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  1. A short history of the gender wage gap in Britain
    Erschienen: May 2020
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    After shrinking dramatically during World War Two the gender wage gap (GWG) narrowed again in the early 1970s due to the Equal Pay Act. The GWG has closed across birth cohorts at all points in the adult life-cycle but remains. Within birth cohort it... mehr

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    After shrinking dramatically during World War Two the gender wage gap (GWG) narrowed again in the early 1970s due to the Equal Pay Act. The GWG has closed across birth cohorts at all points in the adult life-cycle but remains. Within birth cohort it rises to middle age before falling again. Among those born in 1958, the raw GWG was 16 percentage points among workers aged 23, rising to 35 percentage points at 42. Among those born in 1970 the gaps were 9 and 31 percentage points at age 26 and age 42 respectively. Differences in men's and women's work experience in mid-life account for much but not all of the raw gap in both cohorts. The GWG is a little larger early in the life cycle when accounting for non-random selection into employment but selection plays no role later in life. Policy options for closing the remaining gap are considered.

     

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    hdl: 10419/223731
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 13289
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Accounting for firms in ethnicity wage gaps throughout the earnings distribution
    Erschienen: May 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Ethnicity wage gaps in Great Britain are large and have persisted over time. Previous studies of these gaps have been almost exclusively confined to analyses of household data, so they could not account for the role played by individual employers,... mehr

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    Ethnicity wage gaps in Great Britain are large and have persisted over time. Previous studies of these gaps have been almost exclusively confined to analyses of household data, so they could not account for the role played by individual employers, despite growing evidence of their wage-setting power. We study ethnicity wage gaps using high quality employer-employee payroll data on jobs, hours, and earnings, linked with the personal and family characteristics of workers from the national census for England and Wales. We show that firm-specific wage effects account for sizeable parts of the estimated differences between the wages of white and ethnic minority workers at the mean and other points in the wage distribution, which would otherwise mostly have been attributed to differences in individual worker attributes, such as education levels, occupations, and locations. Nevertheless, there are substantial gaps between the wage structures of white and ethnic minority employees which cannot be accounted for by who people work for or other attributes, especially among higher earners.

     

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    hdl: 10419/263500
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15284
    Schlagworte: employer-employee data; unconditional quantile regression; decomposition methods; UK labour market
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. All-star or benchwarmer?
    relative age, cohort size and career success in the NHL
    Erschienen: 2014
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn

    We analyze the performance outcomes of National Hockey League (NHL) players over 18 seasons (1990-1991 to 2007-2008) as a function of the demographic conditions into which they were born. We have three main findings. First, larger birth cohorts... mehr

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    We analyze the performance outcomes of National Hockey League (NHL) players over 18 seasons (1990-1991 to 2007-2008) as a function of the demographic conditions into which they were born. We have three main findings. First, larger birth cohorts substantially affect careers. A player born into a large birth cohort can expect an earnings loss of roughly 18 percent over the course of an average career as compared to a small birth cohort counterpart. The loss in earnings is driven chiefly by supply-side factors in the form of excess cohort competition and not quality differences since the performance of players (as measured by point totals for non-goalies) is actually significantly greater for players born into large birth cohorts. Performance-adjusted wage losses for those born in large birth cohorts are therefore greater than the raw estimates would suggest. Second, career effects differ by relative age. Those born in early calendar months (January to April) are more likely to make it into the NHL, but display significantly lower performance across all birth cohorts than later calendar births. In short, those in the top echelon of NHL achievement are drawn from fatter cohorts and later relative age categories, consistent with the need to be of greater relative talent in order to overcome significant early barriers (biases) in achievement. We find league expansions increase entry level salaries including the salaries of those born into larger birth cohorts, but they do not affect salaries of older players. Finally we find that the 2004-05 lockout appears to have muted the differentials in pay for large birth cohort players relative to their smaller birth cohort counterparts.

     

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 8645
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (49 S.), graph. Darst.
  4. All-star or benchwarmer?
    relative age, cohort size and career success in the NHL
    Erschienen: [2014]
    Verlag:  National Institute of Economic and Social Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: NIESR discussion paper ; no. 441
    Schlagworte: age; cohort size; performance; salaries; career; NHL
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. All-star or benchwarmer?
    relative age, cohort size and career success in the NHL
    Erschienen: 2015
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Performance, London

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    Schriftenreihe: CEP discussion paper / Centre for Economic Performance ; 1327
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (49 S.), graph. Darst.
  6. Are firms paying more for performance?
    Erschienen: 2014
    Verlag:  National Inst. of Economic and Social Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: NIESR discussion paper / National Institute of Economic and Social Research ; 423
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (40 S.), graph. Darst.
  7. Are firms paying more for performance?
    Erschienen: 2014
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Performance, London

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    Schriftenreihe: CEP discussion paper / Centre for Economic Performance ; 1272
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (36 S.), graph. Darst.
  8. Are schools different?
    wellbeing and commitment among staff in schools and elsewhere
    Erschienen: April 2018
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn, Germany

    Using nationally representative linked employer-employee data for Britain in 2004 and 2011 we find school staff are more satisfied and more contented with their jobs than "like" employees in other workplaces. The differentials are largely accounted... mehr

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    Using nationally representative linked employer-employee data for Britain in 2004 and 2011 we find school staff are more satisfied and more contented with their jobs than "like" employees in other workplaces. The differentials are largely accounted for by the occupations school employees undertake and perceptions of job quality. School employees are also more committed to their organization than non-school employees, a difference that remains large and statistically significant having conditioned on job quality, human resource management practices (HRM), managerial style and other features of employees' working environment. Using panel data for workplaces and their employees observed in 2004 and 2011 we find increases in organizational commitment are linked to improvements in workplace performance in schools, but not in other workplaces.

     

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    hdl: 10419/180474
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 11456
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten)
  9. Are there day of the week productivity effects?
    Erschienen: 2007
    Verlag:  LSE, Centre for Economic Performance, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Manpower human resources lab papers ; 0004
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 44 S.), graph. Darst.
  10. Are women doing it for themselves?
    gender segregation and the gender wage gap
    Erschienen: September 2019
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Using matched employer-employee data from the 2004 and 2011 Workplace Employment Relations Surveys (WERS) for Britain we find a raw gender wage gap (GWG) in hourly wages of around 0.18-0.21 log points. The regression-adjusted gap is around half that.... mehr

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    Using matched employer-employee data from the 2004 and 2011 Workplace Employment Relations Surveys (WERS) for Britain we find a raw gender wage gap (GWG) in hourly wages of around 0.18-0.21 log points. The regression-adjusted gap is around half that. However, the GWG declines substantially with the increasing share of female managers in the workplace. The gap closes because women's wages rise with the share female managers in the workplace while men's wages fall. Panel and instrumental variables estimates suggest the share of female managers in the workplace has a causal impact in reducing the GWG. The role of female managers in closing the GWG is more pronounced when employees are paid for performance, consistent with the proposition that women are more likely to be paid equitably when managers have discretion in the way they reward performance and those managers are women. These findings suggest a stronger presence of women in managerial positions can help tackle the GWG.

     

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    hdl: 10419/207482
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 12657
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Are you happy while you work?
    Erschienen: 2012
    Verlag:  National Inst. of Economic and Social Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: NIESR discussion paper / National Institute of Economic and Social Research ; 403
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (29 S.), graph. Darst.
  12. Are you happy while you work?
    Erschienen: 2013
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Performance, London

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    Schriftenreihe: CEP discussion paper / Centre for Economic Performance ; 1187
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (25 S.), graph. Darst.
  13. Assessing the variance in pupil attainment
    how important is the school attended?
    Erschienen: February 2018
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn, Germany

    We explore the variation in pupil attainment at the end of secondary schooling in England. The paper links data on all schools and all pupils within these schools to analyse the role of the school in accounting for this variation. We analyse a number... mehr

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    We explore the variation in pupil attainment at the end of secondary schooling in England. The paper links data on all schools and all pupils within these schools to analyse the role of the school in accounting for this variation. We analyse a number of different indicators of pupil attainment including value added between the end of primary and secondary schooling and attainment levels at the end of secondary schooling. We examine indicators that were the focus of the school accounting framework as well as others indicators that were not directly part of how schools were assessed. We show that schools account for a minority of the variance in pupil attainment, and the extent of the variation accounted for by the school is sensitive to the measure of pupil attainment used. In addition, we find that the majority of the explained school level variance in attainment is related to school composition. However, most of the variance in pupil attainment remains unexplained, raising questions about what other factors contribute to the variation in school performance.

     

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    hdl: 10419/177176
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / IZA ; no. 11372
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten)
  14. Biden, COVID and Mental Health in America
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Using US Census Household Pulse Survey data for the period April 2020 to June 2021 we track the evolution of the mental health of nearly 2.3 million Americans during the COVID pandemic. We find anxiety, depression and worry peaked in November 2020,... mehr

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    Using US Census Household Pulse Survey data for the period April 2020 to June 2021 we track the evolution of the mental health of nearly 2.3 million Americans during the COVID pandemic. We find anxiety, depression and worry peaked in November 2020, coinciding with the Presidential election. The taking of prescription drugs for mental health conditions peaked two weeks later in December 2020. Mental health improved subsequently such that by April 2021 it was better than it had been a year previously. The probability of having been diagnosed with COVID did not rise significantly in the first half of 2021 but COVID infection rates were higher among the young than the old. COVID diagnoses were significantly lower in States that had voted for Biden in the Presidential Election. The probability of vaccination rose with age, was considerably higher in Biden states, and rose precipitously over the period among the young and old. Anxiety was higher among people in Biden states, whether they had been diagnosed or not, and whether they were vaccinated or not. The association between anxiety and depression and having had COVID was not significant in Biden or Trump states but being vaccinated was associated with lower anxiety and depression, with the effect being larger in Biden states. Whilst being in paid work was associated with lower anxiety, worry and depression and was associated with higher vaccination rates, it also increased the probability of having had COVID

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29040
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Gesundheitspolitik; Infektionsschutz; Psychische Krankheit; Impfung; Politische Einstellung; USA
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  15. CEO bonding
    who posts performance bonds and why?
    Erschienen: 2012
    Verlag:  National Inst. of Economic and Social Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: NIESR discussion paper / National Institute of Economic and Social Research ; 389
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 31 S.)
  16. CEO incentive contracts in China
    why does city location matter?
    Erschienen: 2012
    Verlag:  National Inst. of Economic and Social Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: NIESR discussion paper / National Institute of Economic and Social Research ; 402
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 35 S.), graph. Darst.
  17. CEO incentive contracts in China
    why does city location matter?
    Erschienen: 2013
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Performance, London

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    Schriftenreihe: CEP discussion paper / Centre for Economic Performance ; 1192
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (26 S.), graph. Darst.
  18. Can HRM improve schools' performance?
    Erschienen: February 2018
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn, Germany

    Evidence on schools' performance is confined to comparisons across schools, usually based on value-added measures. We adopt an alternative approach comparing schools to observationally equivalent workplaces in the rest of the British economy using... mehr

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    Evidence on schools' performance is confined to comparisons across schools, usually based on value-added measures. We adopt an alternative approach comparing schools to observationally equivalent workplaces in the rest of the British economy using measures of workplace performance that are common across all workplaces. We focus on the role played by management practices in explaining differences in the performance of schools versus other workplaces, and performance across the schools' sector. We find intensive use of HRM practices is correlated with substantial improvement in workplace performance, both among schools and other workplaces. However, the types of practices that improve school performance are different from those that improve performance elsewhere in the economy. Furthermore, in contrast to the linear returns to HRM intensity in most workplaces, improvements in schools' performance are an increasing function of HRM intensity.

     

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    hdl: 10419/177152
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / IZA ; no. 11348
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Causal effects of an absent crowd on performances and refereeing decisions during COVID-19
    Erschienen: December 2020
    Verlag:  National Institute of Economic and Social Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: NIESR discussion paper ; no. 524 (11 December 2020)
    Schlagworte: attendance; coronavirus; covid-19; home advantage; natural experiments; referee bias; social pressure
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Changes over time in union relative wage effects in the UK and the US revisited
    Erschienen: 2002
    Verlag:  NBER, Cambridge, Mass.

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; 9395
    Schlagworte: Lohn; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft; USA; Großbritannien; Labor unions; Labor unions; Wages; Wages
    Umfang: 36, [29] S, graph. Darst
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    Literaturverz

  21. Competition and the retreat from collective bargaining
    Erschienen: 2008
    Verlag:  Univ. of Cambridge, Dep. of Applied Economics, Faculty of Economics, Cambridge

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    Schriftenreihe: Cambridge working papers in economics ; 0831
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 26 S.), graph. Darst.
  22. Creative disruption
    technology innovation, labour demand and the pandemic
    Erschienen: November 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We utilize a new survey on Norwegian firms' digitalization and technology investments, linked to population-wide register data, to show that the pandemic massively disrupted the technology investment plans of firms, not only postponing investments,... mehr

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    We utilize a new survey on Norwegian firms' digitalization and technology investments, linked to population-wide register data, to show that the pandemic massively disrupted the technology investment plans of firms, not only postponing investments, but also introducing new technologies. More productive firms innovated, while less productive firms postponed investments. Most innovations were permanent, not due to acceleration of existing plans, thus the pandemic yields longterm influence in directions unanticipated before the pandemic. The new technologies are associated with increased labour demand for skilled workers, and reduced demand for unskilled workers, particularly for the more productive firms.

     

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    hdl: 10419/272389
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15762
    Schlagworte: technology investments; digitalization; labour demand; pandemic; COVID-19
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Discrimination in a rank order contest
    evidence from the NFL draft
    Erschienen: August 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper examines discrimination in the NFL draft. The NFL is a favourable empirical setting to examine the role of skin colour because franchise selectors are required to make rank-order judgements of players based on noisy signals of future... mehr

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    This paper examines discrimination in the NFL draft. The NFL is a favourable empirical setting to examine the role of skin colour because franchise selectors are required to make rank-order judgements of players based on noisy signals of future productivity. Since wages are tightly related to the rank-order of the draft for the first four years of a player's career, even if discrimination plays only a marginal role in selection, there could be a large discriminatory impact. We observe large unadjusted racial differences in drafting. However, much of the variation is explained by Black and White players selecting into different playing positions. Conditional upon a large set of control variables, including athletic performance at a marque selection event (the NFL combine), we do not find robust evidence of racial discrimination in NFL drafting between 2000 and 2018.

     

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    hdl: 10419/265694
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15473
    Schlagworte: discrimination; race; NFL
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Do higher wages come at a price?
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Performance, London

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    Schriftenreihe: CEP discussion paper / Centre for Economic Performance ; 1011
    Schlagworte: Arbeitskräfte; Lohnniveau; Arbeitszufriedenheit; Beschäftigungssicherung
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 19 S.), graph. Darst.
  25. Do higher wages come at a price?
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  National Inst. of Economic and Social Research, London

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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Schriftenreihe: NIESR discussion paper / National Institute of Economic and Social Research ; 371
    Schlagworte: Arbeitskräfte; Lohnniveau; Arbeitszufriedenheit; Beschäftigungssicherung
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (25 S.)