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  1. Distribution costs
    Erschienen: 2021 JAN
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    We provide the first direct estimates of distribution expenses incurred by manufacturing plants and assess their importance for aggregate output. Using a novel measure from the Indian Annual Survey of Industries, we document three key facts: (1)... mehr

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    We provide the first direct estimates of distribution expenses incurred by manufacturing plants and assess their importance for aggregate output. Using a novel measure from the Indian Annual Survey of Industries, we document three key facts: (1) distribution expenses are large - they amount to over half of labor costs; (2) plants in the largest decile - relative to the smallest - spend over three times as much on distribution as a share of sales; and (3) between 2000 and 2010, distribution costs as a share of sales declined by one third. We develop a model of heterogeneous manufacturing firms that rely on the distribution sector to sell their goods across space. We quantify the model using the facts on size and systematic heterogeneity in distribution shares as well as newly constructed estimates of intranational trade. Accounting for firm heterogeneity in distribution requirements is important: welfare losses from low TFP in the distribution sector are amplified 1.5-fold. From 2000 to 2010, India saw an increase in intranational trade hand in hand with a decrease in the distribution share. In combination with the model, these trends suggest largescale decreases in both variable and fixed costs of distribution, leading to welfare gains of 58% over this ten year period

     

    Export in Literaturverwaltung   RIS-Format
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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781616355036
    Weitere Identifier:
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / International Monetary Fund ; WP/22, 7
    Schlagworte: Distribution; transportation costs; aggregate productivity; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence; Distribution, Transportation Costs and Aggregate Productivity; Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development; Measurement of Economic Growth
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. The Aggregate Importance of Intermediate Input Substitutability
    Erschienen: May 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We estimate long-run elasticities of substitution between intermediate inputs for Indian manufacturing plants. India's trade liberalization in the early 1990s provides an ideal natural policy experiment, with permanent and heterogeneous tariff... mehr

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    We estimate long-run elasticities of substitution between intermediate inputs for Indian manufacturing plants. India's trade liberalization in the early 1990s provides an ideal natural policy experiment, with permanent and heterogeneous tariff reductions inducing changes in relative prices which we use for identification. We find a high degree of substitutability at the plant-level between 8 broad categories of material inputs, significantly above the Cobb-Douglas benchmark of 1. In contrast, we find elasticities less than 1 between energy, materials, and services as well as between value added and intermediates. We embed our elasticities in a general equilibrium model with a rich input-output structure to quantify their importance. Relative to a Cobb-Douglas benchmark, the aggregate gains from trade are 9% larger when intermediate inputs are substitutes, and come hand in hand with 40% more reallocation of labor across sectors. Furthermore, the aggregate gains from closing the India-U.S. TFP gap in any one sector are on average 29% larger with our estimated elasticities; losses from misallocation of intermediate inputs are more than 3 times larger

     

    Export in Literaturverwaltung   RIS-Format
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w31233
    Schlagworte: Faktorsubstitution; Industrie; Substitutionselastizität; Cobb-Douglas-Produktionsfunktion; Allgemeines Gleichgewicht; Außenwirtschaftstheorie; Indien; Production; Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development; Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
    Bemerkung(en):

    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers

  3. Distribution costs
    Erschienen: 2021 JAN
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    We provide the first direct estimates of distribution expenses incurred by manufacturing plants and assess their importance for aggregate output. Using a novel measure from the Indian Annual Survey of Industries, we document three key facts: (1)... mehr

    Zugang:
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Verlag (kostenfrei)
    Resolving-System (kostenfrei)
    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Unter den Linden
    uneingeschränkte Fernleihe, Kopie und Ausleihe

     

    We provide the first direct estimates of distribution expenses incurred by manufacturing plants and assess their importance for aggregate output. Using a novel measure from the Indian Annual Survey of Industries, we document three key facts: (1) distribution expenses are large - they amount to over half of labor costs; (2) plants in the largest decile - relative to the smallest - spend over three times as much on distribution as a share of sales; and (3) between 2000 and 2010, distribution costs as a share of sales declined by one third. We develop a model of heterogeneous manufacturing firms that rely on the distribution sector to sell their goods across space. We quantify the model using the facts on size and systematic heterogeneity in distribution shares as well as newly constructed estimates of intranational trade. Accounting for firm heterogeneity in distribution requirements is important: welfare losses from low TFP in the distribution sector are amplified 1.5-fold. From 2000 to 2010, India saw an increase in intranational trade hand in hand with a decrease in the distribution share. In combination with the model, these trends suggest largescale decreases in both variable and fixed costs of distribution, leading to welfare gains of 58% over this ten year period

     

    Export in Literaturverwaltung   RIS-Format
      BibTeX-Format
    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781616355036
    Weitere Identifier:
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / International Monetary Fund ; WP/22, 7
    Schlagworte: Distribution; transportation costs; aggregate productivity; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence; Distribution, Transportation Costs and Aggregate Productivity; Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development; Measurement of Economic Growth
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen