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  1. An assessment of presumptive tax in Uganda
    evaluating the 2020 reform and four alternative reform scenarios using UGAMOD, a tax-benefit microsimulation model for Uganda
    Autor*in: Waiswa, Ronald; Lastunen, Jesse; Wright, Gemma; Noble, Michael; Ayo, Joseph Okello; Nalukwago, Milly Isingoma; Barugahara, Tina Kaidu; Kavuma, Susan Namirembe; Arinaitwe, Isaac; Mwesigye, Martin; Asiimwe, Wilson; Rattenhuber, Pia
    Erschienen: November 2021
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    Presumptive tax, a final tax on business income, was introduced in Uganda in 1997. The latest reform to the regime in July 2020 sought to make the system more progressive, simpler and fairer to small firms. In this work, we evaluate the reform,... mehr

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    Presumptive tax, a final tax on business income, was introduced in Uganda in 1997. The latest reform to the regime in July 2020 sought to make the system more progressive, simpler and fairer to small firms. In this work, we evaluate the reform, focusing on its revenue implications based on simulations using UGAMOD, a tax-benefit microsimulation model for Uganda. Our findings suggest that, assuming full compliance, the reform reduces tax revenue potential by between 48-72 per cent from the previous rules. Interviews with staff at the Uganda Revenue Authority point to further challenges with the new rules, including slow implementation, ineffective enforcement and enduring complexity. To address these concerns, we modelled a number of hypothetical reform scenarios, including a 1 per cent and 1.5 per cent flat tax regimes for small businesses with turnover between UGX10-150 million. A low flat tax rate would be a major improvement to the existing presumptive tax regime, as it satisfies the calls for further simplification, is estimated to generate more short-term revenue than the current regime based on the modelling, and has realistic potential to attract more presumptive taxpayers over time.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292671037
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/248377
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2021, 163
    Schlagworte: presumptive tax; tax administration; small businesses; tax compliance; impact evaluation; microsimulation modelling
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Piercing through opacity
    relationships and credit card lending to consumers and small businesses during normal times and the COVID-19 crisis
    Autor*in: Berger, Allen N.; Bouwman, Christa H. S.; Norden, Lars; Roman, Raluca A.; Udell, Gregory F.; Wang, Teng
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working papers / Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia ; 21, 19 (May 2021)
    Schlagworte: Credit cards; household finance; consumers; small businesses; relationship lending; banks; credit terms; cross-sectional smoothing; financial crises,COVID-19; intertemporal smoothing
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 77 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on entrepreneurship and small businesses
    Autor*in: Belitski, Maksim; Günther, Christina; Kritikos, Alexander; Thurik, Adriaan R.
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The existential threat to small businesses, based on their crucial role in the economy, is behind the plethora of scholarly studies in 2020, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Examining the 14 contributions of the special issue on the "Economic... mehr

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    The existential threat to small businesses, based on their crucial role in the economy, is behind the plethora of scholarly studies in 2020, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Examining the 14 contributions of the special issue on the "Economic Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses," the paper comprises four parts: a systematic review of the literature on the effect on entrepreneurship and small businesses; a discussion of four literature strands based on this review; an overview of the contributions in this special issue; and some ideas for post-pandemic economic research.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14630
    Schlagworte: small businesses; entrepreneurs; COVID-19; economic effects
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Do tax administrative interventions targeted at small businesses improve tax compliance and revenue collection?
    evidence from Ugandan administrative tax data
    Autor*in: Jouste, Maria; Nalukwago, Milly I.; Waiswa, Ronald
    Erschienen: January 2021
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    This paper conducts an impact evaluation of the effects of two tax administration interventions-a taxpayer register expansion and education programme, and a new electronic filing system for presumptive tax-on the number of small business taxpayers... mehr

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    This paper conducts an impact evaluation of the effects of two tax administration interventions-a taxpayer register expansion and education programme, and a new electronic filing system for presumptive tax-on the number of small business taxpayers and presumptive tax revenues in Uganda. Using a difference-in-differences approach and administrative data covering both presumptive taxpayers and comparable small corporate income taxpayers, we find that the number of small business taxpayers filing tax returns and presumptive tax revenues increased substantially after the interventions. We argue that the interventions complement each other because both interventions were established around the same years, and the taxpayer register expansion programme focused on not only registering but also educating taxpayers with regard to tax compliance. We analyse the cost-effectiveness of the taxpayer register expansion programme and find that the benefits outweigh the costs.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292569518
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    hdl: 10419/229418
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2021, 17
    Schlagworte: tax administration; small businesses; tax compliance; electronic filing; impact evaluation; administrative data
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Financial inclusion and small enterprise growth in Africa
    emerging perspectives and research agenda
    Autor*in: Kuada, John E.
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    Purpose - The purposes of this paper are to review the streams of studies that link financial inclusion to small enterprise growth in Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA), to identify the research gaps they provide, and to prepare an agenda for future research in... mehr

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    Purpose - The purposes of this paper are to review the streams of studies that link financial inclusion to small enterprise growth in Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA), to identify the research gaps they provide, and to prepare an agenda for future research in the field. Design/methodology/approach - The study employs systematic literature search method to identify relevant literature from journals. It then adopts a narrative approach for the review, highlighting the findings from the prior studies and gaps requiring research attention. Findings - The discussions reveal that there is a need for future studies that can unpack small enterprise growth determinants, identify growth-enabling entrepreneurial characteristics and examine the contextual variabilities that shape their effectiveness. Originality/value - There is currently no comprehensive/integrated review exploring the link between financial inclusion and small enterprise growth in SSA. This review therefore provides insights that contribute to the development of this stream of research.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250108
    Schriftenreihe: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 084
    Schlagworte: Financial inclusion; entrepreneurship; small businesses; enterprise growth; Africa
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten)
  6. Collateral versus Lending Relationships
    shocks to small business credit in the Great Recession
    Autor*in: Patnaik, Megha
    Erschienen: 04 February 2022
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP17003
    Schlagworte: great recession; small businesses; Credit shocks
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Targeted bidders in government tenders
    Autor*in: Cappelletti, Matilde; Giuffrida, Leonardo M.
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, Mannheim, Germany

    A set-aside restricts participation in procurement contests to targeted firms. Despite being widely used, its effects on actual competition and contract outcomes are ambiguous. We pool a decade of US federal procurement data to shed light on this... mehr

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    A set-aside restricts participation in procurement contests to targeted firms. Despite being widely used, its effects on actual competition and contract outcomes are ambiguous. We pool a decade of US federal procurement data to shed light on this empirical question using a two-stage approach. To circumvent the lack of exogenous variation in our data, as a first step we draw on random forest techniques to calculate the likelihood of a tender being set aside. We then estimate the effect of restricted tenders on pre- and postaward outcomes using an inverse probability weighting regression adjustment. Set-asides prompt more firms to bid - that is, the increase in targeted bidders more than offsets the loss of untargeted. During the execution phase, set-aside contracts incur higher cost overruns and delays. The more restrictive the setaside, the stronger these effects. In a subset of our data we leverage an expected spike in set-aside spending and we find no evidence of better performance by winners over a ten-year period.

     
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    hdl: 10419/261382
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / ZEW ; no. 22, 030 (07/2022)
    Schlagworte: small businesses; set-aside; competition; procurement; public contracts; random forest; firm dynamics
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (63 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Income inequality and job creation
    Autor*in: Lee, Donggyu; Dörr, Sebastian; Drechsel, Thomas
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Federal Reserve Bank of New York, New York, NY

    This paper shows that rising top income shares affect job creation at firms of different sizes. High-income households save relatively more in stocks and bonds, and less in bank deposits. We propose that a higher income share of top earners therefore... mehr

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    This paper shows that rising top income shares affect job creation at firms of different sizes. High-income households save relatively more in stocks and bonds, and less in bank deposits. We propose that a higher income share of top earners therefore channels funds to large firms, but tightens financing conditions for small, bank-dependent firms. In turn, small firms create relatively fewer jobs. Exploiting variation in top incomes across U.S. states and an instrumental variable strategy, we establish that an increase in the top 10 percent income share reduces the job creation rate of small firms, relative to large firms. Very small firms and those in bank-dependent industries are most affected. Experiments in a quantitative macroeconomic model show that growing top incomes account for 16 percent of the decline in the employment share of small firms since 1980, and that ignoring the link between inequality and job creation understates welfare effects of income redistribution.

     
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    hdl: 10419/266105
    Auflage/Ausgabe: Revised August 2022
    Schriftenreihe: Staff reports / Federal Reserve Bank of New York ; no. 1021 (June 2022)
    Schlagworte: income inequality; job creation; small businesses; bank lending; household heterogeneity; financial frictions
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 67 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Compliance costs of GST for small business enterprises in Tamil Nadu
    Autor*in: Vishnuhadevi, S.; Bindu, D. Hima
    Erschienen: August 2022
    Verlag:  Madras School of Economics, Chennai, India

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Madras School of Economics ; 229 (2022)
    Schlagworte: tax compliance costs; GST compliance costs; VAT compliancecosts; small businesses; India; Tamil Nadu
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten)
  10. Information sharing, access to finance, loan contract design, and the labor market
    Autor*in: Beck, Thorsten; Behr, Patrick; Oliveira, Raquel de Freitas
    Erschienen: 02 May 2023
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP18131
    Schlagworte: Access to finance; borrower type; information sharing; labor markets; loancontracts; small businesses
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten)
  11. Labour costs and the decision to hire the first employee
    Autor*in: Cockx, Bart; Desiere, Sam
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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    Schriftenreihe: ROA research memorandum / Researchcentrum voor Onderwijs en Arbeidsmarkt ; ROA-RM-2023, 1 (May 2023)
    Schlagworte: nonemployers; hiring decisions; payroll taxes; small businesses
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Income inequality and job creation
    Autor*in: Drechsel, Thomas; Dörr, Sebastian; Lee, Donggyu
    Erschienen: 30 May 2022
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP17342
    Schlagworte: Income inequality; job creation; small businesses; bank lending; Householdheterogeneity; Financial Frictions
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Intuit QuickBooks Small Business Index
    a new employment series for the US, Canada, and the UK
    Autor*in: Akcigit, Ufuk; Chhina, Raman; Cilasun, Seyit Mümin; Miranda, Javier; Ocakverdi, Eren; Serrano-Velarde, Nicolas
    Erschienen: May 2023
    Verlag:  Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) - Member of the Leibniz Association, Halle (Saale), Germany

    Small and young businesses are essential for job creation, innovation, and economic growth. Even most of the superstar firms start their business life small and then grow over time. Small firms have less internal resources, which makes them more... mehr

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    Small and young businesses are essential for job creation, innovation, and economic growth. Even most of the superstar firms start their business life small and then grow over time. Small firms have less internal resources, which makes them more fragile and sensitive to macroeconomic conditions. This suggests the need for frequent and real-time monitoring of the small business sector’s health. Previously this was difficult due to a lack of appropriate data. This paper fills this important gap by developing a new Intuit QuickBooks Small Business Index that focuses on the smallest of small businesses with at most 9 workers in the US and the UK and at most 19 workers in Canada. The Index aggregates a sample of anonymous QuickBooks Online Payroll subscriber data (QBO Payroll sample) from 333,000 businesses in the US, 66,000 in Canada, and 25,000 in the UK. After comparing the QBO Payroll sample data to the official statistics, we remove the seasonal components and use a Flexible Least Squares method to calibrate the QBO Payroll sample data against official statistics. Finally, we use the estimated model and the QBO Payroll sample data to generate a near real-time index of economic activity. We show that the estimated model performs well both in-sample and out-of-sample. Additionally, we use this analysis for different regions and industries.

     
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    hdl: 10419/270977
    Schriftenreihe: IWH discussion papers ; 2023, no. 9 (May 2023)
    Schlagworte: Kleinstunternehmen; KMU; Erwerbstätigkeit; Entrepreneurship; Index; Indexberechnung; Unternehmensstatistik; Großbritannien; Kanada; USA; employment; entrepreneurship; index; job creation; small businesses; turnover
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (III, 59 Seiten, 2,45 MB), Diagramme
  14. Labour costs and the decision to hire the first employee
    Autor*in: Cockx, Bart; Desiere, Sam
    Erschienen: May 2023
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Firms without paid employees account for up to 80% of all firms, but only a small minority ever hires. This paper investigates the relationship between labour costs and the decision to hire a first employee and become an employer. Leveraging a unique... mehr

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    Firms without paid employees account for up to 80% of all firms, but only a small minority ever hires. This paper investigates the relationship between labour costs and the decision to hire a first employee and become an employer. Leveraging a unique policy in Belgium that permanently reduced the labour cost of the first employee by 13%, we find that the number of new, first-time employers jumped by 31% immediately following the reform. The elasticity of the probability to hire the first employee with respect to the labour cost is -2.39 [95% CI: -3.45, -1.25].

     
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    hdl: 10419/272749
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16122
    Schlagworte: nonemployers; hiring decisions; payroll taxes; small businesses
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Labour costs and the decision to hire the first employee
    Autor*in: Cockx, Bart; Desiere, Sam
    Erschienen: May 2023
    Verlag:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    Firms without paid employees account for up to 80% of all firms, but only a small minority ever hires. This paper investigates the relationship between labour costs and the decision to hire a first employee and become an employer. Leveraging a unique... mehr

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    Firms without paid employees account for up to 80% of all firms, but only a small minority ever hires. This paper investigates the relationship between labour costs and the decision to hire a first employee and become an employer. Leveraging a unique policy in Belgium that permanently reduced the labour cost of the first employee by 13%, we find that the number of new, first-time employers jumped by 31% immediately following the reform. The elasticity of the probability to hire the first employee with respect to the labour cost is −2.39 [95% CI: −3.45, −1.25].

     
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    hdl: 10419/279174
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working papers ; 10425 (2023)
    Schlagworte: nonemployers; hiring decisions; payroll taxes; small businesses
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Distant lending for regional small businesses using public credit guarantee schemes
    evidence from Japan
    Autor*in: Tsuruta, Daisuke
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  RIETI, [Tokyo, Japan]

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    Schriftenreihe: RIETI discussion paper series ; 21-E, 083 (October 2021)
    Schlagworte: distant lending; public credit guarantees; small businesses; bank loans; bank competition
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Labour costs and the decision to hire the first employee
    Autor*in: Cockx, Bart; Desiere, Sam
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Maastricht University School of Business and Economics, Graduate School of Business and Economics, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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    Schriftenreihe: [Research memorandum] / Maastricht University School of Business and Economics, Graduate School of Business and Economics (GSBE) ; RM/23, 007
    Schlagworte: nonemployers; hiring decisions; payroll taxes; small businesses
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Homeownership and entrepreneurship
    Autor*in: Lisi, Gaetano
    Erschienen: [2017]
    Verlag:  Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas, S.A., Valencia (Spain)

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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    Auflage/Ausgabe: Version: February 2017
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; WP-AD 2017, 01
    Schlagworte: entrepreneurship; homeownership; job creation; new firms; small businesses
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 17 Seiten)