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  1. Carbon dioxide removal as an integral building block of the European Green Deal
    Erschienen: [June 2022]
    Verlag:  SWP, Berlin

    The implementation of the new net emission targets for 2030 and 2050 as part of the European Green Deal is moving the deliberate removal of CO2 from the atmosphere up the agendas of political decision-makers. In its latest report, the... mehr

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    The implementation of the new net emission targets for 2030 and 2050 as part of the European Green Deal is moving the deliberate removal of CO2 from the atmosphere up the agendas of political decision-makers. In its latest report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) also recently reiterated that net-zero targets cannot be achieved without the deployment of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) methods. The political debate in the European Union (EU) about CDR has changed rapidly in recent years, with almost all political actors now calling for a new regulatory framework for CDR to become an integral building block of EU climate policy. However, fundamental conflicts are brewing over the question as to which removal methods and policy instruments should be implemented and which priorities should be set. There are signs of emerging political alliances on the EU level that will shape the Fit-for-55 legislation in the short term and prestructure the debate on the design of climate policy between 2030 and 2040.

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263351
    Schriftenreihe: SWP comment ; 2022, no. 40 (June 2022)
    Schlagworte: Umweltbezogenes Management; Umweltverträglichkeit; Produktion; Energiepolitik; Erneuerbare Energien; Nachwachsender Rohstoff; Fossiler Brennstoff
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (6 Seiten)
    Bemerkung(en):

    "English version of SWP-Aktuell 37/2022"

    Gesehen am 16.06.2022

  2. Into the blue: the role of the ocean in climate policy
    Europe needs to clarify the balance between protection and use
    Erschienen: [March 2023]
    Verlag:  SWP, Berlin

    Since net zero targets have become a keystone of climate policy, more thought is being given to actively removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while continuing to drastically reduce emissions. The ocean plays a major role in regulating the... mehr

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    Since net zero targets have become a keystone of climate policy, more thought is being given to actively removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while continuing to drastically reduce emissions. The ocean plays a major role in regulating the global climate by absorbing a large proportion of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emis­sions. As the challenges of land-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR) approaches are increasingly recognised, the ocean may become the new “blue” frontier for carbon removal and storage strategies in the EU and beyond. However, the ocean is not an “open frontier”; rather, it is a domain of overlapping and sometimes conflicting rights and obligations. There is a tension between the sovereign right of states to use ocean resources within their exclusive economic zones and the international obligation to protect the ocean as a global commons. The EU and its Member States need to clarify the balance between the protection and use paradigms in ocean governance when considering treating the ocean as an enhanced carbon sink or storage site. Facilitating linkages between the ongoing review of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the establishment of the Carbon Removal Certification Framework could help pave the way for debate about trade-offs and synergies in marine eco­system protection and use.

     

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  3. "Carbon Management": opportunities and risks for ambitious climate policy
    Erschienen: [May 2023]
    Verlag:  SWP, Berlin

    Climate policy in the European Union (EU) and Germany changed significantly with the adoption of net-zero emissions targets. A key new development is the growing importance of carbon management. The umbrella term includes not only the capture and... mehr

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    Climate policy in the European Union (EU) and Germany changed significantly with the adoption of net-zero emissions targets. A key new development is the growing importance of carbon management. The umbrella term includes not only the capture and storage of CO2 (carbon capture and storage, CCS), but also CO2 capture and utilisation (carbon capture and utilisation, CCU) as well as the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere (carbon dioxide removal, CDR). It is important to provide clarity when differentiating between these approaches and identifying their relation to so-called residual emissions and hard-to-abate emissions. This is particularly important because it will determine the overall ambition of climate policy as well as shape future policy designs and their distributional impacts. Current policy and legislative processes should ensure that carbon management does not delay the phase-out of fossil fuels. New policy initiatives present an opportunity to actively shape the interface between ambitious climate and industrial policy.

     

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  4. Unconventional mitigation
    carbon dioxide removal as a new approach in EU climate policy
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, Berlin

  5. Unconventional mitigation
    carbon dioxide removal as a new approach in EU climate policy
    Erschienen: [June 2020]
    Verlag:  SWP, Berlin

    Zusammenfassung: If the EU wants to achieve net zero emissions by 2050, enacting conventional climate change mitigation measures to avoid emissions of greenhouse gases will not be enough. To compensate for unavoidable residual emissions,... mehr

     

    Zusammenfassung: If the EU wants to achieve net zero emissions by 2050, enacting conventional climate change mitigation measures to avoid emissions of greenhouse gases will not be enough. To compensate for unavoidable residual emissions, unconventional measures to remove CO2 from the atmosphere will also be necessary - for example, through afforestation or the direct cap­ture of CO2 from ambient air. Not all member states and economic sectors will have achieved green­house gas neutrality by 2050; some will already need to be below zero by then. The option of CO2 removal from the atmosphere will allow greater flexibility in climate policy, but will also raise new distributional issues. Avoiding greenhouse gas emissions should be given political priority over the subsequent removal of CO2. Net zero targets should be explicitly divided into emission reduction targets and removal targets, instead of simply off­setting the effects of both approaches. The future development of an EU CO2 removal policy should be structured by adequate policy design. Whether the EU chooses a proactive or cautious entry pathway in the medium term will depend not least on the net nega­tive targets it assumes for the period after 2050. In the coming years, the EU should focus on investing more in research and development of CO2 removal methods and gaining more practical experience in their use. Only if the EU and its members actually succeed in convincingly combin­ing conventional emission reductions and unconventional CO2 removals to reach net zero will the EU be able to live up to its status as a pioneer in climate policy

     

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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
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    Schriftenreihe: SWP research paper ; 2020, 8 (June 2020)
    SWP research paper ; 2020, 8 (June 2020)
    Schlagworte: Mitgliedsstaaten; Klimaschutz; Internationale Kooperation; Umweltpolitik; Umweltschutz; Maßnahme; Durchsetzungsvermögen; Politik; Internationale Organisation; Schadstoffemission; Reduktion; Rückgang; Treibhausgas; Entwicklung; Tendenz; Szenario
    Weitere Schlagworte: Schadstoffemission; Reduzierung/Rückgang; Kohlendioxid-Abscheidung und -Lagerung; Walderhaltung/Aufforstung; Meeresbiologie; Graue Literatur
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (35 Seiten), Diagramme
    Bemerkung(en):

    "Updated English version of SWP-Studie 10/2020"

  6. Unconventional mitigation
    carbon dioxide removal as a new approach in EU climate policy
    Erschienen: [June 2020]
    Verlag:  SWP, Berlin

    If the EU wants to achieve net zero emissions by 2050, enacting conventional climate change mitigation measures to avoid emissions of greenhouse gases will not be enough. To compensate for unavoidable residual emissions, unconventional measures to... mehr

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    If the EU wants to achieve net zero emissions by 2050, enacting conventional climate change mitigation measures to avoid emissions of greenhouse gases will not be enough. To compensate for unavoidable residual emissions, unconventional measures to remove CO2 from the atmosphere will also be necessary - for example, through afforestation or the direct cap­ture of CO2 from ambient air. Not all member states and economic sectors will have achieved green­house gas neutrality by 2050; some will already need to be below zero by then. The option of CO2 removal from the atmosphere will allow greater flexibility in climate policy, but will also raise new distributional issues. Avoiding greenhouse gas emissions should be given political priority over the subsequent removal of CO2. Net zero targets should be explicitly divided into emission reduction targets and removal targets, instead of simply off­setting the effects of both approaches. The future development of an EU CO2 removal policy should be structured by adequate policy design. Whether the EU chooses a proactive or cautious entry pathway in the medium term will depend not least on the net nega­tive targets it assumes for the period after 2050. In the coming years, the EU should focus on investing more in research and development of CO2 removal methods and gaining more practical experience in their use. Only if the EU and its members actually succeed in convincingly combin­ing conventional emission reductions and unconventional CO2 removals to reach net zero will the EU be able to live up to its status as a pioneer in climate policy.

     

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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
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    Schriftenreihe: SWP research paper ; 2020, 8 (June 2020)
    Schlagworte: Mitgliedsstaaten; Klimaschutz; Internationale Kooperation; Umweltpolitik; Umweltschutz; Maßnahme; Durchsetzungsvermögen; Politik; Internationale Organisation; Schadstoffemission; Reduktion; Rückgang; Treibhausgas; Entwicklung; Tendenz; Szenario; Schadstoffemission; Reduzierung/Rückgang; Kohlendioxid-Abscheidung und -Lagerung; Walderhaltung/Aufforstung; Meeresbiologie
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (35 Seiten), Diagramme
    Bemerkung(en):

    "Updated English version of SWP-Studie 10/2020"

  7. Benefits and pitfalls of an EU emissions budget approach
    Erschienen: [June 2023]
    Verlag:  SWP, Berlin

    Following the conclusion of the 'Fit for 55' package, European Union (EU) climate policy will enter its next phase. One of the most important decisions will be how to set the economy-wide emissions reduction target for 2040, which will form the... mehr

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    Following the conclusion of the 'Fit for 55' package, European Union (EU) climate policy will enter its next phase. One of the most important decisions will be how to set the economy-wide emissions reduction target for 2040, which will form the starting point for the next round of revisions of all EU climate policy legislation. The European Climate Law stipulates that the European Commission shall propose a 2040 target that is based, among other things, on a "projected indicative Union greenhouse gas budget for the 2030-2050 period", informed by a report of the newly established European Scientific Advisory Board on Climate Change. While cumulating emissions resulting from different future trajectories can help to assess ambition levels, strictly deriving a 'science-based' EU emissions budget from the global carbon budget has several pitfalls. The debate on the design of EU climate policy after 2030 should not put too much focus on the 'appropriate' target for 2040 but on how to further devel­op the governance architecture, strengthen policy instruments, and bolster public support.

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/273519
    Schriftenreihe: SWP comment ; 2023, no. 34 (June 2023)
    Schlagworte: Klimaschutz; Umweltbewusstsein; Umwelt; Ökologie; Umweltfaktor; Schadstoffemission; Emissionsverringerung; Staatensystem; Recht; Gesetzgebung; Internationale Organisation; Politisches Ziel; EU emissions budget approach; EU climate policy; "Fit for 55" package; European Scientific Advisory Board on Climate Change; Paris Agreement; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (5 Seiten)
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    Gesehen am 22.06.2023

  8. Potential efficiency gains from the introduction of an emissions trading system for the buildings and road transport sectors in the European Union
    Erschienen: May 2023
    Verlag:  Kiel Institute for the World Economy, [Kiel]

    In the European Union (EU), a second emissions trading system (EU ETS2) covering buildings, road transport and small energy and industrial installations is expected to be introduced from 2027. Until 2030, however, EU ETS2 will not be a separate... mehr

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    In the European Union (EU), a second emissions trading system (EU ETS2) covering buildings, road transport and small energy and industrial installations is expected to be introduced from 2027. Until 2030, however, EU ETS2 will not be a separate pillar of EU climate policy, but will support Member States in meeting their national targets under the Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR). If there are net regional shifts in emission reductions within the EU ETS2, for example, if companies in one member state buy in aggregated terms net allowances, this must be compensated for at the national level. We study the EU ETS2 for the year 2030 using the general equilibrium model DART. In our analysis, the introduction of an EU ETS2 generates about a quarter of the efficiency gains of a comprehensive emissions trading system, assuming that nation states use the flexibility mechanisms of the ESR and compensate for regional abatement leakage through interstate emissions trading. However, this is only true if there is no extensive price stabilization in the EU ETS2. Our analysis suggests an EU ETS2 allowance price of around EUR 300/tCO2. Stabilizing the EU ETS2 price at the envisaged intervention price of 45 EUR/tCO2 would require about 415 million additional allowances and thus imply additional emissions of the same amount in 2030 alone.

     

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    hdl: 10419/273080
    Schriftenreihe: Kiel working paper ; no. 2249
    Schlagworte: Umweltschutz; Klimaschutz; Aufgabengliederung; Emissionsverringerung; Instrument; Umweltzertifikathandel; Verkehr; Bauindustrie; European Union Climate Policy; Emissions Trading; Computable General Equilibrium Model
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (19 Seiten), Diagramme
  9. Build carbon removal reserve to secure future of EU emissions trading
    Erschienen: [2024]
    Verlag:  Kiel Institute for the World Economy - Leibniz Center for Research on Global Economic Challenges, Kiel, Germany

    A carbon central bank (CCB) that translates carbon removals into allowances would transform the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) from a fiat allowance to a gold standard system, ensuring unchanged net emissions on the path to net-zero... mehr

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    A carbon central bank (CCB) that translates carbon removals into allowances would transform the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) from a fiat allowance to a gold standard system, ensuring unchanged net emissions on the path to net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) targets. • Meeting such expectations would require a CCB with a clear commitment to a net-zero GHG target, but also with the capacity to manage the market on the path to that target. • This requires a strong institutional framework, which could be achieved by integrating the CCB into the European Central Bank (ECB), building on its reputation and capacity. • Given the long lead time to set up such an institution, the European Commission should already take the first steps to fulfil the other requirement, namely building up a large carbon removal certificate (CRC) reserve, which would provide the CCB with the credibility to stabilize the market in the future. • To fill the CRC reserve, the EU should emulate the US approach by immediately initiating result-based carbon removal procurement as a first key step of a sequential approach to integrated carbon removal into climate policy. • This could be achieved by developing a centralized procurement program, supporting existing procurement programs, such as Sweden's or Denmark's, and incentivizing additional EU member states to initiate procurement. • An important prerequisite for this is the ability to bank CRCs that are not yet eligible for compliance with near-term EU climate targets and use them in later crediting periods. Eine CO2-Zentralbank (Carbon Central Bank, CCB), die atmosphärische CO2-Entnahme in Zertifikate übersetzt, würde das Emissionshandelssystem der Europäischen Union (EU ETS) langfristig von einem Fiat-Zertifikate-System in ein Goldstandard-System umwandeln und damit unveränderte Nettoemissionen auf dem Weg zu Netto-Null-Treibhausgasemissionen gewährleisten. • Um diese Erwartungen zu erfüllen, bedarf es einer starken CCB mit einem klaren Bekenntnis zu einem Netto-Null-Treibhausgas-Ziel. Zudem sollte die CCB mit der Fähigkeit ausgestattet werden, den Markt auf dem Weg zu diesem Ziel zu stabilisieren. • Dies erfordert einen starken institutionellen Rahmen, der durch die Eingliederung der CCB in die Europäische Zentralbank (EZB) erreicht werden könnte, wobei auf deren Ruf und Kapazität aufgebaut werden könnte. • Angesichts der langen Vorlaufzeit für die Einrichtung einer solchen Institution sollte die Europäische Kommission bereits jetzt erste Schritte unternehmen, um die andere Voraussetzung zu erfüllen, nämlich eine Reserve an CO2-Entnahme Zertifikaten aufzubauen, die einer CCB in der Zukunft die Glaubwürdigkeit verleihen würde, den Markt zu stabilisieren. • Um die CRC-Reserve aufzubauen, sollte die EU nach dem Vorbild der USA sofort mit der ergebnisorientierten Beschaffung von CO2-Entnahme zu beginnen, der dann den ersten Schritt für eine sequenzielle Integration von CO2-Entnahme in die Klimapolitik bilden würde. • Dies könnte durch die Entwicklung eines zentralen Beschaffungsprogramms erreicht werden, das bestehende Programme wie in Schweden oder Dänemark unterstützt und neue Programme in weiteren Mitgliedstaaten anreizt. • Eine wichtige Voraussetzung dafür ist die Möglichkeit, CO2-Entnahme-Zertifikate, die noch nicht für die Erfüllung der kurzfristigen EU-Klimaziele in Frage kommen, zu "sparen" und in späteren Anrechnungszeiträumen zu nutzen.

     

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    hdl: 10419/295745
    Schriftenreihe: Kiel policy brief ; Nr. 175 (May 2024)
    Schlagworte: Carbon Dioxide Removal; Carbon Central Bank; Carbon Certificate Banking; Net-Zero Emissions Targets; Net-Negative Emissions Targets; CO2-Entnahme; CO2-Zentralbank; CO2-Zertifikatereserve; Netto-Null Emissionsziele; Netto-Negative Emissionsziele
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 14 Seiten), Illustrationen