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  1. No man is an island
    trust, trustworthiness, and social capital among Syrian refugees in Germany
    Autor*in: El Bialy, Nora; Fraile Aranda, Elisa; Nicklisch, Andreas; Saleh, Lamis; Voigt, Stefan
    Erschienen: January 2021
    Verlag:  Universität Hamburg, Fakultät für Rechtswissenschaft, [Hamburg]

    We analyze possible links between both trust and trustworthiness among Syrian refugees in Germany in relation to the refugees' involvement in two different forms of social networking (forming bonding ties with other refugees vs. forming bridging ties... mehr

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    We analyze possible links between both trust and trustworthiness among Syrian refugees in Germany in relation to the refugees' involvement in two different forms of social networking (forming bonding ties with other refugees vs. forming bridging ties between refugees and Germans). We implement treatment conditions in which Syrian refugees play a trust game either with another Syrian refugee or with a German participant. Our results show that Syrians who engage in bonding networks show higher levels of trust and (un)conditional trustworthiness when they interact with a Syrian compared to when interacting with a German participant. In turn, the negative discrimination refugees display towards Germans decreases regarding trust and conditional trustworthiness, and vanishes regarding unconditional trustworthiness, for refugees engaged in bridging networks. The type of social ties created by the refugees correlates with their living conditions: newly arrived Syrian refugees tend to engage in bonding networks, whereas both staying longer in Germany and having a private home in Germany coincide with increased engagement in bridging networks. Thus, residence in a refugee camp appears to be an important barrier to the proliferation of social networks between hosts and refugees.We analyze possible links between both trust and trustworthiness among Syrian refugees in Germany in relation to the refugees' involvement in two different forms of social networking (forming bonding ties with other refugees vs. forming bridging ties between refugees and Germans). We implement treatment conditions in which Syrian refugees play a trust game either with another Syrian refugee or with a German participant. Our results show that Syrians who engage in bonding networks show higher levels of trust and (un)conditional trustworthiness when they interact with a Syrian compared to when interacting with a German participant. In turn, the negative discrimination refugees display towards Germans decreases regarding trust and conditional trustworthiness, and vanishes regarding unconditional trustworthiness, for refugees engaged in bridging networks. The type of social ties created by the refugees correlates with their living conditions: newly arrived Syrian refugees tend to engage in bonding networks, whereas both staying longer in Germany and having a private home in Germany coincide with increased engagement in bridging networks. Thus, residence in a refugee camp appears to be an important barrier to the proliferation of social networks between hosts and refugees.

     
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    hdl: 10419/229184
    Schriftenreihe: Institute of Law and Economics working paper series ; no. 45 (2021)
    Schlagworte: bonding; bridging; refugees; traumatic experience; trust; trustworthiness; social capital; experiments
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Overcoming barriers to service access: refugees' professional support service utilization and the impact of human and social capital
    Autor*in: Heidinger, Ellen
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    After arriving in a new country, refugees are most often dependent on professional support to reestablish their livelihood. It is however well documented that refugees face barriers when seeking access to services aimed at facilitating their... mehr

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    After arriving in a new country, refugees are most often dependent on professional support to reestablish their livelihood. It is however well documented that refugees face barriers when seeking access to services aimed at facilitating their settlement and integration. This study examines refugees' support service needs and their actual utilization and investigates the impact of social and human capital on support service utilization. Employing data from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees, this paper highlights the diversity of refugees' support service needs as well as large differences in utilization in eight different domains. It furthermore provides evidence for an overall positive association between predictors of human and social capital and service utilization in general and additionally reveals differences in service domains. While language proficiency is positively associated with service utilization across all service domains in the sample, previous work experience in the country of origin especially increased utilization of services related to employment and the labor market. The analyses additionally find a positive association of inter-ethnic networks, whereas intra-ethnic connections are negatively associated with service utilization across a variety of domains. These findings are especially relevant since they support the hypothesis of exclusive host community knowledge, which benefits those refugees engaging with individuals outside their own ethnic network in their efforts regarding integrational outcomes. The findings of this study accentuate the need to acknowledge the diversity in refugees' service needs as well as the barriers to service utilization that only well-equipped refugees seem to be able to overcome.

     
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    hdl: 10419/248566
    Auflage/Ausgabe: Version: October 27, 2021
    Schriftenreihe: SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research ; 1151 (2021)
    Schlagworte: refugees; service utilization; professional support services; human capital; social capital
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten)
  3. Do refugees with better mental health better integrate?
    evidence from the Building a New Life in Australia longitudinal survey
    Autor*in: Dang, Hai-Anh; Trinh, Trong-Anh; Verme, Paolo
    Erschienen: October 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Hardly any evidence currently exists on the causal effects of mental illness on refugee labor market outcomes. We offer the first study on this topic in the context of Australia, one of the host countries with the largest number of refugees per... mehr

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    Hardly any evidence currently exists on the causal effects of mental illness on refugee labor market outcomes. We offer the first study on this topic in the context of Australia, one of the host countries with the largest number of refugees per capita in the world. Analyzing the Building a New Life in Australia longitudinal survey, we exploit the variations in traumatic experiences of refugees interacted with time as an instrument for refugee mental health. We find that worse mental health, as measured by a one standard deviation increase in the Kessler mental health score, reduces the probability of employment by 14.1% and labor income by 26.8%. We also find some evidence of adverse impacts of refugees' mental illness on their children's mental health and education performance. These effects appear more pronounced for refugees that newly arrive or are without social networks, but they may be ameliorated with government support. Our findings suggest that policies that target refugees' mental health may offer a new channel to improve their labor market outcomes.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250427
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14766
    Schlagworte: refugees; mental health; labor outcomes; instrumental variable; BNLA longitudinal survey; Australia
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. The value of formal host-country education for the labour market position of refugees
    evidence from Austria
    Autor*in: Ludolph, Lars
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    Refugees hosted across the developed world often work in low-quality jobs, regardless of education previously attained in their country of origin. In this paper, I analyse the long-term value of formal host-country education for refugees using the... mehr

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    Refugees hosted across the developed world often work in low-quality jobs, regardless of education previously attained in their country of origin. In this paper, I analyse the long-term value of formal host-country education for refugees using the example of forcefully displaced Bosnians who arrived in Austria during the 1992-1995 Bosnian war. Deploying 22 years of Austrian microcensus data, I exploit the age at the time of forced migration as an instrument for the probability of receiving host-country instead of origin country education to recover local average treatment effects of education attained in Austria vis-à-vis Bosnia on labour market outcomes for refugees aged around schooling thresholds. These estimates show that attaining a formal degree in the host-country significantly reduces the probability of work below educational attainment and low-skill employment over the entire observation period. Income differences between Austrian and Bosnian degree holders are visible after more than two decades of stay in Austria. The discount on Bosnian education declines over time for men but not for women, suggesting that host-country degrees are particularly important to groups that faced cultural barriers to quality employment in their country of origin.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245422
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9241 (2021)
    Schlagworte: refugees; labour market integration; education
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 67 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Age at arrival and residential integration
    Autor*in: Bratu, Cristina; Dahlberg, Matz; Valeyatheepillay, Madhinee
    Erschienen: July 2021
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    We study residential integration patterns in adulthood for children of refugees who arrive in Sweden before the age of 16. Using geo-coded information on the residential location of each individual in Sweden, we take a novel, data-driven approach in... mehr

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    We study residential integration patterns in adulthood for children of refugees who arrive in Sweden before the age of 16. Using geo-coded information on the residential location of each individual in Sweden, we take a novel, data-driven approach in defining neighborhoods and construct individualized k-nearest neighborhoods, for k = 100 or k = 1000. Exploiting a siblings design, we find that, at age 30, refugee children arriving later live in neighborhoods with lower shares of natives, high-educated individuals, and high-income earners, and higher share of welfare receivers, regardless of the level of k. We also provide evidence that refugee children arriving later experience worse labor market outcomes in terms of earnings, lower educational outcomes and likelihood to marry Swedish-born partners at age 30 as compared to children arriving earlier to the host country. Using a decomposition analysis, we show that the mean effects of age at arrival on neighborhood integration are only partly explained by economic integration, educational integration and intermarriage. Our findings indicate that a large part of the estimated mean age at arrival effects remains unaccounted for, particularly for k = 100, which suggests a role for Swedish housing policies, housing discrimination and taste-based preferences in fully explaining the effects of age at arrival.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245362
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9181 (2021)
    Schlagworte: refugees; residential integration; age at arrival
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Border enforcement policies and reforms in South Africa (1994-2020)
    Autor*in: Handmaker, Jeff; Nalule, Caroline
    Erschienen: July 2021
    Verlag:  Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus, The Hague, The Netherlands

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    hdl: 1765/135642
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Institute of Social Studies ; no. 686
    Schlagworte: Migration; refugees; South Africa
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten)
  7. The effect of 3.6 million refugees on crime
    Autor*in: Kirdar, Murat G.; López Cruz, Iván G.; Türküm, Betül
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Most studies examining the impact of migrants on crime rates in hosting populations are in the context of economic migrants in developed countries. However, we know much less about the crime impact of refugees in low- and middle-income countries -... mehr

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    Most studies examining the impact of migrants on crime rates in hosting populations are in the context of economic migrants in developed countries. However, we know much less about the crime impact of refugees in low- and middle-income countries - whose numbers are increasing worldwide. This study examines this issue in the context of the largest refugee group in any country - Syrian refugees in Turkey. Although these refugees are much poorer than the local population, have limited access to formal employment, and face partial mobility restrictions, we find that total crime per person (including natives and refugees) falls due to the arrival of the refugees. This finding also applies to several types of crime; the only exception is smuggling, which increases due to the population influx. We also show that the fall in crime does not result from tighter security; we find no evidence of a change in the number of armed forces (military and civil personnel) in the migrant-hosting regions.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245698
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14647
    Schlagworte: refugees; crime; security; immigration-crime nexus; civil war
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. School integration of refugee children: evidence from the largest refugee group in any country
    Autor*in: Kirdar, Murat G.; Koç, İsmet; Dayıoğlu, Meltem
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum, Sarıyer/Istanbul

    Although school integration of the children of economic migrants in developed countries is wellstudied in the literature, little evidence based on large scale representative data exists on the school integration of refugee children - many of whom... mehr

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    Although school integration of the children of economic migrants in developed countries is wellstudied in the literature, little evidence based on large scale representative data exists on the school integration of refugee children - many of whom live in low- or middle-income countries. This study focuses on Syrian refugee children in Turkey and examines the underlying causes of the native-refugee differences in school enrollment. We also analyze employment and marriage outcomes, as they are potentially jointly determined with schooling. For this purpose, we use the 2018 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey, which includes a representative sample of Syrian refugee households. We find that once a rich set of socioeconomic variables are accounted for, the native-refugee gap in school enrollment drops by half for boys and two-thirds for girls, but the gap persists for both genders. However, once we restrict the sample to refugees who arrive in Turkey at or before age 8 and account for the socioeconomic differences, the native-refugee gap completely vanishes both for boys and girls. In one outcome - in never attending school - the native-refugee gap persists even for children who arrive before age 8. Data for Syrians from the pre-war period suggest that this might be an "ethnic capital" that they bring with them from Syria. Finally, we find that the timing of boys' school drop-out coincides with their entry into the labor market, whereas girls' drop-out mostly takes place earlier than their marriage.

     
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    hdl: 10419/243019
    Schriftenreihe: Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum working paper series ; no: 2116 (September 2021)
    Schlagworte: refugees; education; school enrollment; integration; child labor; marriage; Turkey
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. School integration of refugee children: evidence from the largest refugee group in any country
    Autor*in: Kirdar, Murat G.; Koç, İsmet; Dayıoğlu, Meltem
    Erschienen: September 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Although school integration of the children of economic migrants in developed countries is well-studied in the literature, little evidence based on large scale representative data exists on the school integration of refugee children - many of whom... mehr

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    Although school integration of the children of economic migrants in developed countries is well-studied in the literature, little evidence based on large scale representative data exists on the school integration of refugee children - many of whom live in low- or middle-income countries. This study focuses on Syrian refugee children in Turkey and examines the underlying causes of the native-refugee differences in school enrollment. We also analyze employment and marriage outcomes, as they are potentially jointly determined with schooling. For this purpose, we use the 2018 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey, which includes a representative sample of Syrian refugee households. We find that once a rich set of socioeconomic variables are accounted for, the native-refugee gap in school enrollment drops by half for boys and two-thirds for girls, but the gap persists for both genders. However, once we restrict the sample to refugees who arrive in Turkey at or before age 8 and account for the socioeconomic differences, the native-refugee gap completely vanishes both for boys and girls. In one outcome - in never attending school - the native-refugee gap persists even for children who arrive before age 8. Data for Syrians from the pre-war period suggest that this might be an "ethnic capital" that they bring with them from Syria. Finally, we find that the timing of boys' school drop-out coincides with their entry into the labor market, whereas girls' drop-out mostly takes place earlier than their marriage.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245767
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14716
    Schlagworte: refugees; education; school enrollment; integration; child labor; marriage; Turkey
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. The impact of natives' attitudes towards immigrants on their integration in the host country
    Autor*in: Schilling, Pia; Stillman, Steven
    Erschienen: September 2021
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    Exploiting the random allocation of asylum seekers to different locations in Germany, we study the impact of right-wing voting on refugees' integration. We find that in municipalities with more voting for the right-wing AfD, refugees have worse... mehr

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    Exploiting the random allocation of asylum seekers to different locations in Germany, we study the impact of right-wing voting on refugees' integration. We find that in municipalities with more voting for the right-wing AfD, refugees have worse economic and social integration. These impacts are largest for groups targeted by AfD campaigns and refugees are also more likely to suffer from harassment and right-wing attacks in areas with greater AfD support. Positive interactions with locals are also less likely in these areas.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245489
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9308 (2021)
    Schlagworte: immigrants' integration; refugees; hostile attitudes; voting behaviour
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. The impact of natives' attitudes towards immigrants on their integration in the host country
    Autor*in: Schilling, Pia; Stillman, Steven
    Erschienen: September 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Exploiting the random allocation of asylum seekers to different locations in Germany, we study the impact of right-wing voting on refugees' integration. We find that in municipalities with more voting for the right-wing AfD, refugees have worse... mehr

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    Exploiting the random allocation of asylum seekers to different locations in Germany, we study the impact of right-wing voting on refugees' integration. We find that in municipalities with more voting for the right-wing AfD, refugees have worse economic and social integration. These impacts are largest for groups targeted by AfD campaigns and refugees are also more likely to suffer from harassment and right-wing attacks in areas with greater AfD support. Positive interactions with locals are also less likely in these areas.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245779
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14728
    Schlagworte: immigrants' integration; refugees; hostile attitudes; voting behaviour
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Socioemotional skills and refugees' language acquisition
    Autor*in: Kosyakova, Yuliya; Laible, Marie-Christine
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration, Department of Economics, University College London, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration ; CDP 21, 30
    Schlagworte: language acquisition; refugees; socioemotional skills; Big Five; risk aversion; locus of control; Germany
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa Seiten)
  13. First time around
    local conditions and multi-dimensional integration of refugees
    Autor*in: Aksoy, Cevat Giray; Poutvaara, Panu; Schikora, Felicitas
    Erschienen: October 2021
    Verlag:  ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    We study the causal effect of local unemployment and attitudes towards immigrants at the time of arrival on refugees' multi-dimensional integration outcomes. We leverage a centralized allocation policy in Germany where refugees were exogenously... mehr

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    We study the causal effect of local unemployment and attitudes towards immigrants at the time of arrival on refugees' multi-dimensional integration outcomes. We leverage a centralized allocation policy in Germany where refugees were exogenously assigned to live in specific counties. Both high unemployment and negative attitudes hurt refugees' economic and social integration, independently of each other. A onestandard-deviation increase in unemployment or in negative sentiment index based on geo-coded tweets in 2014 predicts five percentage points lower probability of refugees being employed in 2016 to 2018. The estimated negative effects of far-right vote share are qualitatively similar.

     
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    hdl: 10419/248559
    Schriftenreihe: Ifo working papers ; 361 (2021)
    Schlagworte: International migration; refugees; integration; allocation policy; far-right voting; negative sentiment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten), Illustrationen
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  14. Estimating poverty among refugee populations: a cross-survey imputation exercise for Chad
    Autor*in: Beltramo, Theresa; Dang, Hai-Anh; Sarr, Ibrahima; Verme, Paolo
    Erschienen: July 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Household consumption surveys do not typically cover refugee populations, and poverty estimates for refugees are rare. This paper tests the performance of a recently developed cross-survey imputation method to estimate poverty for a sample of... mehr

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    Household consumption surveys do not typically cover refugee populations, and poverty estimates for refugees are rare. This paper tests the performance of a recently developed cross-survey imputation method to estimate poverty for a sample of refugees in Chad, combining survey and administrative data collected by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The proposed method offers poverty estimates based on administrative data that are mostly statistically insignificantly different from those based on survey consumption data. This result is robust to different poverty lines, sets of regressors, and modeling assumptions of the error terms. We find the method to outperform common targeting methods, such as proxy means tests and the targeting method that is currently used by humanitarian organizations in Chad.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245657
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14606
    Schlagworte: refugees; forced displacement; poverty; imputation; targeting; Chad
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Syrian refugees and the migration dynamics of jordanians
    moving in or moving out?
    Autor*in: El-Mallakh, Nelly; Wahba, Jackline
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration, Department of Economics, University College London, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration ; CDP 21, 20
    Schlagworte: internal migration; job mobility; forced displacement; refugees; Jordan
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Adverse working conditions and immigrants' physical health and depression outcomes: a longitudinal study in Greece
    Autor*in: Drydakis, Nick
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The study examines whether adverse working conditions for immigrants in Greece bear an association with deteriorated physical health and increased levels of depression during 2018 and 2019. Findings indicate that workers with no written contract of... mehr

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    The study examines whether adverse working conditions for immigrants in Greece bear an association with deteriorated physical health and increased levels of depression during 2018 and 2019. Findings indicate that workers with no written contract of employment, receiving hourly wages lower than the national hourly minimum wages, and experiencing insults and/or threats in their present job experience worse physical health and increased levels of depression. The study found that the inexistence of workplace contracts, underpayment, and verbal abuse in the workplace may coexist. An increased risk of underpayment and verbal abuse reveals itself when workers do not have a contract of employment and vice versa. Immigrant workers without a job contract might experience a high degree of workplace precariousness and exclusion from health benefits and insurance. Immigrant workers receiving a wage lower than the corresponding minimum potentially do not secure a living income, resulting in unmet needs and low investments in health. Workplace abuse might correspond with vulnerability related to humiliating treatment. These conditions can negatively impact workers' physical health and foster depression. Policies should promote written employment contracts and ensure a mechanism for workers to register violations of fair practices.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14700
    Schlagworte: adverse working conditions; physical health; depression; immigrants; refugees; minimum wages; written contracts of employment; threats in job; workplace precariousness
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. The effect of 3.6 million refugees on crime
    Autor*in: Kirdar, Murat G.; López Cruz, Iván G.; Türküm, Betül
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum, Sarıyer/Istanbul

    Most studies examining the impact of migrants on crime rates in hosting populations are in the context of economic migrants in developed countries. However, we know much less about the crime impact of refugees in low- and middle-income countries -... mehr

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    Most studies examining the impact of migrants on crime rates in hosting populations are in the context of economic migrants in developed countries. However, we know much less about the crime impact of refugees in low- and middle-income countries - whose numbers are increasing worldwide. This study examines this issue in the context of the largest refugee group in any country - Syrian refugees in Turkey. Although these refugees are much poorer than the local population, have limited access to formal employment, and face partial mobility restrictions, we find that total crime per person (including natives and refugees) falls due to the arrival of the refugees. This finding also applies to several types of crime; the only exception is smuggling, which increases due to the population influx. We also show that the fall in crime does not result from tighter security; we find no evidence of a change in the number of armed forces (military and civil personnel) in the migrant-hosting regions.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum working paper series ; no: 2113 (August 2021)
    Schlagworte: refugees; crime; security; immigration-crime nexus; civil war
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  18. Asylum recognition rates in Europe: persecution, policies and performance
    Autor*in: Hatton, Timothy J.
    Erschienen: November 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    A minority of applicants for asylum in Europe gain some form of recognition as refugees, and this has been a controversial issue. From the early 2000s the EU introduced a series of directives to prevent a race to the bottom in asylum policies and to... mehr

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    A minority of applicants for asylum in Europe gain some form of recognition as refugees, and this has been a controversial issue. From the early 2000s the EU introduced a series of directives to prevent a race to the bottom in asylum policies and to harmonise policy between destination countries but the results have not been fully assessed. In this paper I examine the determinants of recognition rates for asylum applicants from 65 origin countries to 20 European destinations from 2003 to 2017. The outcomes of the EU directives have been mixed, but taken together they are associated with increased recognition rates. These made a modest contribution to the trend increase in recognition rates most of which is due to increased political terror and human rights repression in origin countries. But differences between European countries remain large, even after accounting origin country composition and for differences in the adoption of EU directives. Some of this may be accounted for by differences in bureaucratic frameworks through which policy is administered.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14840
    Schlagworte: refugees; asylum; recognition rates
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  19. Managing refugee protection crises: policy lessons from economics and political science
    Autor*in: Hangartner, Dominik; Sarvimäki, Matti; Spirig, Judith
    Erschienen: October 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We review and interpret research on the economic and political effects of receiving asylum seekers and refugees in developed countries, with a particular focus on the 2015 European refugee protection crisis and its aftermath. In the first part of the... mehr

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    We review and interpret research on the economic and political effects of receiving asylum seekers and refugees in developed countries, with a particular focus on the 2015 European refugee protection crisis and its aftermath. In the first part of the paper, we examine the consequences of receiving asylum seekers and refugees and identify two main findings. First, the reception of refugees is unlikely to generate large direct economic effects. Both labor market and fiscal consequences for host countries are likely to be relatively modest. Second, however, the broader political processes accompanying the reception and integration of refugees may give rise to indirect yet larger economic effects. Specifically, a growing body of work suggests that the arrival of asylum seekers and refugees can fuel the rise of anti-immigrant populist parties, which may lead to the adoption of economically and politically isolationist policies. Yet, these political effects are not inevitable and occur only under certain conditions. In the second part of the paper, we discuss the conditions under which these effects are less likely to occur. We argue that refugees' effective integration along relevant linguistic, economic, and legal dimensions, an allocation of asylum seekers that is perceived as 'fair' by the host society, and meaningful contact between locals and newly arrived refugees have the potential to mitigate the political and indirect economic risks.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14821
    Schlagworte: refugees; asylum seekers; populism; integration policies
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Do refugees with better mental health better integrate?
    evidence from the building a new life in Australia longitudinal survey
    Autor*in: Dang, Hai-Anh; Trinh, Trong-Anh; Verme, Paolo
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Hardly any evidence currently exists on the causal effects of mental illness on refugee labor market outcomes. We offer the first study on this topic in the context of Australia, one of the host countries with the largest number of refugees per... mehr

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    Hardly any evidence currently exists on the causal effects of mental illness on refugee labor market outcomes. We offer the first study on this topic in the context of Australia, one of the host countries with the largest number of refugees per capita in the world. Analyzing the Building a New Life in Australia longitudinal survey, we exploit the variations in traumatic experiences of refugees interacted with time as an instrument for refugee mental health. We find that worse mental health, as measured by a one standard deviation increase in the Kessler mental health score, reduces the probability of employment by 14.1% and labor income by 26.8%. We also find some evidence of adverse impacts of refugees' mental illness on their children's mental health and education performance. These effects appear more pronounced for refugees that newly arrive or are without social networks, but they may be ameliorated with government support. Our findings suggest that policies that target refugees' mental health may offer a new channel to improve their labor market outcomes.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 949
    Schlagworte: refugees; mental health; labor outcomes; instrumental variable; BNLA longitudinal survey; Australia
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Wealth inequality: opportunity or unfairness?
    Autor*in: Chaliasos, Michaēl; Jansson, Thomas; Karabulut, Yigitcan
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Netspar, Network for Studies on Pensions, Aging and Retirement, [Tilburg]

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 2021, 020 (06)
    Schlagworte: Household finance; wealth inequality; propagation of inequality; education; opportunity; refugees
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Wealth inequality
    opportunity or unfairness?
    Autor*in: Chaliasos, Michaēl; Jansson, Thomas; Karabulut, Yigitcan
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Institute for Monetary and Financial Stability, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main

    The authors present evidence of a new propagation mechanism for wealth inequality, based on differential responses, by education, to greater inequality at the start of economic life. The paper is motivated by a novel positive cross-country... mehr

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    The authors present evidence of a new propagation mechanism for wealth inequality, based on differential responses, by education, to greater inequality at the start of economic life. The paper is motivated by a novel positive cross-country relationship between wealth inequality and perceptions of opportunity and fairness, which holds only for the more educated. Using unique administrative micro data and a quasi-field experiment of exogenous allocation of households, the authors find that exposure to a greater top 10% wealth share at the start of economic life in the country leads only the more educated placed in locations with above-median wealth mobility to attain higher wealth levels and position in the cohort-specific wealth distribution later on. Underlying this effect is greater participation in risky financial and real assets and in self-employment, with no evidence for a labor income, unemployment risk, or human capital investment channel. This differential response is robust to controlling for initial exposure to fixed or other time-varying local features, including income inequality, and consistent with self-fulfilling responses of the more educated to perceived opportunities, without evidence of imitation or learning from those at the top.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / Institute for Monetary and Financial Stability ; no. 161 (2021)
    Schlagworte: Household finance; wealth inequality; propagation of inequality; education; opportunity; refugees
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Keeping refugee children in school and out of work: evidence from the world's largest humanitarian cash transfer program
    Autor*in: Aygün, Aysun Hızıroglu; Kirdar, Murat G.; Koyuncu, Murat; Stoeffler, Quentin
    Erschienen: June 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper investigates whether unconditional cash transfers can keep refugee children in school and out of work. We raise this question in the unique context of Turkey, which hosts the world's largest refugee population (including 3.6 million... mehr

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    This paper investigates whether unconditional cash transfers can keep refugee children in school and out of work. We raise this question in the unique context of Turkey, which hosts the world's largest refugee population (including 3.6 million Syrians). Refugees in Turkey are supported by the world's largest cash transfer program for refugees, the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN). We exploit a program eligibility criterion to identify the causal impacts of the ESSN program using a regression discontinuity design. The results show a large effect on child labor and school enrollment among both male and female refugee children. Being a beneficiary household reduces the fraction of children working from 14.0 percent to 1.6 percent (a decrease of 88 percent) and the fraction of children aged 6-17 not in school from 36.2 to 13.7 percent (a reduction of 62 percent). By unpacking the mechanisms at play, we show that ESSN cash transfers become a significant part of a household's income, substantially alleviate extreme poverty, and reduce a family's need to resort to harmful coping strategies. Investigating the reasons for children not attending school, we find that the beneficiary households become more likely to send children to school because the cash transfer addresses both the opportunity cost and direct cost of schooling - although the former is more important. The findings have important implications for the design of policies aimed at supporting refugee children at scale.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14513
    Schlagworte: refugees; cash transfers; education; child labor; regression discontinuity design; program evaluation; Turkey
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  24. Keeping refugee children in school and out of work: evidence from the world's largest humanitarian cash transfer program
    Autor*in: Aygün, Aysun Hızıroğlu; Kirdar, Murat G.; Koyuncu, Murat; Stoeffler, Quentin
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum, Sarıyer/Istanbul

    This paper investigates whether unconditional cash transfers can keep refugee children in school and out of work. We raise this question in the unique context of Turkey, which hosts the world's largest refugee population (including 3.6 million... mehr

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    This paper investigates whether unconditional cash transfers can keep refugee children in school and out of work. We raise this question in the unique context of Turkey, which hosts the world's largest refugee population (including 3.6 million Syrians). Refugees in Turkey are supported by the world's largest cash transfer program for refugees, the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN). We exploit a program eligibility criterion to identify the causal impacts of the ESSN program using a regression discontinuity design. The results show a large effect on child labor and school enrollment among both male and female refugee children. Being a beneficiary household reduces the fraction of children working from 14.0 percent to 1.6 percent (a decrease of 88 percent) and the fraction of children aged 6-17 not in school from 36.2 to 13.7 percent (a reduction of 62 percent). By unpacking the mechanisms at play, we show that ESSN cash transfers become a significant part of a household's income, substantially alleviate extreme poverty, and reduce a family's need to resort to harmful coping strategies. Investigating the reasons for children not attending school, we find that the beneficiary households become more likely to send children to school because the cash transfer addresses both the opportunity cost and direct cost of schooling - although the former is more important. The findings have important implications for the design of policies aimed at supporting refugee children at scale.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum working paper series ; no: 2106 (June 2021)
    Schlagworte: refugees; cash transfers; education; child labor; regression discontinuity design; program evaluation; Turkey
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  25. Migration from Africa, the Middle East and European neighbouring countries to the EU
    an augmented gravity modelling approach
    Autor*in: Mara, Isilda; Landesmann, Michael
    Erschienen: May 2021
    Verlag:  Wiener Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche, Wien

    The South-North migration corridor, i.e. migration flows to the EU from Africa, the Middle East and EU neighbouring countries in the East, have overtaken the East-West migration corridor, i.e. migration flows from Central and East European countries... mehr

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    The South-North migration corridor, i.e. migration flows to the EU from Africa, the Middle East and EU neighbouring countries in the East, have overtaken the East-West migration corridor, i.e. migration flows from Central and East European countries to the EU15 and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). This is likely to dominate migration flows into the EU+EFTA over the coming decades. This paper applies a gravity modelling approach to analyse patterns and drivers of the South-North migration corridor over the period 1995-2020 and explores bilateral mobility patterns from 75 sending countries in Africa, the Middle East and other EU neighbours to the EU28 and EFTA countries. The study finds that income gaps, diverging demographic trends, institutional and governance features and persisting political instability, but also higher climate risks in the neighbouring regions of the EU, are fuelling migration flows along the South-North corridor and will most likely continue to do so.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / wiiw ; 198
    Schlagworte: Migration; Africa; Middle East; Eastern EU partnership countries; migration to EU; demographic developments; refugees; migration policies; gravity modelling; climate risks
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen