health of nearly 2.3 million Americans during the COVID pandemic. We find anxiety, depression and worry peaked in November 2020, coinciding with the Presidential election. The taking of prescription drugs for mental health conditions peaked two weeks later in December 2020. Mental health improved subsequently such that by April 2021 it was better than it had been a year previously. The probability of having been diagnosed with COVID did not rise significantly in the first half of 2021 but COVID infection rates were higher among the young than the old. COVID diagnoses were significantly lower in States that had voted for Biden in the Presidential Election. The probability of vaccination rose with age, was considerably higher in Biden states, and rose precipitously over the period among the young and old. Anxiety was higher among people in Biden states, whether they had been diagnosed or not, and whether they were vaccinated or not. The association between anxiety and depression and having had COVID was not significant in Biden or Trump states but being vaccinated was associated with lower anxiety and depression, with the effect being larger in Biden states. Whilst being in paid work was associated with lower anxiety, worry and depression and was associated with higher vaccination rates, it also increased the probability of having had COVID

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29040
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Gesundheitspolitik; Infektionsschutz; Psychische Krankheit; Impfung; Politische Einstellung; USA
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  11. Vaccine Hesitancy, Passports and the Demand for Vaccination
    Autor*in: Gans, Joshua
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Vaccine hesitancy is modelled as an endogenous decision within a behavioural SIR model with endogenous agent activity. It is shown that policy interventions that directly target costs associated with vaccine adoption may counter vaccine hesitancy... mehr

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    Vaccine hesitancy is modelled as an endogenous decision within a behavioural SIR model with endogenous agent activity. It is shown that policy interventions that directly target costs associated with vaccine adoption may counter vaccine hesitancy while those that manipulate the utility of unvaccinated agents will either lead to the same or lower rates of vaccine adoption. This latter effect arises with vaccine passports whose effects are mitigated in equilibrium by reductions in viral/disease prevalence that themselves reduce the demand for vaccination

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29075
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Impfung; SIR-Modell
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  12. The virus, vaccination, and voting
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Harvard Kennedy School, John F. Kennedy School of Government, [Cambridge, MA]

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    Schriftenreihe: Faculty research working paper series / Harvard Kennedy School, John F. Kennedy School of Government ; RWP21, 021 (July 2021)
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Impfung; Infektionskrankheit; Infektionsschutz; Morbidität; Sterblichkeit; Politische Einstellung; USA
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 17 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Vaccination strategies and transmission of COVID-19
    evidence across leading countries
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Cemmap, Centre for Microdata Methuods and Practice, The Institute for Fiscal Studies, Department of Economics, UCL, [London]

    Vaccination has been perceived as a key to reaching "herd immunity" in the current COVID-19 pandemic. This paper examines effectiveness of different vaccination strategies. We investigate the effects of two key elements in mass vaccination, which are... mehr

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    Vaccination has been perceived as a key to reaching "herd immunity" in the current COVID-19 pandemic. This paper examines effectiveness of different vaccination strategies. We investigate the effects of two key elements in mass vaccination, which are allocations and timing of first and second doses and types of vaccines, on the spread of COVID-19. Amid limited supply of approved vaccines and constrained medical resources, the choice of a vaccination strategy is fundamentally an economic problem. We employ standard time-series and panel data models commonly used in economic research with real world data to estimate the effects of progress in vaccination and types of vaccines on health outcomes. Potential confounders such as government responses and people's behavioral changes are also taken into account. Our findings suggest that the share of people vaccinated with at least one dose is significantly negatively associated with new infections and deaths. Conditioning on first dose progress, full vaccination offers no further reductions in new cases and deaths. For vaccines from China, however, we find weaker effects of vaccination progress on health outcomes. Our results support the extending interval between first and second dose policy adopted by Canada and the UK among others for mRNA-based vaccines. As vaccination progressed, people's mobility increased and it offset the direct effects of vaccination. Therefore, public health measures are still important to contain the transmission by refraining people from being more mobile after vaccinated.

     

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    hdl: 10419/246806
    Schriftenreihe: Cemmap working paper ; CWP21, 38
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Impfung; Strategie; Infektionsschutz; Gesundheitspolitik; Wirkungsanalyse; Welt
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Financial Incentives and Other Nudges Do Not Increase COVID-19 Vaccinations among the Vaccine Hesitant
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Can financial incentives, public health messages and other behavioral nudges -approaches deployed by state and local governments, employers, and health systems - increase SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rates among the vaccine hesitant in the US? In mid-2021,... mehr

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    Can financial incentives, public health messages and other behavioral nudges -approaches deployed by state and local governments, employers, and health systems - increase SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rates among the vaccine hesitant in the US? In mid-2021, we randomly assigned unvaccinated members of a Medicaid managed care health plan to $10 or $50 financial incentives, different public health messages, a simple appointment scheduler, or control to assess impacts on SARS-CoV-2 vaccination intentions and vaccine uptake within 30 days of intervention. While messages increased vaccination intentions, none of the treatments increased overall vaccination rates. Consistent with backlash concerns, financial incentives and negative messages decreased vaccination rates for some subgroups. Financial incentives and other behavioral nudges do not meaningfully increase SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rates amongst the vaccine hesitant

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29403
    Schlagworte: Impfung; Coronavirus; Nudge; Anreiz; USA
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  15. Le "Pass sanitaire"
    Erschienen: mardi 6 juillet 2021
    Verlag:  Conseil économique, social et environnemental, Paris

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    ISBN: 9782111557116
    Schriftenreihe: Résolutions / Conseil économique, social et environnemental ; 2021, 01
    Les éditions des journaux officiels ; no 41121-0001
    Journal officiel de la République Française
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Impfung; Frankreich
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten)
  16. Pourquoi la défiance vaccinale est-elle plus forte dans le sud de la France?
    Erschienen: Août 2021
    Verlag:  Ifop, Paris

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    Schriftenreihe: Ifop Focus ; 217
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; Pandemie; Therapie; Impfung; Verhaltensmuster; Motivation; Strukturelle Heterogenität; Ungleichgewicht; Region
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (13 Seiten)
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    Gesehen am 10.09.2021

  17. A Simple Model of Social Distancing and Vaccination
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This paper analyzes a simple model of infectious disease where the incentives for individuals to reduce risks through endogenous social distancing take straightforward cost-benefit form. Since disease is transmitted through social interactions, the... mehr

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    This paper analyzes a simple model of infectious disease where the incentives for individuals to reduce risks through endogenous social distancing take straightforward cost-benefit form. Since disease is transmitted through social interactions, the threat of spread of infection poses a collective action problem. Policy interventions such as lockdowns, testing, and mask-wearing serve, in part, as substitutes for social distancing. Provision of a vaccination is the only intervention that unambiguously reduces both the peak infection level and the herd immunity level of infection. Adoption of vaccination remains limited in a decentralized equilibrium, with resulting reproductive rate of disease Rt > 1 at the conclusion of vaccination. Vaccine mandates yield increases in vaccination rates and corresponding reductions in future infection rates but do not increase expected payoffs to individuals

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29463
    Schlagworte: Infektionsschutz; Impfung; Gesundheitspolitik; Theorie
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  18. International Evidence on Vaccines and the Mortality to Infections Ratio
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Recent observations on countries like the UK that have accumulated a large fraction of inoculated individuals suggest that, although initially, vaccines have little effect on new infections they strongly reduce the share of mortality out of a given... mehr

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    Recent observations on countries like the UK that have accumulated a large fraction of inoculated individuals suggest that, although initially, vaccines have little effect on new infections they strongly reduce the share of mortality out of a given pool of infections. This paper examines the extent to which this phenomenon is more general by testing the hypothesis that the ratio of current mortality to lagged infections is decreasing in the total number of vaccines per one hundred individuals. This is done in a pooled time-series, cross-section sample with weekly observations for up to 208 countries. The main conclusion from the statistical analysis is that, passed a certain threshold, vaccines moderate the share of mortality from a given pool of lagged infections. This is essentially a favorable shift in the tradeoff between life preservation and economic performance. Controlling for income per capita, stringency of containment measures, and the fraction of recovered and old individuals, estimation is carried out by linear least squares, with standard errors clustered by country and region. The main result is robust to sensitivity analysis with a logarithmic specification. The practical lesson is that, in the presence of a sufficiently high share of inoculated individuals, governments can shade down containment measures, even as infections are still rampant, without significant adverse effects on mortality

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29498
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Infektionskrankheit; Impfung; Sterblichkeit; Großbritannien
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  19. Implementation of a TRIPS waiver for health technologies and products for COVID-19
    preventing claims under free trade and investment agreements
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  South Centre, Geneva

    While increasing support from WTO members for a proposed waiver from certain obligations under the TRIPS Agreement with regard to health products required for responding to COVID-19 has made a decision on the TRIPS waiver imminent, the waiver will... mehr

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    While increasing support from WTO members for a proposed waiver from certain obligations under the TRIPS Agreement with regard to health products required for responding to COVID-19 has made a decision on the TRIPS waiver imminent, the waiver will have to be implemented domestically by WTO members through appropriate legislative, administrative or judicial measures, including through executive orders that have been utilized to implement emergency measures in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this regard, the scope of the TRIPS waiver, as well as the terms of applicable free trade agreements (FTAs) and international investment agreements (IIAs) will also impact the policy space available to countries to implement the waiver. Ensuring a broad scope of the waiver, as well as complementary measures to safeguard the implementation of the waiver from potential challenges under FTAs or IIAs will be critical. This research paper discusses some options that could be explored to enable the implementation of the TRIPS waiver by overcoming possible impediments that could arise under such agreements.

     

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    hdl: 10419/248634
    Schriftenreihe: Research paper / South Centre ; 135 (September 2021)
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Impfung; Arzneimittel; Freihandelsabkommen; TRIPS
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten)
  20. Mise en œuvre d'une dérogation ADPIC pour les technologies et produits de santé pour la COVID-19
    prévenir les réclamations dans le cadre des accords de libre-échange et d'investissement
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  South Centre, Genève

    Bien que le soutien croissant des membres de l'OMC pour une proposition de dérogation à certaines obligations de l'Accord sur les ADPIC concernant les produits de santé nécessaires pour répondre à la pandémie COVID-19 ait rendu imminente une décision... mehr

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    Bien que le soutien croissant des membres de l'OMC pour une proposition de dérogation à certaines obligations de l'Accord sur les ADPIC concernant les produits de santé nécessaires pour répondre à la pandémie COVID-19 ait rendu imminente une décision sur la dérogation ADPIC, celle-ci devra être mise en œuvre au niveau national par les membres de l'OMC par le biais de mesures législatives, administratives ou judiciaires appropriées, y compris par le biais de décrets qui ont été utilisés pour mettre en œuvre des mesures d’urgence dans le contexte de la pandémie COVID-19. À cet égard, la portée de la dérogation ADPIC, ainsi que les termes des accords de libre-échange (ALE) et des accords internationaux d’investissement (AII) applicables, auront également un impact sur la marge de manœuvre dont disposent les pays pour mettre en œuvre la dérogation. Il sera essentiel de garantir un large champ d’application de la dérogation, ainsi que des mesures complémentaires pour protéger la mise en œuvre de la dérogation contre d’éventuelles contestations dans le cadre des ALE ou des AII. Ce document de recherche examine certaines options qui pourraient être explorées pour permettre la mise en œuvre de la dérogation ADPIC en surmontant les obstacles qui pourraient survenir dans le cadre de tels accords.

     

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    hdl: 10419/248636
    Schriftenreihe: Document de recherche / South Centre ; 135 (Novembre 2021)
    Schlagworte: TRIPS; Coronavirus; Impfung; Arzneimittel; Immaterialgüterrechte
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Utilising public health flexibilities in the era of COVID-19
    an analysis of intellectual property regulation in the OAPI and MENA regions
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  South Centre, Geneva

    The paper explores the unique approaches to IP protection in the countries belonging to the Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle/African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI) and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regions;... mehr

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    The paper explores the unique approaches to IP protection in the countries belonging to the Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle/African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI) and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regions; the limited extent to which legal and policy frameworks with regard to TRIPS flexibilities have been adopted and implemented in pursuit of access to medicines in those countries; and makes recommendations in order to optimise the use of the flexibilities in advancing public health objectives. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the impact of IP rights on access, and some approaches to countering the challenges to access are also discussed.

     

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    hdl: 10419/248642
    Schriftenreihe: Research paper / South Centre ; 141 (November 2021)
    Schlagworte: Immaterialgüterrechte; Patentrecht; Arzneimittel; Impfung; Preis; Preisregulierung; Coronavirus; MENA-Staaten; Afrika
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten)
  22. Testing fractional doses of COVID-19 vaccines
    Erschienen: 02 October 2021
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Centre for Economic Policy Research ; DP16599$p
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Impfung; Arzneimittel; Wirkungsanalyse; Gesundheitspolitik
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Do Black and Indigenous communities receive their fair share of vaccines under the 2018 CDC guidelines?
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA

    A major focus of debate about rationing guidelines for COVID-19 vaccines is whether and how to prioritize access for minority populations that have been particularly affected by the pandemic, and been the subject of historical and structural... mehr

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    A major focus of debate about rationing guidelines for COVID-19 vaccines is whether and how to prioritize access for minority populations that have been particularly affected by the pandemic, and been the subject of historical and structural disadvantage, particularly Black and Indigenous individuals. We simulate the 2018 CDC Vaccine Allocation guidelines using data from the American Community Survey under different assumptions on total vaccine supply. Black and Indigenous individuals combined receive a higher share of vaccines compared to their population share for all assumptions on total vaccine supply. However, their vaccine share under the 2018 CDC guidelines is considerably lower than their share of COVID-19 deaths and age-adjusted deaths. We then simulate one method to incorporate disadvantage in vaccine allocation via a reserve system. In a reserve system, units are placed into categories and units reserved for a category give preferential treatment to individuals from that category. Using the Area Deprivation Index (ADI) as a proxy for disadvantage, we show that a 40% high-ADI reserve increases the number of vaccines allocated to Black or Indigenous individuals, with a share that approaches their COVID-19 death share when there are about 75 million units. Our findings illustrate that whether an allocation is equitable depends crucially on the benchmark and highlight the importance of considering the expected distribution of outcomes from implementing vaccine allocation guidelines.

     

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    Schriftenreihe: Boston College working papers in economics ; 1019
    Schlagworte: Ethnische Diskriminierung; Afroamerikaner; Indigene Völker; Impfung; Gesundheitspolitik; Gesundheitsvorsorge; USA
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. The Value of a Cure
    An Asset Pricing Perspective
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We provide an estimate of the value of a cure using the joint behavior of stock prices and a vaccine progress indicator during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Our indicator is based on the chronology of stage-by-stage progress of individual vaccines... mehr

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    We provide an estimate of the value of a cure using the joint behavior of stock prices and a vaccine progress indicator during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Our indicator is based on the chronology of stage-by-stage progress of individual vaccines and related news. We construct a general equilibrium regime-switching model of repeated pandemics and stages of vaccine progress wherein the representative agent withdraws labor and alters consumption endogenously to mitigate health risk. The value of a cure in the resulting asset-pricing framework is intimately linked to the relative labor supply across states. The observed stock market response to vaccine progress serves to identify this quantity, allowing us to use the model to estimate the economy-wide welfare gain that would be attributable to a cure. In our estimation, and with standard preference parameters, the value of the ability to end the pandemic is worth 5-15% of total wealth. This value rises substantially when there is uncertainty about the frequency and duration of pandemics. Agents place almost as much value on the ability to resolve the uncertainty as they do on the value of the cure itself. This effect is stronger - not weaker - when agents have a preference for later resolution of uncertainty. The policy implication is that understanding the fundamental biological and social determinants of future pandemics may be as important as resolving the immediate crisis

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w28127
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Impfung; Infektionsschutz; CAPM; Strukturbruch; Wohlfahrtsanalyse
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  25. Pandemics, vaccines and corporate earnings
    Erschienen: September 2020
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / National Bureau of Economic Research ; 27829
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Unternehmenserfolg; Gewinn; Impfung; Arzneimittel; Schätzung; USA
    Umfang: 49 Seiten, Illustrationen
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