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  1. Inequality in Mortality between Black and White Americans by Age, Place, and Cause, and in Comparison to Europe, 1990-2018

    Although there is a large gap between Black and White American life expectancies, the gap fell 48.9% between 1990-2018, mainly due to mortality declines among Black Americans. We examine age-specific mortality trends and racial gaps in life... mehr

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    Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) / Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universitätsbibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Although there is a large gap between Black and White American life expectancies, the gap fell 48.9% between 1990-2018, mainly due to mortality declines among Black Americans. We examine age-specific mortality trends and racial gaps in life expectancy in rich and poor U.S. areas and with reference to six European countries Inequalities in life expectancy are starker in the U.S. than in Europe. In 1990 White Americans and Europeans in rich areas had similar overall life expectancy, while life expectancy for White Americans in poor areas was lower. But since then even rich White Americans have lost ground relative to Europeans. Meanwhile, the gap in life expectancy between Black Americans and Europeans decreased by 8.3% Black life expectancy increased more than White life expectancy in all U.S. areas, but improvements in poorer areas had the greatest impact on the racial life expectancy gap. The causes that contributed the most to Black mortality reductions included: Cancer, homicide, HIV, and causes originating in the fetal or infant period Life expectancy for both Black and White Americans plateaued or slightly declined after 2012, but this stalling was most evident among Black Americans even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. If improvements had continued at the 1990-2012 rate, the racial gap in life expectancy would have closed by 2036. European life expectancy also stalled after 2014. Still, the comparison with Europe suggests that mortality rates of both Black and White Americans could fall much further across all ages and in both rich and poor areas

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w29203
    Schlagworte: Sterblichkeit; Schwarze Menschen; Weiße; Vergleich; USA; Europa
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  2. Inequality in mortality between black and white Americans by age, place, and cause, and in comparison to Europe, 1990-2018

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP16589
    Schlagworte: Life expectancy; racial disparity; area-level socioeconomic status; international comparison;
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Inequality in mortality between Black and White Americans by age, place, and cause, and in comparison to Europe, 1990-2018

    Although there is a large gap between Black and White American life expectancies, the gap fell 48.9% between 1990-2018, mainly due to mortality declines among Black Americans. We examine age-specific mortality trends and racial gaps in life... mehr

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    Although there is a large gap between Black and White American life expectancies, the gap fell 48.9% between 1990-2018, mainly due to mortality declines among Black Americans. We examine age-specific mortality trends and racial gaps in life expectancy in rich and poor U.S. areas and with reference to six European countries. Inequalities in life expectancy are starker in the U.S. than in Europe. In 1990 White Americans and Europeans in rich areas had similar overall life expectancy, while life expectancy for White Americans in poor areas was lower. But since then even rich White Americans have lost ground relative to Europeans. Meanwhile, the gap in life expectancy between Black Americans and Europeans decreased by 8.3%. Black life expectancy increased more than White life expectancy in all U.S. areas, but improvements in poorer areas had the greatest impact on the racial life expectancy gap. The causes that contributed the most to Black mortality reductions included: Cancer, homicide, HIV, and causes originating in the fetal or infant period. Life expectancy for both Black and White Americans plateaued or slightly declined after 2012, but this stalling was most evident among Black Americans even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. If improvements had continued at the 1990-2012 rate, the racial gap in life expectancy would have closed by 2036. European life expectancy also stalled after 2014. Still, the comparison with Europe suggests that mortality rates of both Black and White Americans could fall much further across all ages and in both rich and poor areas. Significance Statement From 1990-2018, the Black-White life expectancy gap fell 48.9% though progress stalled after 2012 as life expectancy plateaued or declined. If improvements had continued at the 1990-2012 rate, the racial gap in life expectancy would have closed by 2036. Black life expectancy in 1990 started below European or White American levels but grew at a faster rate: the gap between Europeans and Black Americans decreased by 8.3% between 1990-2018. In 1990 White Americans and Europeans in rich areas had similar life expectancy, while White Americans in poor areas had lower life expectancy than poor Europeans. But all White Americans have lost ground relative to Europeans. Current incomebased life expectancy gaps are starker in the U.S. than in comparable European countries.

     

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    hdl: 10419/245796
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14745
    Schlagworte: life expectancy; racial disparity; area-level socioeconomic status; international comparison
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Income inequality and mortality
    a Norwegian perspective
    Erschienen: January 2021
    Verlag:  Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen

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    hdl: 11250/2724874
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / Department of Economics ; SAM 2021, 04
    Schlagworte: Einkommensverteilung; Sterblichkeit; Norwegen
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Changes in urban wages, jobs, and workers from 1958-2017
    Erschienen: May 2022
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    We analyze the change in the urban wage premium over the last 60 years. We focus on differences by gender and skill levels, with an emphasis on changes throughout the earnings distribution. We assess the importance of both changing selection into... mehr

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    We analyze the change in the urban wage premium over the last 60 years. We focus on differences by gender and skill levels, with an emphasis on changes throughout the earnings distribution. We assess the importance of both changing selection into urban areas, as well as the importance of shifts in demand for skills. Both forces explain the dramatic drop in urban premium. Event study analysis reveals that the positive selection into urban mobility declines over time. Among men at the bottom of the distribution, changes in selection are key in accounting for the collapse of the urban wage premium.

     

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    hdl: 10419/263696
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9766 (2022)
    Schlagworte: Lohnstruktur; Ballungsraum; Agglomerationseffekt; Städtischer Arbeitsmarkt; Arbeitsmigranten; Norwegen
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Natural resources, demand for skills, and schooling choices
    Erschienen: July 2023
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper studies the consequences of the buildup of a new economic sector - the Norwegian petroleum industry - on investment in human capital. We assess both short-term and long-term effects for a broad set of educational margins, by comparing... mehr

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    This paper studies the consequences of the buildup of a new economic sector - the Norwegian petroleum industry - on investment in human capital. We assess both short-term and long-term effects for a broad set of educational margins, by comparing individuals in regions exposed to the new sector with individuals in unexposed regions. Importantly, we analyze how the effects and the mechanisms change as the sector develops. Our results indicate that an initial increase in the high school dropout rate is short-lived both because dropouts get their degrees later as adults, and because later-born cohorts adapt to the new needs of the industry by enrolling more in vocational secondary education. We also observe a decrease in academic high school and college enrollment except for engineering degrees. Financial incentives to both completing high school and field of study, are the most likely channels driving these effects.

     

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    hdl: 10419/278984
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16286
    Schlagworte: Bildungsinvestition; Schulauswahl; Qualifikation; Technischer Fortschritt; Arbeitsnachfrage; Erdölgewinnung; Norwegen; human capital; labor markets and school enrollment; education; skill-biased technical change
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Natural resources, demand for skills, and schooling choices
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway

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    hdl: 11250/3075274
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / NHH, Department of Economics ; SAM 2023, 15 (June 2023)
    Schlagworte: Bildungsinvestition; Schulauswahl; Qualifikation; Technischer Fortschritt; Arbeitsnachfrage; Erdölgewinnung; Norwegen
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten)
  8. Disease control and inequality reduction
    evidence from a tuberculosis testing and vaccination campaign
    Erschienen: July 2018
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn, Germany

    This paper examines the economic impact of a tuberculosis control program launched in Norway in 1948. In the 1940s, Norway had one of the highest tuberculosis infection rates in Europe, affecting about 85 percent of the inhabitants. To lower the... mehr

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    This paper examines the economic impact of a tuberculosis control program launched in Norway in 1948. In the 1940s, Norway had one of the highest tuberculosis infection rates in Europe, affecting about 85 percent of the inhabitants. To lower the disease burden, the Norwegian government launched a large-scale tuberculosis testing and vaccination campaign that substantially reduced tuberculosis infection rates among children. We find that cohorts in school during and after the campaign in municipalities with high tuberculosis prevalence gained more in terms of education, earnings, longevity, and height following this public health intervention. Furthermore, the gains from the disease control program are not limited to the initially treated cohorts but also affect their children. The results also suggest that individuals from a low socioeconomic background benefited more from the intervention and we present new evidence that a narrowing of the gap in childhood health can lead to a reduction in socioeconomic inequalities in adulthood.

     

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    hdl: 10419/185169
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 11709
    Schlagworte: Gesundheitsvorsorge; Infektionskrankheit; Wirkungsanalyse
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 67 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Breaking the links
    natural resource booms and intergenerational mobility
    Erschienen: September 2018
    Verlag:  Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Economics, Bergen

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 11250/2561651
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion papers / Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Economics ; 2018, 19
    Schlagworte: Erdölgewinnung; Erdölpolitik; Schock; Soziale Mobilität; Intergenerationenmobilität; Kohortenanalyse; Norwegen
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 84 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. The role of parenthood on the gender gap among top earners
    Erschienen: April 2018
    Verlag:  Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Economics, Bergen

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    hdl: 11250/2497041
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion papers / Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Economics ; 2018, 9
    Schlagworte: Fraueneinkommen; Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte; Berufsgruppe; Mütter; Geschlechterdiskriminierung; Norwegen; Geschlechterunterschiede
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Long-term consequences of access to well-child visits
    Erschienen: 2015
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn

    A growing literature documents the positive long-term effects of policy-induced improvements in early-life health and nutrition. However, there is still scarce evidence on early-life health programs targeting a large share of the population and the... mehr

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    A growing literature documents the positive long-term effects of policy-induced improvements in early-life health and nutrition. However, there is still scarce evidence on early-life health programs targeting a large share of the population and the role of such programs in increasing intergenerational mobility. This paper uses the rollout of mother and child health care centers in Norway, which commenced in the 1930s, to study the long-term consequences of increasing access to well-child visits. These well-child visits included a physical examination and the provision of information about adequate infant nutrition. Our results indicate that access to mother and child health care centers had a positive effect on education and earnings: access in the first year of life increased the completed years of schooling by 0.15 years and earnings by two percent. The effects were stronger for children from a low socioeconomic background. In addition, we find that individuals suffer from fewer health risks at age 40 and positive effects on adult height, which support the fact that better nutrition within the first year of life is the likely mechanism behind our findings. While there is increasing knowledge on the benefits of various types of early childhood programs, the costs are often neglected, making it hard to compare different programs. We add to this by showing that investments in mother and child health care centers pass a simple cost-benefit analysis.

     

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    hdl: 10419/126634
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 9546
    Schlagworte: Gesundheitsvorsorge; Kinder; Schulbesuch; Lebenseinkommen; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse; Norwegen
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (40 S.), graph. Darst., Kt.
  12. Natural resources, demand for skills, and schooling choices
    Erschienen: June 2023
    Verlag:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    This paper studies the consequences of the buildup of a new economic sector-the Norwegian petroleum industry-on investment in human capital. We assess both short-term and long-term effects for a broad set of educational margins, by comparing... mehr

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    This paper studies the consequences of the buildup of a new economic sector-the Norwegian petroleum industry-on investment in human capital. We assess both short-term and long-term effects for a broad set of educational margins, by comparing individuals in regions exposed to the new sector with individuals in unexposed regions. Importantly, we analyze how the effects and the mechanisms change as the sector develops. Our results indicate that an initial increase in the high school dropout rate is short-lived both because dropouts get their degrees later as adults, and because later-born cohorts adapt to the new needs of the industry by enrolling more in vocational secondary education. We also observe a decrease in academic high school and college enrollment except for engineering degrees. Financial incentives to both completing high school and field of study, are the most likely channels driving these effects.

     

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    hdl: 10419/279293
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working papers ; 10543 (2023)
    Schlagworte: Bildungsinvestition; Schulauswahl; Qualifikation; Technischer Fortschritt; Arbeitsnachfrage; Erdölgewinnung; Norwegen; school choice; demand for skills; natural resource sector
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Long-term consequences of acess to well-child visits
    Erschienen: 2015
    Verlag:  Department of Economics, University of Bergen, Bergen

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    Schriftenreihe: Working papers in economics / Department of Economics, University of Bergen ; 15,09
    Schlagworte: Gesundheitsvorsorge; Kinder; Schulbesuch; Lebenseinkommen; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse; Norwegen
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (42 S.)
  14. Childhood nutrition and labor market outcomes
    evidence from a school breakfast program
    Erschienen: October 2016
    Verlag:  Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Economics, Bergen

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    hdl: 11250/2423513
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion papers / Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Economics ; 2016, 15
    Schlagworte: Schüler; Gemeinschaftsverpflegung; Bildungsabschluss; Einkommen; Kohortenanalyse; Norwegen
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Long-term consequences of access to well-child visits
    Erschienen: 2015
    Verlag:  Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Dep. of Economics, Bergen

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    hdl: 11250/2366609
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Economics ; 2015,29
    Schlagworte: Gesundheitsvorsorge; Kinder; Schulbesuch; Lebenseinkommen; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse; Norwegen
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (47 S.)
  16. Disease control and inequality reduction
    evidence from a tuberculosis testing and vaccination campaign
    Erschienen: 2015
    Verlag:  Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Dep. of Economics, Bergen

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    hdl: 11250/2366588
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Economics ; 2015,28
    Schlagworte: Gesundheitsvorsorge; Infektionskrankheit; Wirkungsanalyse
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (50 S.)