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  1. The heterogeneous value of a statistical life
    evidence from U.S. army reenlistment decisions
    Autor*in: Greenberg, Kyle; Greenstone, Michael; Ryan, Stephen; Yankovich, Michael
    Erschienen: 06 August 2021
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP16425
    Schlagworte: Value of Life; Forgone Income; Wage Level and Structure; wage differentials; PublicSector Labor Markets
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 74 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Routine-biased technical change can fail
    evidence from France
    Autor*in: Fana, Marta; Giangregorio, Luca
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  European Commission, Seville

    The paper studies the determinants of wage differentials over time within jobs in France, detailing the contribution of different set of explanatory factors by means of a Recentred Influence Function, to estimate the effect of a set of covariates at... mehr

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    The paper studies the determinants of wage differentials over time within jobs in France, detailing the contribution of different set of explanatory factors by means of a Recentred Influence Function, to estimate the effect of a set of covariates at different point of the wage distribution. We simultaneously test the contribution of tasks performed by workers and organisational methods at the firm level, labour market institutions and individual characteristics. We do so by exploiting a unique database at the worker level, the French Enquête Complémentaire Emploi: Conditions de travail, between 2005 and 2016, which covers also monthly wages. Main findings support the hypothesis according to which wages differentials along the wage distribution are almost entirely explained by contractual and work arrangements rather than tasks and organisational practices. Overall evidence run against the main argument of the Routine Bias Technical Change hypothesis.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245945
    Schriftenreihe: JRC working papers series on labour, education and technology ; 2021, 14
    Schlagworte: wage differentials; Recentred Influence Function; Routine Bias Technical Change
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. The impact of Czech commuters on the German labour market
    Autor*in: Moritz, Michael
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  European Regional Science Association, [Louvain-la-Neuve]

    In the process of European integration, regions close to a border are especially affected by labour market liberalisation. Using data from the IAB employment subsample (IABS) and the employment register (BeH) for the period before and after the... mehr

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    In the process of European integration, regions close to a border are especially affected by labour market liberalisation. Using data from the IAB employment subsample (IABS) and the employment register (BeH) for the period before and after the opening of the border (1980-2001) I shed light on the development of wages. Both German employees and Czech commuters in the western German borderland of Bavaria are compared to other domestic and foreign workers. At the beginning of the 1990s German legislation was relatively unrestrictive, so that it was quite easy for Czech workers to obtain a work permit beyond the border. Most of them had only low-skilled education. More than 5% of the eastern Bavarian male, low-skilled workforce was reported Czech in the early 1990s. Czech commuters were almost exclusively employed in five of the 27 Bavarian employment office districts overall, many of them in the building industry, the hotel and catering industry and the wholesale and retail industry. Surprisingly, precisely in this period German employees seem to have benefited from integration, but suffered in the years afterwards, when regulations on labour permits for commuters were far stricter

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/118891
    Schriftenreihe: Sustainable regional growth and development in the creative knowledge economy : 50th ERSA Congress : 19 - 23 August 2010, Jönköping, Sweden / European Regional Science Association
    Schlagworte: Arbeitsmigranten; Tschechisch; Pendelverkehr; Regionale Arbeitsmobilität; Beschäftigungseffekt; Deutschland; regional labour markets; international migration; cross-border commuting; wage differentials
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Skill demand and wages
    evidence from linked vacancy data
    Autor*in: Ziegler, Lennart
    Erschienen: June 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This study provides new evidence on skill requirements in the labor market and shows to what extent skill demand is associated with wages and vacancy duration. Using more than 1.5 million job postings administered by the Austrian public employment... mehr

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    This study provides new evidence on skill requirements in the labor market and shows to what extent skill demand is associated with wages and vacancy duration. Using more than 1.5 million job postings administered by the Austrian public employment service, I identify the most common skill requirements mentioned in job descriptions. Because employers in Austria are legally required to state the minimum remuneration for advertised positions, it is possible to relate the skill content of jobs to wage postings. Moreover, I estimate skill associations with starting wages for a subset of vacancies which can be matched to administrative data on employment spells of eventual hires. Accounting for education, work experience, and firm and occupation fixed-effects, there exists a robust association between the number of skill requirements and wages. In particular, jobs with many skill requirements pay substantially higher wages. While I estimate large effects for managerial and analytical skills, associations with most soft skills are small. Employers also need longer to fill vacancies with many skill requirements. Robustness tests show that measurement error is unlikely to explain these results and that the estimates can be replicated using vacancy postings from another job board.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245562
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14511
    Schlagworte: job advertisements; job boards; skills; wage differentials; vacancy duration
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Wage inequality and labor rights violations
    Autor*in: Marinescu, Ioana; Qiu, Yue; Sojourner, Aaron
    Erschienen: February 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Wage inequality does not fully capture differences in job quality. Jobs also differ along other key dimensions, including the prevalence of labor rights violations. We construct novel measures of labor violation rates using data from federal... mehr

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    Wage inequality does not fully capture differences in job quality. Jobs also differ along other key dimensions, including the prevalence of labor rights violations. We construct novel measures of labor violation rates using data from federal agencies. Within local industries over time, a 10% increase in the average wage is associated with a 0.15% decrease in the number of violations per employee and a 4% decrease in fines per dollar of pay. Reduced labor market concentration and increased union coverage rate are also associated with reductions in labor violations. Overall, labor violations are regressive: they increase inequality in job quality.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/232864
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14112
    Schlagworte: wage differentials; inequality; worker power; labor rights
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Skill demand and posted wages
    evidence from online job ads in Austria
    Autor*in: Ziegler, Lennart
    Erschienen: August 2020
    Verlag:  Department of Economics, University of Vienna, Vienna

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    Schriftenreihe: Working papers / Department of Economics, University of Vienna ; 20, 02
    Schlagworte: Job postings; online job boards; skills; wage differentials
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Environmental awareness and labour market tightness
    an analysis on regional level
    Autor*in: Lösch, Stefanie
    Erschienen: 2020

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    Beteiligt: Okhrin, Ostap (AkademischeR BetreuerIn); Schipp, Bernhard (AkademischeR BetreuerIn)
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Dissertation
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    RVK Klassifikation: QV 200 ; QH 240
    Schlagworte: Umweltbewusstsein; Strukturgleichungsmodellierung; Regionalforschung; Lohnunterschiede; regionaler Arbeitsmarkt; environmental awareness; structural equation modeling; regional research; wage differentials; regional labour market
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 107 Seiten), Illustrationen
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    Dissertation, Technische Universität Dresden, 2020
  8. Industries, mega firms, and increasing inequality
    Autor*in: Haltiwanger, John C.; Hyatt, Henry R.; Spletzer, James
    Erschienen: March 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Most of the rise in overall earnings inequality is accounted for by rising between-industry dispersion from about ten percent of 4-digit NAICS industries. These thirty industries are in the tails of the earnings distribution, and are clustered... mehr

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    Most of the rise in overall earnings inequality is accounted for by rising between-industry dispersion from about ten percent of 4-digit NAICS industries. These thirty industries are in the tails of the earnings distribution, and are clustered especially in high-paying high-tech and low-paying retail sectors. The remaining ninety percent of industries contribute little to between-industry earnings inequality. The rise of employment in mega firms is concentrated in the thirty industries that dominate rising earnings inequality. Among these industries, earnings differentials for the mega firms relative to small firms decline in the low-paying industries but increase in the high-paying industries. We also find that increased sorting and segregation of workers across firms mainly occurs between industries rather than within industries.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263413
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15197
    Schlagworte: Einkommensverteilung; Industriestruktur; Betriebsgröße; Betriebsgrößenstruktur; USA; inequality; firm size; industry; wage differentials; sorting; segregation; pay premium
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 78 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. The agricultural exodus in the Philippines
    are wage differentials driving the process?
    Autor*in: Cerutti, Eugenio M.; Li, Yiliang
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    Lagging labor reallocations outside agriculture amid sustained low agricultural productivity have been a key feature in the Philippines over the past 15 years. An analysis of the labor adjustments in and out of agriculture shows that a variety of... mehr

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    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Potsdamer Straße
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    Lagging labor reallocations outside agriculture amid sustained low agricultural productivity have been a key feature in the Philippines over the past 15 years. An analysis of the labor adjustments in and out of agriculture shows that a variety of factors have influenced this process. We find that the widening of wage differentials with non-agricultural sectors, improvements in labor market efficiency, and better transport infrastructure are largely associated with growing outflows of labor from agriculture, whilst the lack of post-primary education and the presence of agricultural clusters hinder such outflows. In contrast to the traditional view that agricultural employment outflows are largely driven by productivity differences and wage differentials, our results emphasize the roles of education as well as transport infrastructure in facilitating labor reallocations from agriculture to non-agriculture

     
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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9781513590097
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    Schriftenreihe: IMF working paper ; WP/21, 220
    Schlagworte: Agricultural employment; search and matching; wage differentials; labor market efficiency; transport infrastructure; education; economic significance; Aggregate Human Capital; Employment; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Unemployment; Wages
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Getting lucky
    the long-term consequences of exam luck
    Autor*in: Landaud, Fanny; Maurin, Eric; Willage, Barton; Willén, Alexander
    Erschienen: February 2022
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    This paper studies the impact of exam luck on individuals’ education and labor market success. We leverage unique features of the Norwegian education system that produce random variation in the content of the exams taken by students at the end of... mehr

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    This paper studies the impact of exam luck on individuals’ education and labor market success. We leverage unique features of the Norwegian education system that produce random variation in the content of the exams taken by students at the end of high school. Lucky students take exams in subjects they are better at, and we show that this generates significant improvements in both their high school GPA and diploma probability. Subsequently, exam luck generates substantial and persistent wage differentials across otherwise identical individuals. These luck-induced wage effects are of a similar magnitude as those generated by well-known education inputs, such as parental education and teacher quality.

     
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    hdl: 10419/252087
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9570 (2022)
    Schlagworte: luck; fairness; wage differentials; returns to education; high-stakes exams
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Is declining union membership contributing to low wages growth?
    Autor*in: Bishop, James; Chan, Iris
    Erschienen: April 2019
    Verlag:  Reserve Bank of Australia, [Sydney]

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    Schriftenreihe: Research discussion paper / Reserve Bank of Australia ; RDP 2019, 02
    Schlagworte: wages; trade unions; collective bargaining; wage differentials
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Returns to education in the public and private sectors
    Europe and Central Asia
    Autor*in: Montenegro, Claudio M.; Patrinos, Harry Anthony
    Erschienen: August 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The returns to schooling are estimated for 28 European and Central Asian countries using the Mincerian function. Our results show that while the public sector pays on average more than the private sector, the effect of education on earnings is... mehr

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    The returns to schooling are estimated for 28 European and Central Asian countries using the Mincerian function. Our results show that while the public sector pays on average more than the private sector, the effect of education on earnings is stronger in the private sector. However, the returns to tertiary education are higher in the private sector.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/265737
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15516
    Schlagworte: returns to education; wage differentials; public–private; Europe
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 12 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Returns to education in the public and private sectors
    Europe and Central Asia
    Autor*in: Montenegro, Claudio M.; Patrinos, Harry Anthony
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    The returns to schooling are estimated for 28 European and Central Asian countries using the Mincerian function. Our results show that while the public sector pays on average more than the private sector, the effect of education on earnings is... mehr

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    The returns to schooling are estimated for 28 European and Central Asian countries using the Mincerian function. Our results show that while the public sector pays on average more than the private sector, the effect of education on earnings is stronger in the private sector. However, the returns to tertiary education are higher in the private sector.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263214
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1155
    Schlagworte: returns to education; wage differentials; public-private; Europe
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 11 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Hours constraints and wage differentials across firms
    Autor*in: Labanca, Claudio; Pozzoli, Dario
    Erschienen: January 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Although constraints on hours worked at the firm-level are viewed as an important determinant of firm wages, little direct evidence exists to support this view. In this paper, we use linked employer-employee data on hours worked in Denmark to measure... mehr

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    Although constraints on hours worked at the firm-level are viewed as an important determinant of firm wages, little direct evidence exists to support this view. In this paper, we use linked employer-employee data on hours worked in Denmark to measure hours constraints and to investigate how these constraints relate to firm wages. We show that firms with stricter constraints pay higher firm-specific wages and that these premiums are concentrated in more productive firms. Starting from these findings we discuss a framework in which hours constraints are motivated by the productivity gains derived from having a more cooperative production process, leading more productive firms to constrain hours and to pay compensating wage differentials.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250653
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14992
    Schlagworte: wage differentials; hours constraints; cooperation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Real estate agent earnings and local housing prices
    Autor*in: Hirsch, Barry T.; Macpherson, David A.; Qu, Zichong
    Erschienen: May 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Real estate agents typically receive commissions based on a fixed percentage of home price purchases. Because housing prices vary across markets, one might expect that realtors have higher earnings in high-priced markets. Prior work by Hsieh and... mehr

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    Real estate agents typically receive commissions based on a fixed percentage of home price purchases. Because housing prices vary across markets, one might expect that realtors have higher earnings in high-priced markets. Prior work by Hsieh and Moretti (2003) suggests that entry among realtors leads to roughly equivalent earnings across markets. We examine evidence from U.S. metro areas during 1996-2021 using Zillow housing price indices, coupled with realtor microdata (the CPS and ACS) including realtors' location, earnings, and work hours. Realtors' earnings elasticity with respect to local home prices is roughly 0.30, so that 10 percent higher home prices lead to 3 percent higher earnings. The positive wage-price relationship is not unique to realtors. The overall workforce has wage-price elasticities (conditioned on covariates) of about 0.20, two-thirds the size of realtors' elasticity. Realtors receive slightly higher earnings in higher-priced cities, about 1 percent for each 10 percent difference in housing prices. Weekly work hours across markets vary little with respect to metro housing prices, both for realtors and non-realtors. Evidence supports Hsieh and Moretti's conclusion that "over-entry" in high-priced markets is due to the inefficiency of fixed percentage commissions. Realtors have higher hourly earnings (and variance) than do "similar" non-realtor workers within the same labor markets, on the order of 10 percent. Evidence supports the view that real estate agents (on average) realize wage premiums. We suspect that higher earnings reflects both unmeasured personal attributes and compensating differentials for risk (e.g., variable earnings).

     
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    hdl: 10419/263516
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15300
    Schlagworte: wages; housing prices; real estate agents; wage differentials
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 18 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. The agricultural exodus in the Philippines
    are wage differentials driving the process?
    Autor*in: Cerutti, Eugenio M.; Li, Yiliang
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    Lagging labor reallocations outside agriculture amid sustained low agricultural productivity have been a key feature in the Philippines over the past 15 years. An analysis of the labor adjustments in and out of agriculture shows that a variety of... mehr

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    Lagging labor reallocations outside agriculture amid sustained low agricultural productivity have been a key feature in the Philippines over the past 15 years. An analysis of the labor adjustments in and out of agriculture shows that a variety of factors have influenced this process. We find that the widening of wage differentials with non-agricultural sectors, improvements in labor market efficiency, and better transport infrastructure are largely associated with growing outflows of labor from agriculture, whilst the lack of post-primary education and the presence of agricultural clusters hinder such outflows. In contrast to the traditional view that agricultural employment outflows are largely driven by productivity differences and wage differentials, our results emphasize the roles of education as well as transport infrastructure in facilitating labor reallocations from agriculture to non-agriculture

     
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    ISBN: 9781513590097
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    Schriftenreihe: IMF working paper ; WP/21, 220
    Schlagworte: Agricultural employment; search and matching; wage differentials; labor market efficiency; transport infrastructure; education; economic significance; Aggregate Human Capital; Employment; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Unemployment; Wages
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Desigualdades de remuneração entre egressos dos cursos de graduação em ciências, tecnologias, engenharias e matemática (CTEM)
    Autor*in: Caseiro, Luiz Carlos Zalaf; Maciente, Aguinaldo Nogueira
    Erschienen: dezembro de 2023
    Verlag:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro

    This article investigates the factors associated with income inequalities among a cohort of graduates from Brazilian courses in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in 2011, over a period of seven years after graduation. It... mehr

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    This article investigates the factors associated with income inequalities among a cohort of graduates from Brazilian courses in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in 2011, over a period of seven years after graduation. It analyses how the social origins of these individuals are mediated by the characteristics of higher education courses and institutions in their effects on labor income inequalities. To do so, various administrative records from the federal government, with a focus on educational and employment data, were cross-referenced, and indicators of the prestige and quality of the courses and higher education institutions were constructed. In addition to descriptive analyses of the employment trajectories of STEM graduates, multilevel regression models were used to estimate the effects of social origins and higher education on their remuneration. The results indicate the following: i) the influence of higher education on income inequality among STEM graduates is substantial but decreases over time; ii) the effects of social origins, gender, and race on income inequality are partially mediated by the trajectory in higher education; iii) this mediation is higher for parental education and lower for gender, highlighting both the role of education in reducing social inequalities and the discriminatory mechanisms inherent in the labor market, which persist despite individuals' educational trajectories; iv) indicators of institutional quality and prestige have significant effects on graduates' remuneration, and they can even fully absorb the effect of public institutions on income, indicating their potential for analyzing the heterogeneity of the higher education system; and v) the economic cycle played a strong influence on the occupational integration of graduates, and the type of employment obtained immediately after graduation is important for job quality in the medium term.

     
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    hdl: 10419/285386
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2947
    Schlagworte: higher education; returns to education; wage differentials; job; occupational and intergenerational mobility; STEM fields
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 76 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Beyond traditional wage premium
    an analysis of wage greenium in Latin America
    Autor*in: Cerimelo, Manuela; Vega, Pablo de la; Porto, Natalia; Vazquez, Franco
    Erschienen: 2024
    Verlag:  CEDLAS, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, [La Plata, Argentina]

    This paper estimates wage differentials between green and non-green jobs (wage greenium) in nine major Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay), which account for 81% of the region’s... mehr

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    This paper estimates wage differentials between green and non-green jobs (wage greenium) in nine major Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay), which account for 81% of the region’s GDP. We contribute to the recent literature highlighting a positive wage gap for those working in green jobs in developed countries. A positive wage gap for green jobs may be a virtuous market feature, as it means that in the future workers might be encouraged to switch to greener occupations. To do so, we define green jobs as those occupations with high greenness scores using the occupational approach as in Vona et al. (2018), Vona (2021) and de la Vega et al. (2024). Our results suggest that the wage greenium for the period 2012-2019 in Latin America was between 18% to 22%. Moreover, this wage gap has remained relatively stable over the years.

     
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    hdl: 10419/289906
    Schriftenreihe: Documento de trabajo / CEDLAS ; nro. 325 (Febrero, 2024)
    Schlagworte: labor markets; green jobs; wage premium; wage differentials; Latin America
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Work organization and high-paying jobs
    Autor*in: Nelson, Dylan; Wilmers, Nathan; Zhang, Letian
    Erschienen: 3-18-2024
    Verlag:  W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, Kalamazoo, MI

    High-paying factory jobs in the 1940s were an engine of egalitarian economic growth for a generation. Are there alternate forms of work organization that deliver similar benefits for frontline workers? Work organization varies by type of complexity... mehr

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    High-paying factory jobs in the 1940s were an engine of egalitarian economic growth for a generation. Are there alternate forms of work organization that deliver similar benefits for frontline workers? Work organization varies by type of complexity and degree of employer control. Technical and tacit knowledge tasks receive higher pay for signaling or developing human capital. Higher-autonomy tasks elicit efficiency wages. To test these ideas, we match administrative earnings to task descriptions from job postings. We then compare earnings for workers hired into the same occupation and firm, but under different task allocations. When jobs raise task complexity and autonomy, new hires' starting earnings increase and grow faster. However, while half of the earnings boost from complex, technical tasks is due to shifting worker selection, worker selection changes less for tacit knowledge tasks and very little for adding high-autonomy tasks. We also study which employers provide these jobs: frontline tacit knowledge tasks are disproportionately in larger, profitable manufacturing and retail firms; technical tasks are in newer health and business services; and higher-autonomy jobs are in smaller and fast-growing firms. These results demonstrate how organization-level allocations of tasks can undergird high-paying jobs for frontline workers.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Upjohn Institute working paper ; 24, 397
    Schlagworte: Wage level and structure; wage differentials; human capital; skills; occupational choice; labor productivity; labor management
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 71 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Automation-skill complementarity
    the changing returns to soft skills in different stages of technology adoption
    Autor*in: Pustovalova, Anastasiia; Vahter, Priit
    Erschienen: 2024
    Verlag:  The University of Tartu FEBA, Tartu

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    ISBN: 9789985414156
    Schriftenreihe: [Working paper series] / University of Tartu, School of Economics and Business Administration ; no. 146
    Schlagworte: automation; technological change; social skills; problem-solving skills; wage differentials
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen