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  1. Why do wealthy parents have wealthy children?
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    Why do the children of wealthy parents accumulate more wealth than children from poorer backgrounds? Does parental wealth have a role in determining young people's earnings, saving choices, returns to wealth and access to homeownership? How much... mehr

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    Why do the children of wealthy parents accumulate more wealth than children from poorer backgrounds? Does parental wealth have a role in determining young people's earnings, saving choices, returns to wealth and access to homeownership? How much wealth do parents give directly to their children? What other channels are involved in the persistence of wealth from one generation to the next? As wealth has grown compared with earnings, questions about the role of wealth in determining living standards and the transmission of wealth inequalities across generations have come to the fore. This report sheds light on why wealth inequalities persist across generations in the UK,using data that measure the wealth of parents and their adult children. We assess the role of education, earnings, saving decisions, portfolio decisions, access to homeownership and partners' earnings in transmitting inequalities in wealth across generations.

     

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    Beteiligt: Payne, Judith (HerausgeberIn)
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781801030557
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/264454
    Schriftenreihe: IFS report ; R196
    Schlagworte: Vermögen; Vermögensverteilung; Intergenerationenmobilität; Generationengerechtigkeit; Eltern; Kinder; Großbritannien
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. A year of COVID
    the evolution of labour market and financial inequalities through the crisis
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    We use new, high-quality UK panel data to document the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic at an individual level, from April 2020 to March 2021. We focus on where and to what extent pre-existing labour market and financial inequalities have... mehr

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    We use new, high-quality UK panel data to document the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic at an individual level, from April 2020 to March 2021. We focus on where and to what extent pre-existing labour market and financial inequalities have been exacerbated. Our story is more nuanced than earlier papers focusing on the start of the pandemic. To March 2021 some inequalities worsened, but others did not, and in some cases, a widening of labour market inequalities in the first wave of the pandemic was subsequently reversed. We find no evidence of divergence in employment outcomes by gender. On the other hand, the first wave of the pandemic impacted the employment of ethnic minorities, the young, and those with less formal education, but these differential impacts had largely abated by March 2021. By various measures, financial position and living standards strengthened, not only for the affluent, but also for middle deciles of the long-run income distribution, although those at the very bottom of the income distribution were more likely to report a decline in net wealth over the course of the pandemic.

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/249694
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / lnstitute for Fiscal Studies ; 21, 39
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; Savings; Inequality
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Brexit and labour market inequalities
    potential spatial and occupational impacts
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    In this paper we examine the possible distributional impacts of new trade barriers associated with the new Trade and Cooperation Agreement governing relations between the UK and EU after Brexit. We use a model of labour demand that incorporates... mehr

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    In this paper we examine the possible distributional impacts of new trade barriers associated with the new Trade and Cooperation Agreement governing relations between the UK and EU after Brexit. We use a model of labour demand that incorporates input-output links across industries, and that allows for demand substitution by firms and consumers and worker reallocation across industries. We find that workers’ exposure is moderately increasing across the earnings distribution. Exposure is greater for men than for women as they are more likely to work in manufacturing industries that are relatively harder hit by new trade barriers. Looking across areas, we find that exposure to new Brexit trade barriers is uncorrelated with measures of local deprivation and the impacts of the recent COVID-19 pandemic.

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/249697
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / lnstitute for Fiscal Studies ; 21, 42
    Schlagworte: Trade; income distribution; inequality
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. MPCs in an economic crisis
    spending, saving and private transfers
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    MPCs were directly elicited from a representative sample of UK adults in July 2020 using receipt of a hypothetical unanticipated, one-time income payment. Reported MPCs are modest, around 11% on average. They are higher, but still modest, for... mehr

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    MPCs were directly elicited from a representative sample of UK adults in July 2020 using receipt of a hypothetical unanticipated, one-time income payment. Reported MPCs are modest, around 11% on average. They are higher, but still modest, for individuals in households with high current needs. These low MPCs may be a consequence of the prevailing economic uncertainty. Significant fractions of respondents report they would use a windfall to pay down debt, or that they would change their transfer payments to or from family and friends. The latter means that the aggregate MPC out of a stimulus payment need not equal the population-average MPC.

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/242925
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / lnstitute for Fiscal Studies ; 21, 26
    Schlagworte: spending; MPC; crowding out; COVID-19
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. A year of COVID: the evolution of labour market and financial inequalities through the crisis
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Department of Economics, University of Oxford, Oxford

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    Schriftenreihe: Department of Economics discussion paper series / University of Oxford ; number 954 (October 2021)
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; Savings; Inequality
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. The IFS green budget
    October 2021

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    Beteiligt: Emmerson, Carl (HerausgeberIn, VerfasserIn); Zaranko, Ben (HerausgeberIn, VerfasserIn); Johnson, Paul (HerausgeberIn); Payne, Judith (HerausgeberIn)
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781801030588
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/264459
    Übergeordneter Titel: The IFS green budget - Alle Bände anzeigen
    Schriftenreihe: [IFS report] / Institute for Fiscal Studies ; [R200]
    Schlagworte: Öffentlicher Haushalt; Finanzpolitik; Steuerpolitik; Großbritannien
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 428 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Trade and inequality in Europe and the US
    Erschienen: December 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The share of low-income countries in global exports nearly tripled between 1990 and 2015, driven largely by the rapid emergence of China as an exporting powerhouse. While research in economics had long acknowledged that trade with lower-income... mehr

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    The share of low-income countries in global exports nearly tripled between 1990 and 2015, driven largely by the rapid emergence of China as an exporting powerhouse. While research in economics had long acknowledged that trade with lower-income countries could raise income inequality in Europe and the US, empirical estimates indicated only a modest contribution of trade to growing national skill premia. However, if workers are not highly mobile across firms, industries and locations, then the unequal impacts of trade can manifest along different margins. Recent evidence from countries across Europe and the US shows that growing import competition from China differentially reduced earnings and employment rates for workers in more trade-exposed industries, and for the residents of more trade-exposed geographic regions. These adverse impacts were often largest for lower-skilled individuals. We show that domestic manufacturing employment declined much more in countries that saw a large growth of net imports from China (such as the UK and the US), than in countries that maintained relatively balanced trade with China (such as Germany and Switzerland). Drawing on a new analysis for the UK, we further show that trade with China contributed to job loss in manufacturing, but also to substantial declines in consumer prices. However, while the adverse labour market impacts were concentrated on specific groups of workers and regions, the consumer benefits from trade were widely dispersed in the population, and appear similarly large for high-income and low-income households. Globalisation has thus created pockets of losers, and recent evidence indicates that in addition to financial losses, residents of regions with greater exposure to import competition also suffer from higher crime rates, a deterioration of health outcomes, and a dissolution of traditional family structures. We argue that new import tariffs such as those imposed by the US in 2018 and 2019 are unlikely to help the losers from globalisation. Instead, displaced workers may be better supported by a combination of transfers to avert financial hardship, skills training that facilitate reintegration into the labour market, and place-based policies that stimulate job creation in depressed locations.

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/250575
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14914
    Schlagworte: trade; globalisation; inequality; employment; wages; consumer prices; public policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 67 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. MPCs through COVID: spending, saving and private transfers
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  Institute for Social and Economic Research, [Colchester]

    MPCs were directly elicited from a representative sample of UK adults in July 2020. Reported MPCs are low, around 11% on average. They are higher, but still modest, for individuals in households with high current needs. These low MPCs may be a... mehr

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    MPCs were directly elicited from a representative sample of UK adults in July 2020. Reported MPCs are low, around 11% on average. They are higher, but still modest, for individuals in households with high current needs. These low MPCs may be a consequence of the prevailing economic uncertainty. Some respondents report that they would respond to a one-time income payment by transferring more to friends and family, others report they would see a decline in the payments received. Targeting payments to high-MPC individuals could be partly undone. Further, the aggregate MPC out of a stimulus payment need not equal the population-average MPC, even if all individuals receive the same payment

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/248581
    Schriftenreihe: ISER working paper series ; no. 2020, 14 (October 2020)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. The IFS green budget
    October 2018

    The IFS Green Budget 2018, in association with Citi, ICAEW and the Nuffield Foundation, is edited by Carl Emmerson, Christine Farquharson and Paul Johnson, and copy-edited by Judith Payne. The report looks at the issues and challenges facing... mehr

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    The IFS Green Budget 2018, in association with Citi, ICAEW and the Nuffield Foundation, is edited by Carl Emmerson, Christine Farquharson and Paul Johnson, and copy-edited by Judith Payne. The report looks at the issues and challenges facing Chancellor Philip Hammond as he prepares for his Budget later in October.

     

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    Beteiligt: Emmerson, Carl (HerausgeberIn, VerfasserIn); Farquharson, Christine (HerausgeberIn); Johnson, Paul (HerausgeberIn); Payne, Judith (HerausgeberIn)
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781912805129
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/235050
    Übergeordneter Titel: The IFS green budget - Alle Bände anzeigen
    Schriftenreihe: IFS report / Institute for Fiscal Studies ; [R152]
    Schlagworte: Öffentlicher Haushalt; Finanzpolitik; Steuerpolitik; Großbritannien
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 344 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Regression with an imputed dependent variable
    Erschienen: 27 Jul 2020
    Verlag:  The Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    Researchers are often interested in the relationship between two variables, with no single data set containing both. A common strategy is to use proxies for the dependent variable that are common to two surveys to impute the dependent variable into... mehr

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    Researchers are often interested in the relationship between two variables, with no single data set containing both. A common strategy is to use proxies for the dependent variable that are common to two surveys to impute the dependent variable into the data set containing the independent variable. We show that commonly employed regression or matching-based imputation procedures lead to inconsistent estimates. We offer an easily-implemented correction and correct asymptotic standard errors. We illustrate these with empirical examples using data from the US Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE) and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID).

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/223301
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / lnstitute for Fiscal Studies ; W20, 25
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Potential consequences of post-Brexit trade barriers for earnings inequality in the UK
    Erschienen: 06 Aug 2020
    Verlag:  The Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    We examine the distributional consequences of post-Brexit trade barriers on wages in the UK. We quantify changes in trade costs across industries accounting for input-output links across domestic industries and global value chains. We allow for... mehr

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    We examine the distributional consequences of post-Brexit trade barriers on wages in the UK. We quantify changes in trade costs across industries accounting for input-output links across domestic industries and global value chains. We allow for demand substitution by firms and consumers and worker reallocation across industries. We document the impact at the individual and household level. Blue-collar workers are the most exposed to negative consequences of higher trade costs, because they are more likely to be employed in industries that face increases in trade costs, and are less likely to have good alternative employment opportunities available in their local labour markets. Overall new trade costs have a regressive impact with lower-paid workers facing higher exposure than higher-paid workers once we account for the exposure of other household members.

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/242886
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / lnstitute for Fiscal Studies ; W20, 27
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 69 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. MPCs through COVID
    spending, saving and private transfers
    Erschienen: 20 Oct 2020
    Verlag:  The Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    MPCs were directly elicited from a representative sample of UK adults in July 2020. Reported MPCs are low, around 11% on average. They are higher, but still modest, for individuals in households with high current needs. These low MPCs may be a... mehr

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    MPCs were directly elicited from a representative sample of UK adults in July 2020. Reported MPCs are low, around 11% on average. They are higher, but still modest, for individuals in households with high current needs. These low MPCs may be a consequence of the prevailing economic uncertainty. Some respondents report that they would respond to a one-time income payment by transferring more to friends and family, others report they would see a decline in the payments received. Targeting payments to high-MPC individuals could be partly undone. Further, the aggregate MPC out of a stimulus payment need not equal the population-average MPC, even if all individuals receive the same payment.

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/242894
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / lnstitute for Fiscal Studies ; 20, 35
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Potential consequences of post-Brexit trade barriers for earnings inequality in the UK
    Erschienen: 02 August 2020
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP15126
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 71 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. House price rises and borrowing to invest
    Erschienen: 22 Jan 2020
    Verlag:  The Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    Household borrowing and spending rise with house prices, particularly for leveraged households, but household spending is not consumption. We propose an alternative borrow-to-invest channel by which house price gains affect household spending on... mehr

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    Household borrowing and spending rise with house prices, particularly for leveraged households, but household spending is not consumption. We propose an alternative borrow-to-invest channel by which house price gains affect household spending on residential investment. We show that rational, leveraged households have an incentive to make additional residential investments when house prices rise. Our empirical compares responses in different kinds of spending across more and less leveraged households. We find strong evidence of the borrow-to-invest channel in UK data. Credit constraints matter through reducing access to leveraged returns and so reducing lifetime resources, rather than through consumption smoothing.

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/223278
    Schriftenreihe: IFS working paper ; W20, 2
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. MPCs through COVID
    spending, saving and private transfers
    Erschienen: 05 Feb 2021
    Verlag:  The Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    MPCs were directly elicited from a representative sample of UK adults in July 2020 using receipt of a hypothetical unanticipated, one-time income payment. Reported MPCs are low, around 11% on average. They are higher, but still modest, for... mehr

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    MPCs were directly elicited from a representative sample of UK adults in July 2020 using receipt of a hypothetical unanticipated, one-time income payment. Reported MPCs are low, around 11% on average. They are higher, but still modest, for individuals in households with high current needs. These low MPCs may be a consequence of the prevailing economic un-certainty. Further, the fraction of respondents that report they would change their transfer payments to or from family and friends is almost as large as the fraction that report they would increase their spending. This means that targeting direct fiscal stimulus payments to high-MPC individuals could be partly undone, and that the aggregate MPC out of a stimulus payment need not equal the population-average MPC.

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/242902
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / lnstitute for Fiscal Studies ; 21, 03
    Schlagworte: spending; MPC; crowding out; COVID-19
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Import competition and public attitudes towards trade
    Erschienen: July 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We use data from the Pew Global Attitudes Survey to analyse how public attitudes towards trade have changed over time in developed economies, and how these attitudes differ across groups in the population. Attitudes towards trade deteriorated in the... mehr

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    We use data from the Pew Global Attitudes Survey to analyse how public attitudes towards trade have changed over time in developed economies, and how these attitudes differ across groups in the population. Attitudes towards trade deteriorated in the 2000s before the onset of the financial crisis, with declines tending to be greater in countries that also saw larger increases in Chinese import competition. Perhaps surprisingly, given that barriers to trade appear to be on the increase again after several decades of steady decline, attitudes towards trade improved again during the last decade both in the US and in leading European economies. Comparing across survey respondents with different individual characteristics, those without a university education are less likely to have a favourable impression of international trade, and to believe that it has specific benefits in terms of reducing prices, creating jobs, or increasing wages. While economists often emphasize the consumer benefits of trade due to lower prices, only 20-40% of survey respondents in most countries perceive such a price effect, suggesting that the benefits of trade may not be salient for many people.

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/245584
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14533
    Schlagworte: trade; attitudes; prices
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 12 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Import competition and public attitudes towards trade
    Erschienen: 07 July 2021
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP16339
    Schlagworte: Trade; Attitudes; prices
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 14 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. House price rises and borrowing to invest
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, [London]

    Household borrowing and spending rise with house prices, particularly for leveraged households, but household spending is not consumption. We propose an alternative borrow-to-invest motive by which house price gains affect household spending on... mehr

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    Household borrowing and spending rise with house prices, particularly for leveraged households, but household spending is not consumption. We propose an alternative borrow-to-invest motive by which house price gains affect household spending on residential investment: rational, leveraged households have an incentive to make additional residential investments when house prices rise. We test this motive by comparing responses in different categories of spending across more and less leveraged households. We find strong evidence of the borrow-to-invest motive in UK data. Credit constraints matter through reducing access to leveraged returns and so reducing lifetime resources, rather than through consumption smoothing.

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/267946
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / lnstitute for Fiscal Studies ; 22, 15
    Schlagworte: House prices; leverage; consumption; home investment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Stimulus payments and private transfers
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Department of Economics, University of Oxford, Oxford

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    Format: Online
    Schriftenreihe: Department of Economics discussion paper series / University of Oxford ; number 964 (February 2022)
    Schlagworte: spending; transfers; MPCs; surveyexperiment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 13 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. House price rises and borrowing to invest
    Erschienen: 07 April 2022
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP17188
    Schlagworte: House Prices; leverage; Consumption; home investment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Trade and inequality in Europe and the US
    Erschienen: 06 December 2021
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP16780
    Schlagworte: Trade; globalisation; Inequality; employment; wages; consumer prices; public policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 69 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Stimulus payments and private transfers
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, [London]

    Private transfers can affect the spending response to stimulus payments, as those receiving income windfalls may transfer resources to other households in greater financial need. We report a survey experiment where individuals were asked how they... mehr

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    Private transfers can affect the spending response to stimulus payments, as those receiving income windfalls may transfer resources to other households in greater financial need. We report a survey experiment where individuals were asked how they would respond to a £500 payment, with a randomly selected subset of individuals explicitly told that all households would receive the same payments (a ‘public windfall’ scenario). This additional information increased MPCs by 11%. Reported transfer intentions in response to windfalls suggest that public payments crowd out private transfers, partly accounting for the higher MPCs in the public windfall case.

     

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    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/254260
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / lnstitute for Fiscal Studies ; 22, 10
    Schlagworte: spending; transfers; MPCs; survey experiment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 13 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Household responses to trade shocks
    Erschienen: 23 March 2023
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP18018
    Schlagworte: Import Competition; Families; Labour Supply; Added-Worker Effects
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten)
  24. Regression with an imputed dependent variable
    Erschienen: [2019]
    Verlag:  Institute for Social and Economic Research, [Colchester]

    Researchers are often interested in the relationship between two variables, with no single data set containing both. A common strategy is to use proxies for the dependent variable that are common to two surveys to impute the dependent variable into... mehr

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    Researchers are often interested in the relationship between two variables, with no single data set containing both. A common strategy is to use proxies for the dependent variable that are common to two surveys to impute the dependent variable into the data set containing the independent variable. We show that commonly employed regression or matching-based imputation procedures lead to inconsistent estimates. We offer an easily-implemented correction and correct asymptotic standard errors. We illustrate these with Monte Carlo experiments and empirical examples using data from the US Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE) and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID).

     

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    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/227777
    Schriftenreihe: ISER working paper series ; no. 2019, 07 (June 2019)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Regression with an imputed dependent variable
    Erschienen: 24 Jun 2019
    Verlag:  The Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    Researchers are often interested in the relationship between two variables, with no single data set containing both. A common strategy is to use proxies for the dependent variable that are common to two surveys to impute the dependent variable into... mehr

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    Researchers are often interested in the relationship between two variables, with no single data set containing both. A common strategy is to use proxies for the dependent variable that are common to two surveys to impute the dependent variable into the data set containing the independent variable. We show that commonly employed regression or matching-based imputation procedures lead to inconsistent estimates. We offer an easily-implemented correction and correct asymptotic standard errors. We illustrate these with Monte Carlo experiments and empirical examples using data from the US Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE) and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID).

     

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    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/223260
    Schriftenreihe: IFS working paper ; W19, 16
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen