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  1. Personnel adjustments during the Covid-19 pandemic
    did co-determination make a difference?
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute for Economics, [Nürnberg]

    Using a unique dataset of establishments in Germany surveyed during the Covid-19 pandemic, this study investigates whether personnel adjustments during the crisis differed between establishments with and without a works council. Our regression... mehr

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    Using a unique dataset of establishments in Germany surveyed during the Covid-19 pandemic, this study investigates whether personnel adjustments during the crisis differed between establishments with and without a works council. Our regression analyses show that the hiring and dismissal rate as well as the churning rate were lower in establishments with a works council. In contrast, the net employment growth rate over the pandemic and the implementation of short-time work did not differ significantly between establishments with and without a works council. We conclude that worker co-determination did indeed make a difference in terms of higher employment stability for the incumbent workforce during the pandemic. Anhand einer Befragung von Betrieben in Deutschland während der Covid-19-Pandemie untersucht diese Studie, ob sich die Personalanpassungen während der Krise zwischen Betrieben mit und ohne Betriebsrat unterschieden. Unsere Regressionsanalysen zeigen, dass die Einstellungs- und Entlassungsraten wie auch die Churning-Rate in Betrieben mit Betriebsrat geringer ausfielen. Dagegen unterschieden sich die Netto-Wachstumsrate der Beschäftigung und die Inanspruchnahme von Kurzarbeit nicht signifikant zwischen Betrieben mit und ohne Betriebsrat. Wir schlussfolgern, dass in der Pandemie Arbeitnehmermitbestimmung tatsächlich einen Unterschied für die Beschäftigungsstabilität der vorhandenen Mitarbeiter/-innen machte.

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/247432
    Schriftenreihe: FAU discussion papers in economics ; no. 2021, 07
    Schlagworte: works councils; co-determination; personnel adjustments; Covid-19 pandemic
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten)
  2. Membership in employers' associations and collective bargaining coverage in Germany
    Autor*in: Jirjahn, Uwe
    Erschienen: October 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    While there is a strong overlap between membership in employers' associations and collective bargaining coverage, the overlap is far from being perfect. Using unique firm-level data from Germany, this study estimates the determinants of the... mehr

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    While there is a strong overlap between membership in employers' associations and collective bargaining coverage, the overlap is far from being perfect. Using unique firm-level data from Germany, this study estimates the determinants of the membership in employers' associations and the coverage by industry-level or firm-level agreements. The analysis particularly focuses on the various constellations of membership and collective bargaining status. The results show that firm-level worker representation, foreign ownership, work organization, firm size, age and East-West differences are important determinants. Altogether, the analysis demonstrates that a more differentiated picture of industrial relations can be obtained by considering both membership in employers' associations and collective bargaining coverage.

     

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    hdl: 10419/250444
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14783
    Schlagworte: employers' associations; industry-level bargaining; firm-level bargaining; foreign ownership; works councils; union density
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten)
  3. Membership in employers' associations and collective bargaining coverage in Germany
    Autor*in: Jirjahn, Uwe
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    While there is a strong overlap between membership in employers' associations and collective bargaining coverage, the overlap is far from being perfect. Using unique firm-level data from Germany, this study estimates the determinants of the... mehr

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    While there is a strong overlap between membership in employers' associations and collective bargaining coverage, the overlap is far from being perfect. Using unique firm-level data from Germany, this study estimates the determinants of the membership in employers' associations and the coverage by industry-level or firm-level agreements. The analysis particularly focuses on the various constellations of membership and collective bargaining status. The results show that firm-level worker representation, foreign ownership, work organization, firm size, age and East-West differences are important determinants. Altogether, the analysis demonstrates that a more differentiated picture of industrial relations can be obtained by considering both membership in employers' associations and collective bargaining coverage.

     

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    hdl: 10419/243141
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 954
    Schlagworte: Employers' associations; industry-level bargaining; firm-level bargaining; foreign ownership; works councils; union density
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten)
  4. Personnel adjustments during the Covid-19 pandemic
    did co-determination make a difference?
    Erschienen: November 2021
    Verlag:  Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für VWL, insbes. Arbeitsmarkt- und Regionalpolitik, [Erlangen-Nürnberg]

    Using a unique dataset of establishments in Germany surveyed during the Covid-19 pandemic, this study investigates whether personnel adjustments during the crisis differed between establishments with and without a works council. Our regression... mehr

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    Using a unique dataset of establishments in Germany surveyed during the Covid-19 pandemic, this study investigates whether personnel adjustments during the crisis differed between establishments with and without a works council. Our regression analyses show that the hiring and dismissal rate as well as the churning rate were lower in establishments with a works council. In contrast, the net employment growth rate over the pandemic and the implementation of short-time work did not differ significantly between establishments with and without a works council. We conclude that worker co-determination did indeed make a difference in terms of higher employment stability for the incumbent workforce during the pandemic. Anhand einer Befragung von Betrieben in Deutschland während der Covid-19-Pandemie untersucht diese Studie, ob sich die Personalanpassungen während der Krise zwischen Betrieben mit und ohne Betriebsrat unterschieden. Unsere Regressionsanalysen zeigen, dass die Einstellungs- und Entlassungsraten wie auch die Churning-Rate in Betrieben mit Betriebsrat geringer ausfielen. Dagegen unterschieden sich die Netto-Wachstumsrate der Beschäftigung und die Inanspruchnahme von Kurzarbeit nicht signifikant zwischen Betrieben mit und ohne Betriebsrat. Wir schlussfolgern, dass in der Pandemie Arbeitnehmermitbestimmung tatsächlich einen Unterschied für die Beschäftigungsstabilität der vorhandenen Mitarbeiter/-innen machte.

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/248109
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion papers / Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für VWL, insbes. Arbeitsmarkt- und Regionalpolitik ; no. 121
    Schlagworte: works councils; co-determination; personnel adjustments; Covid-19 pandemic
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten)
  5. German workforce adaption to digitalization
    Autor*in: Genz, Sabrina
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen

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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Beteiligt: Schnabel, Claus (AkademischeR BetreuerIn)
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Dissertation
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    Schlagworte: digitalization; employment; occupations; wages; works councils
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 103 Seiten), Illustrationen
    Bemerkung(en):

    Dissertation, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2021

  6. Personnel adjustments during the COVID-19 pandemic: did co-determination make a difference?
    Erschienen: November 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Using a unique dataset of establishments in Germany surveyed during the Covid-19 pandemic, this study investigates whether personnel adjustments during the crisis differed between establishments with and without a works council. Our regression... mehr

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    Using a unique dataset of establishments in Germany surveyed during the Covid-19 pandemic, this study investigates whether personnel adjustments during the crisis differed between establishments with and without a works council. Our regression analyses show that the hiring and dismissal rate as well as the churning rate were lower in establishments with a works council. In contrast, the net employment growth rate over the pandemic and the implementation of short-time work did not differ significantly between establishments with and without a works council. We conclude that worker co-determination did indeed make a difference in terms of higher employment stability for the incumbent workforce during the pandemic.

     

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    hdl: 10419/250534
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14873
    Schlagworte: works councils; co-determination; personnel adjustments; COVID-19; pandemic
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Reconciling the opposing economic effects of works councils across databases
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Recent studies on the economic effects of works councils in Germany using the European Company Survey estimate a significant negative effect of works councils on establishment productivity and profitability. These results are in stark contrast to... mehr

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    Recent studies on the economic effects of works councils in Germany using the European Company Survey estimate a significant negative effect of works councils on establishment productivity and profitability. These results are in stark contrast to studies using the IAB Establishment Panel estimating a significant positive effect of works councils on establishment productivity and profitability. This article scrutinises these empirical approaches. While sample selection and control variables have a substantial impact on the magnitude of marginal effects, the definition of the dependent variable as an objective or subjective measure causes the opposing signs. Beyond that, similar measures in both datasets lead to comparable marginal effects highlighting the relevance of the definition of the dependent variable for inferences and interpretation of studies about the effectiveness of industrial relations institutions and raising questions about the validity of the performance measures.

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
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    hdl: 10419/235699
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 895
    Schlagworte: works councils; codetermination; profitability
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten)
  8. Wage determination in the shadow of the law
    the case of works councilors in Germany
    Erschienen: February 2021
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    The German law on co-determination at the plant level (Betriebsverfassungsgesetz) stipulates that works councilors are neither to be financially rewarded nor penalized for their activities. This regulation contrasts with publicized instances of... mehr

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    The German law on co-determination at the plant level (Betriebsverfassungsgesetz) stipulates that works councilors are neither to be financially rewarded nor penalized for their activities. This regulation contrasts with publicized instances of excessive payments. The divergence has sparked a debate about the need to reform the law. This paper provides representative evidence on wage payments to works councilors for the period 2001 to 2015. We find wage premia of 2% to 6% in OLS-specifications, which are more pronounced for long-term works councilors. Moreover, we observe no wage premia in linear fixed-effects panel data specifications, suggesting that the OLS-results capture the effect of selection into works councillorship. We obtain no evidence for a delayed compensation or a special treatment of works councillors released from work. Hence, our results indicate that payments to works councilors are broadly in line with legal regulations.

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/235293
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 8923 (2021)
    Schlagworte: labor law; wages; works councils; Socio-economic Panel (SOEP)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Measuring work and workers
    wearables and digital assistance systems in manufacturing and logistics
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin, Germany

    The smart glove or smart data glasses: Digitalization of work means that technology is moving closer to the bodies of employees. It can make movements, vital signs and even emotions visible. Technologies which many people use privately to monitor... mehr

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    The smart glove or smart data glasses: Digitalization of work means that technology is moving closer to the bodies of employees. It can make movements, vital signs and even emotions visible. Technologies which many people use privately to monitor their sporting activities or health opens up a new dimension of control in the workplace, but also the possibility of supporting employees in complex work processes. Based on case studies of companies in manufacturing and logistics as well as a survey of employees, this study provides insights into operational use cases of wearables and the assessments of employees. It reveals contradictory experiences and a high importance of co-determination and co-design of new technologies by employees and works councils as a condition for using new technologies for improving work quality. Der intelligente Arbeitshandschuh oder die smarte Brille: Mit der Digitalisierung rückt Technologie eng an den Körper der Beschäftigten. Bewegungen, Vitalzeichen und selbst Emotionen können damit sichtbar werden. Was viele privat gerne nutzen zur Kontrolle von sportlichen Aktivitäten oder dem Monitoring der Gesundheit, eröffnet am Arbeitsplatz eine neue Dimension der Kontrolle, aber auch die Möglichkeit der Unterstützung der Beschäftigten in komplexen Arbeitsprozessen. Basierend auf Fallstudien von Unternehmen in der Fertigung und Logistik sowie einer Befragung von Beschäftigten gibt die Studie Einblicke in betriebliche Anwendungsfälle von Wearables und die Einschätzungen von Beschäftigten. Es zeigen sich widersprüchliche Erfahrungen und eine hohe Bedeutung der Mitbestimmung und der Mitgestaltung neuer Technologien durch Beschäftigte und Betriebsräte.

     

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    hdl: 10419/251912
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Research Area: Digitalization and Societal Transformation, Research Group: Globalization, Work, and Production ; SP III 2022, 301 (March 2022)
    Schlagworte: Technological change; digitalization; manufacturing; logistics; work organization; skills; works councils; Technologischer Wandel; Digitalisierung; Fertigung; Logistik; Arbeitsorganisation; Qualifikationen; Betriebsräte
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 116 Seiten)
  10. Works councils
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    This chapter reviews the economic effects of employee representation with statutory consultation and information rights at the workplace, the works councils. The chapter summarises the international literature which is heavily skewed towards the... mehr

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    This chapter reviews the economic effects of employee representation with statutory consultation and information rights at the workplace, the works councils. The chapter summarises the international literature which is heavily skewed towards the German case. This review focuses, first, on the mechanisms that enable the productivity enhancing role of works councils. Second, the review discusses the context factors that hamper or facilitate the productivity enhancing role of works councils. The chapter will start discussing the economic consequences of German works councils and then review the evidence obtained from other countries.

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/259295
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1103
    Schlagworte: works councils; codetermination; consultation; productivity; management practices
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten)
  11. Organised labour, labour market imperfections, and employer wage premia
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) - Member of the Leibniz Association, Halle (Saale), Germany

    This paper examines how collective bargaining through unions and workplace codetermination through works councils shape labour market imperfections and how labour market imperfections matter for employer wage premia. Based on representative German... mehr

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    This paper examines how collective bargaining through unions and workplace codetermination through works councils shape labour market imperfections and how labour market imperfections matter for employer wage premia. Based on representative German plant data for the years 1999–2016, we document that employer monopsony involving below competitive wages is far more prevalent than the contrary worker monopoly. We further find a smaller prevalence and intensity of employer monopsony when unions or works councils are present and the opposite for worker monopoly. Finally, we document a close link between labour market imperfections and employer wage premia. The presence and intensity of employer monopsony are associated with a lower level and larger dispersion of premia, whereas more intense worker monopoly is accompanied by a higher level only.

     

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    hdl: 10419/264394
    Schriftenreihe: IWH discussion papers ; 2022, no. 20 (September 2022)
    Schlagworte: collective wage agreements; employer monopsony; employer wage premia; worker monopoly; works councils
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (III, 55 Seiten, 2,55 MB)
  12. Works councils as gatekeepers
    codetermination, monitoring practices, and job satisfaction
    Erschienen: February 2023
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper analyzes the role of works councils as gatekeepers safeguarding employee's interests in the adoption of monitoring practices. We first introduce a formal model predicting that (i) the introduction of monitoring practices leads to a... mehr

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    This paper analyzes the role of works councils as gatekeepers safeguarding employee's interests in the adoption of monitoring practices. We first introduce a formal model predicting that (i) the introduction of monitoring practices leads to a stronger increase (or weaker decrease) in job satisfaction when a works council is in place, (ii) that this effect should be larger the lower the prior level of employee participation and (iii) that works councils increase the likelihood of the implementation of monitoring practices at the level of individual employees. We provide evidence in line with these hypotheses using linked-employer-employee panel data from Germany. We indeed find that the adoption of formal performance appraisals and feedback interviews is associated with a significantly larger increase in job satisfaction when there is a works council. This pattern is driven by establishments without collective bargaining agreements. The evidence also suggests that works councils indeed facilitate the implementation of monitoring practices, as codetermined firms have a higher likelihood that a practice implemented on the firm level is actually applied by middle management.

     

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    hdl: 10419/272583
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15956
    Schlagworte: works councils; codetermination; performance appraisal; feedback interview; job satisfaction; linked employer-employee data
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten)
  13. Wage determination in the shadow of the law: the case of works councilors in Germany
    Erschienen: February 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The German law on co-determination at the plant level (Betriebsverfassungsgesetz) stipulates that works councilors are neither to be financially rewarded nor penalized for their activities. This regulation contrasts with publicized instances of... mehr

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    The German law on co-determination at the plant level (Betriebsverfassungsgesetz) stipulates that works councilors are neither to be financially rewarded nor penalized for their activities. This regulation contrasts with publicized instances of excessive payments. The divergence has sparked a debate about the need to reform the law. This paper provides representative evidence on wage payments to works councilors for the period 2001 to 2015. We find wage premia of 2% to 6% in OLS-specifications, which are more pronounced for long-term works councilors. Moreover, we observe no wage premia in linear fixed-effects panel data specifications, suggesting that the OLS-results capture the effect of selection into works councillorship. We obtain no evidence for a delayed compensation or a special treatment of works councilors released from work. Hence, our results indicate that payments to works councilors are broadly in line with legal regulations.

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/232895
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14143
    Schlagworte: labor law; wages; works councils; socio-economic panel (SOEP)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Can worker codetermination stabilize democracies?
    works councils and satisfaction with democracy in Germany
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Lüneburg

    Many citizens are relatively dissatisfied with the democratic regimes they live in, which can be a threat to political stability. This paper reports empirical evidence that workers in firms with works councils are on average significantly more... mehr

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    Many citizens are relatively dissatisfied with the democratic regimes they live in, which can be a threat to political stability. This paper reports empirical evidence that workers in firms with works councils are on average significantly more satisfied with the democracy as it exists in Germany than workers in firms without such a participatory workplace institution. This result holds in regressions for subsamples, in panel regressions accounting for unobserved individual heterogeneity, and in endogenous treatment regressions. It gives support to the "spillover thesis" that participatory workplace characteristics have a broader effect on society. Consequently, strengthening worker codetermination might help to increase the overall satisfaction with the democratic regime and foster political stability.

     

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    hdl: 10419/278498
    Auflage/Ausgabe: Date of this version: 11.5.2023
    Schriftenreihe: University of Lüneburg working paper series in economics ; no. 420 (May 2023)
    Schlagworte: democracy; codetermination; satisfaction; "spillover thesis"; works councils
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten)
  15. Minimum wage non-compliance
    the role of co-determination
    Erschienen: November 2023
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We analyse in what way co-determination affects non-compliance with the German minimum wage, which was introduced in 2015. The Works Constitution Act (WCA), the law regulating co-determination at the plant level, provides works councils with indirect... mehr

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    We analyse in what way co-determination affects non-compliance with the German minimum wage, which was introduced in 2015. The Works Constitution Act (WCA), the law regulating co-determination at the plant level, provides works councils with indirect means to ensure compliance with the statutory minimum wage. Based on this legal situation, our theoretical model predicts that non-compliance is less likely in co-determined firms because works councils enhance the enforcement of the law. The economic correlates of co-determination, such as higher productivity and wages, affect non-compliance in opposite directions. The empirical analysis, using data from the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP) for the years 2016 and 2019, demonstrates that non-compliance occurs less often for employees in co-determined establishments, while there is no impact on the difference between the minimum wage and the amount, which was actually paid. Therefore, co-determination helps to secure the payment of minimum wages.

     

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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/282748
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16621
    Schlagworte: co-determination; labour law; minimum wages; Socioeconomic Panel (SOEP); non-compliance; works councils
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten)
  16. Minimum wage non-compliance
    the role of co-determination
    Erschienen: November 2023
    Verlag:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    We analyse in what way co-determination affects non-compliance with the German minimum wage, which was introduced in 2015. The Works Constitution Act (WCA), the law regulating co-determination at the plant level, provides works councils with indirect... mehr

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    We analyse in what way co-determination affects non-compliance with the German minimum wage, which was introduced in 2015. The Works Constitution Act (WCA), the law regulating co-determination at the plant level, provides works councils with indirect means to ensure compliance with the statutory minimum wage. Based on this legal situation, our theoretical model predicts that non-compliance is less likely in co-determined firms because works councils enhance the enforcement of the law. The economic correlates of co-determination, such as higher productivity and wages, affect non-compliance in opposite directions. The empirical analysis, using data from the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP) for the years 2016 and 2019, demonstrates that non-compliance occurs less often for employees in co-determined establishments, while there is no impact on the difference between the minimum wage and the amount, which was actually paid. Therefore, co-determination helps to secure the payment of minimum wages.

     

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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/282485
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working papers ; 10797 (2023)
    Schlagworte: co-determination; labor law; minimum wages; Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP); non- compliance; works councils
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten)
  17. The use of performance appraisals and employees' presenteeism behavior
    Erschienen: March 2024
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Presenteeism behavior, i.e. working despite illness, is a common phenomenon wordwide and can have severe consequences for employees and firms alike. In this study, we investigate the relation between the use of company performance appraisals and... mehr

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    Presenteeism behavior, i.e. working despite illness, is a common phenomenon wordwide and can have severe consequences for employees and firms alike. In this study, we investigate the relation between the use of company performance appraisals and employees' presenteeism behavior. We use linked-employer-employee data (the German Linked Personnel Panel) and apply pooled Poisson as well as linear fixed effects estimations. We show that the use of performance appraisals is associated with significant lower annual presenteeism days in the amount of one-half to one full day. In addition, the presence of a works council strengthens the negative relationship between performance appraisals and presenteeism. The results are driven by performance appraisals that are linked to performance-related pay, in particular. Our study contributes to the understanding of context specific behavioral consequences of HRM practices such as performance appraisals.

     

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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/295906
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16883
    Schlagworte: presenteeism; sickness; performance appraisals; performance pay; works councils; German Linked Personnel Panel
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten)
  18. Stosunki przemysłowe w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej
    Erschienen: 2023
    Verlag:  Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź

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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Polnisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9788383311098
    Weitere Identifier:
    Schriftenreihe: Ekonomia / Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Schlagworte: industrial relations; employee participation; non-trade union workers' representation; trade unions; works councils
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 127 Seiten), Illustrationen