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  1. Monetary policy and racial inequality
    Autor*in: Bartscher, Alina Kristin; Kuhn, Moritz; Schularick, Moritz; Wachtel, Paul
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Federal Reserve Bank of New York, New York, NY

    This paper aims at an improved understanding of the relationship between monetary policy and racial inequality. We investigate the distributional effects of monetary policy in a unified framework, linking monetary policy shocks both to earnings and... mehr

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    This paper aims at an improved understanding of the relationship between monetary policy and racial inequality. We investigate the distributional effects of monetary policy in a unified framework, linking monetary policy shocks both to earnings and wealth differentials between black and white households. Specifically, we show that, although a more accommodative monetary policy increases employment of black households more than white households, the overall effects are small. At the same time, an accommodative monetary policy shock exacerbates the wealth difference between black and white households, because black households own less financial assets that appreciate in value. Over multi-year time horizons, the employment effects are substantially smaller than the countervailing portfolio effects. We conclude that there is little reason to think that accommodative monetary policy plays a significant role in reducing racial inequities in the way often discussed. On the contrary, it may well accentuate inequalities for extended periods

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/241152
    Auflage/Ausgabe: Revised June 2021
    Schriftenreihe: Staff report / Federal Reserve Bank of New York ; no. 959 (June 2021)
    Schlagworte: monetary policy; racial inequality; income distribution; wealth distribution; wealth effects
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Monetary policy and racial inequality
    Autor*in: Bartscher, Alina Kristin; Kuhn, Moritz; Schularick, Moritz; Wachtel, Paul
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Center for Advanced Studies on the Foundations of Law and Finance, House of Finance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    This paper aims at an improved understanding of the relationship between monetary policy and racial inequality. We investigate the distributional effects of monetary policy in a unified framework, linking monetary policy shocks both to earnings and... mehr

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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    This paper aims at an improved understanding of the relationship between monetary policy and racial inequality. We investigate the distributional effects of monetary policy in a unified framework, linking monetary policy shocks both to earnings and wealth differentials between black and white households. Specifically, we show that, although a more accommodative monetary policy increases employment of black households more than white households, the overall effects are small. At the same time, an accommodative monetary policy shock exacerbates the wealth difference between black and white households, because black households own less financial assets that appreciate in value. Over multi-year time horizons, the employment effects are substantially smaller than the countervailing portfolio effects. We conclude that there is little reason to think that accommodative monetary policy plays a significant role in reducing racial inequities in the way often discussed. On the contrary, it may well accentuate inequalities for extended periods.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/244695
    Schriftenreihe: LawFin working paper ; no. 15
    Schlagworte: monetary policy; racial inequality; income distribution; wealth distribution; wealth effects
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Incarceration, earnings, and race
    Autor*in: Gordon, Grey; Jones, John Bailey; Neelakantan, Urvi; Athreya, Kartik B.
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  The Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / The Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond ; WP 21, 11
    Schlagworte: earnings dynamics; incarceration; racial inequality
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 73 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Black suburbanization and the evolution of spatial inequality since 1970
    Autor*in: Bartik, Alexander W.; Mast, Evan
    Erschienen: 11-2-2021
    Verlag:  W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, Kalamazoo, MI

    Since 1970, the share of Black individuals living in suburbs of larger cities has risen from 16 to 36 percent. We present three facts illustrating how this suburbanization has changed spatial inequality. First, suburbanization entirely accounts for... mehr

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    Since 1970, the share of Black individuals living in suburbs of larger cities has risen from 16 to 36 percent. We present three facts illustrating how this suburbanization has changed spatial inequality. First, suburbanization entirely accounts for Black households' relative improvements in several key neighborhood characteristics, while Black city dwellers saw declines. Second, suburbanization accounts for over half of the increase in within-Black income segregation. Selective Black migration and muted suburban "White flight" both contribute to these patterns. Third, total Black population in central cities has plummeted since 2000, driven by young people and declines in high-poverty, majority-Black neighborhoods.

     
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    hdl: 10419/262383
    Schriftenreihe: Upjohn Institute working paper ; 21, 355
    Schlagworte: suburbanization; racial inequality
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 74 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. A desigualdade racial no Brasil nas três últimas décadas
    Autor*in: Osorio, Rafael Guerreiro
    Erschienen: maio de 2021
    Verlag:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília

    This paper presents a brief review of the main sociological theories on socioeconomic inequality between blacks and whites in Brazil, and indicators of racial income inequality for the period 1986-2019, based on the National Household Survey (PNAD).... mehr

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    This paper presents a brief review of the main sociological theories on socioeconomic inequality between blacks and whites in Brazil, and indicators of racial income inequality for the period 1986-2019, based on the National Household Survey (PNAD). The indicators show that, despite all the change in racial relations in the period, such as the debunking of the myth of racial democracy, the growing appreciation of blackness and the greater denunciation and repudiation of racism and discrimination, in the income dimension there was only a tiny reduction of inequality. Racial income inequality persists without substantive upheavals. The average income of whites is at least twice that of blacks, and this difference, according to the decomposition of the Theil L indicator, accounts for 11% of the Brazilian income inequality. The contribution of income inequality among blacks to total inequality in Brazil increased, together with the share of the population that declares being preto and pardo in the PNAD, which became the majority in the period.

     
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    Sprache: Portugiesisch
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/240851
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2657
    Schlagworte: racial inequality; income inequality; PNAD; PNAD Contínua
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Black entrepreneurs, job creation, and financial constraints
    Autor*in: Kim, Mee Jung; Lee, Kyung Min; Brown, J. David; Earle, John S.
    Erschienen: May 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Black-owned businesses tend to operate with less finance and employ fewer workers than those owned by Whites. Motivated by a simple conceptual framework, we document these facts and show they are causally connected using large firm-level surveys... mehr

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    Black-owned businesses tend to operate with less finance and employ fewer workers than those owned by Whites. Motivated by a simple conceptual framework, we document these facts and show they are causally connected using large firm-level surveys linked to universal employer data from the Census Bureau. We find that the racial financing gap is most pronounced at start-up and tends to narrow with firm age. At any age, Black-owned firms are less likely to receive bank loans, more likely to refrain from applying because they expect denial, and more likely to report that lack of finance reduces their profitability. Yet the observable characteristics of Black entrepreneurs are similar in most respects to Whites, and in some ways - higher education, growth-oriented motivations, and involvement in the business - would seem to imply higher, not lower, demand for finance. Concerning employment, we find that Black-owned firms have on average about 12 percent fewer employees than those owned by Whites, but the difference drops when controlling for firm age and other characteristics. However, when the analysis holds financial variables constant, the results imply that equally well-financed Black-owned firms would be larger than White-owned by about seven percent. Exploiting the credit supply shock of changing assignment to Community Reinvestment Act treatment through a Regression Discontinuity Design in a firm-level panel regression framework, we find that expanded credit access raises employment 5-7 percentage points more at Black-owned businesses than White-owned firms in treated neighborhoods.

     
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    hdl: 10419/236434
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14403
    Schlagworte: business ownership; racial inequality; firm employment; Community Reinvestment Act
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. The lasting effects of early childhood education on promoting the skills and social mobility of disadvantaged African Americans
    Autor*in: García, Jorge Luis; Heckman, James J.; Ronda, Victor
    Erschienen: July 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper demonstrates multiple beneficial impacts of a program promoting inter-generational mobility for disadvantaged African-American children and their children. The program improves outcomes of the first-generation treatment group across the... mehr

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    This paper demonstrates multiple beneficial impacts of a program promoting inter-generational mobility for disadvantaged African-American children and their children. The program improves outcomes of the first-generation treatment group across the life cycle, which translates into better family environments for the second generation leading to positive intergenerational gains. There are long-lasting beneficial program effects on cognition through age 54, contradicting claims of fadeout that have dominated popular discussions of early childhood programs. Children of the first-generation treatment group have higher levels of education and employment, lower levels of criminal activity, and better health than children of the first-generation control group.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245626
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14575
    Schlagworte: early childhood education; intergenerational mobility; racial inequality; social mobility
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Monetary policy and racial inequality
    Autor*in: Bartscher, Alina Kristin; Kuhn, Moritz; Schularick, Moritz; Wachtel, Paul
    Erschienen: January 2021
    Verlag:  ECONtribute, Bonn

    This paper aims at an improved understanding of the relationship between monetary policy and racial inequality. We investigate the distributional effects of monetary policy in a unified framework, linking monetary policy shocks both to earnings and... mehr

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    This paper aims at an improved understanding of the relationship between monetary policy and racial inequality. We investigate the distributional effects of monetary policy in a unified framework, linking monetary policy shocks both to earnings and wealth differentials between black and white households. Specifically, we show that, although a more accommodative monetary policy increases employment of black households more than white households, the overall effects are small. At the same time, an accommodative monetary policy shock exacerbates the wealth difference between black and white households, because black households own less financial assets that appreciate in value. Over multi-year time horizons, the employment effects are substantially smaller than the countervailing portfolio effects. We conclude that there is little reason to think that accommodative monetary policy plays a significant role in reducing racial inequities in the way often discussed. On the contrary, it may well accentuate inequalities for extended periods.

     
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    hdl: 10419/231486
    Schriftenreihe: ECONtribute discussion paper ; no. 061
    Schlagworte: monetary policy; racial inequality; income distribution; wealth distribution; wealth effects
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Monetary policy and racial inequality
    Autor*in: Bartscher, Alina Kristin; Kuhn, Moritz; Schularick, Moritz; Wachtel, Paul
    Erschienen: February 2021
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    This paper aims at an improved understanding of the relationship between monetary policy and racial inequality. We investigate the distributional effects of monetary policy in a unified framework, linking monetary policy shocks both to earnings and... mehr

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    This paper aims at an improved understanding of the relationship between monetary policy and racial inequality. We investigate the distributional effects of monetary policy in a unified framework, linking monetary policy shocks both to earnings and wealth differentials between black and white households. Specifically, we show that, although a more accommodative monetary policy increases employment of black households more than white households, the overall effects are small. At the same time, an accommodative monetary policy shock exacerbates the wealth difference between black and white households, because black households own less financial assets that appreciate in value. Over multi-year time horizons, the employment effects are substantially smaller than the countervailing portfolio effects. We conclude that there is little reason to think that accommodative monetary policy plays a significant role in reducing racial inequities in the way often discussed. On the contrary, it may well accentuate inequalities for extended periods.

     
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    hdl: 10419/232474
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 8877 (2021)
    Schlagworte: monetary policy; racial inequality; income distribution; wealth distribution; wealth effects
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Reducing racial inequality in access to the ballot reduces racial inequality in children's later-life outcomes
    Autor*in: Jones, Daniel B.; Shi, Ying
    Erschienen: February 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The Voting Rights Act (VRA) of 1965 removed barriers to voting for Black Americans in the South; existing work documents that this in turn led to shifts in the distribution of public funding towards areas with a higher share of Black residents and... mehr

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    The Voting Rights Act (VRA) of 1965 removed barriers to voting for Black Americans in the South; existing work documents that this in turn led to shifts in the distribution of public funding towards areas with a higher share of Black residents and also reduced Black-White earnings disparities. We consider how expanded access to the ballot improved the well-being of children, and in doing so document that the immediate effects of expanded voting access last well into the next generation. Specifically, within a cohort-based differences-in-differences design, we test how early-life exposure to the VRA differentially impacted later-life outcomes of Black Americans. We find that increased exposure to the VRA before the age 18 leads to higher educational attainment and earnings in adulthood for Black Americans, with little or no impact on whites.

     
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    hdl: 10419/252219
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15095
    Schlagworte: Voting Rights Act; racial inequality; voting; childhood exposure
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Racial inequality in unemployment insurance receipt and take-up
    Autor*in: Kuka, Elira; Stuart, Bryan A.
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working papers / Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia ; 22, 09 (March 2022)
    Schlagworte: racial inequality; unemployment insurance; take-up; social insurance
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Monetary policy and the gender and racial employment dynamics in Brazil
    Autor*in: Couto, Patricia; Brenck, Clara
    Erschienen: February 2023
    Verlag:  Levy Economics Institute, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY

    Monetary policy has been historically concerned with controlling inflation, using the interest rate as its main tool. However, such policies are not gender- or race-neutral. This paper explores econometrically the effect of changes in the interest... mehr

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    Monetary policy has been historically concerned with controlling inflation, using the interest rate as its main tool. However, such policies are not gender- or race-neutral. This paper explores econometrically the effect of changes in the interest rate for female and black employment creation in Brazil. We conduct a panel data fixed effects analysis for 13 states between 2012 and 2021 to estimate the effects of changes in interest rates on unemployment, separating the data by gender and race. Our results show that the real interest rate has a positive effect on the relative unemployment of black men to white men, no effect on the relative unemployment of black women to white men, and a negative effect on the relative unemployment of white women to white men. These effects are intensified in regions where the black population ratio is lower. This paper contributes to understanding the challenges to closing gender and racial gaps, particularly in developing economies. We conclude that social stratification, if not considered, can lead to misleading policies that perpetuate unequal socioeconomic outcomes.

     
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    hdl: 10419/283207
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Levy Economics Institute of Bard College ; no. 1016
    Schlagworte: Monetary policy; gender inequality; racial inequality; social stratification
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Race, class, and mobility in U.S. marriage markets
    Autor*in: Binder, Ariel J.; Walker, Caroline; Eggleston, Jonathan; Murray-Close, Marta
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  U.S. Census Bureau, Center for Economic Studies, Washington, DC

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    Schriftenreihe: Working papers / Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau ; 22, 59 (December 2022)
    Schlagworte: marriage market; intergenerational mobility; family income; racial inequality; assortative matching; segregation; intermarriage; union formation; stratification economics
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Correcting racial injustice
    forensic DNA technology and the exoneration of the wrongfully convicted
    Autor*in: D'Este, Rocco; Yuchtman, Noam
    Erschienen: April 2023
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We study the effects of laws streamlining access to post-conviction forensic DNA technology ("DNA laws"). We present a conceptual framework in which DNA laws' effects differ by race due to unequal access to non-DNA exoneration technologies.... mehr

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    We study the effects of laws streamlining access to post-conviction forensic DNA technology ("DNA laws"). We present a conceptual framework in which DNA laws' effects differ by race due to unequal access to non-DNA exoneration technologies. Consistent with the framework's predictions, we find that DNA laws: (i) increased DNA-based exonerations for Blacks and non-Blacks; (ii) increased total exonerations for Blacks, while non-Blacks exhibit substitution across exoneration technologies and smaller effects on total exonerations. We estimate that without DNA laws, around 100 wrongfully convicted Black Americans would have died in prison, with wrongfully convicted Blacks spending over 1,800 additional years imprisoned.

     
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    hdl: 10419/272703
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16076
    Schlagworte: racial inequality; criminal sentencing; legal institutions; technology and justice
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Racial unemployment gaps and the disparate impact of the inflation tax
    Autor*in: Ait Lahcen, Mohammed; Baughman, Garth; Buggenum, Hugo van
    Erschienen: April 2023
    Verlag:  University of Zurich, Department of Economics, Zurich

    We study the nonlinearities present in a standard monetary labor search model modified to have two groups of workers facing exogenous differences in the job finding and separation rates. We use our setting to study the racial unemployment gap between... mehr

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    We study the nonlinearities present in a standard monetary labor search model modified to have two groups of workers facing exogenous differences in the job finding and separation rates. We use our setting to study the racial unemployment gap between Black and white workers in the US. A calibrated version of the model is able to replicate the difference between the two groups both in the level and volatility of unemployment. We show that the racial unemployment gap is counter-cyclical and that its reaction to shocks is state-dependent. In particular, following a negative productivity shock, when aggregate unemployment is above average the gap increases by 0.6pp more than when aggregate unemployment is below average. In terms of policy, we study the implications of different inflation regimes on the racial unemployment gap. Higher trend inflation increases both the level of the unemployment gap and the magnitude of its response to shocks.

     
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    hdl: 10419/275658
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / University of Zurich, Department of Economics ; no. 433
    Schlagworte: unemployment; discrimination; racial inequality; monetary policy; inflation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. The impacts of COVID-19 on racial inequality in business earnings
    Autor*in: Fairlie, Robert W.
    Erschienen: August 2023
    Verlag:  Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), Stanford, CA

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    Auflage/Ausgabe: Revised version
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR) ; no. 23, 25 (August, 2023)
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; KMU; Gewinn; Liquidation; Insolvenz; Desinvestition; Ethnische Diskriminierung; Schwarze Menschen; USA; entrepreneurship; COVID; racial inequality; business earnings; pandemic; Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination; Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs; Entrepreneurship
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. The impacts of Covid-19 on racial inequality in business earnings
    Autor*in: Fairlie, Robert W.
    Erschienen: August 2023
    Verlag:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    Many small businesses closed in the pandemic, but were economic losses disproportionately felt by businesses owned by people of color? This paper provides the first study of the impacts of COVID-19 on racial inequality in business earnings.... mehr

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    Many small businesses closed in the pandemic, but were economic losses disproportionately felt by businesses owned by people of color? This paper provides the first study of the impacts of COVID-19 on racial inequality in business earnings. Pandemic-induced losses to business earnings in 2020 were 16-19 percent for all business owners. Racial inequality increased in the pandemic: Black business owners experienced larger negative impacts on business earnings of 12-14 percent relative to white business owners. Regression estimates for Latinx and Asian business owners reveal negative point estimates but the estimates are not statistically significant. Using Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions and a new pandemic-focused decomposition technique, I find that the industry concentrations of Black, Latinx, and Asian business owners placed each of these groups at a higher risk of experiencing disproportionate business earnings losses in the pandemic. Higher education levels among Asian business owners helped insulate them from larger losses from COVID-19. In the following year of economic recovery, 2021, business earnings rebounded strongly for all groups except for Asian business owners who experienced large relative losses (which were partly due to industry concentrations). State-level variation in policies and disease spread does not explain racial differences in business earnings losses or rebounds.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/279385
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working papers ; 10634 (2023)
    Schlagworte: entrepreneurship; Covid; racial inequality; business earnings; pandemic
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. The impacts of COVID-19 on racial inequality in business earnings
    Autor*in: Fairlie, Robert W.
    Erschienen: August 2023
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Many small businesses closed in the pandemic, but were economic losses disproportionately felt by businesses owned by people of color? This paper provides the first study of the impacts of COVID-19 on racial inequality in business earnings.... mehr

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    Many small businesses closed in the pandemic, but were economic losses disproportionately felt by businesses owned by people of color? This paper provides the first study of the impacts of COVID-19 on racial inequality in business earnings. Pandemic-induced losses to business earnings in 2020 were 16-19 percent for all business owners. Racial inequality increased in the pandemic: Black business owners experienced larger negative impacts on business earnings of 12-14 percent relative to white business owners. Regression estimates for Latinx and Asian business owners reveal negative point estimates but the estimates are not statistically significant. Using Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions and a new pandemic-focused decomposition technique, I find that the industry concentrations of Black, Latinx, and Asian business owners placed each of these groups at a higher risk of experiencing disproportionate business earnings losses in the pandemic. Higher education levels among Asian business owners helped insulate them from larger losses from COVID-19. In the following year of economic recovery, 2021, business earnings rebounded strongly for all groups except for Asian business owners who experienced large relative losses (which were partly due to industry concentrations). State-level variation in policies and disease spread does not explain racial differences in business earnings losses or rebounds.

     
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    hdl: 10419/279110
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16412
    Schlagworte: entrepreneurship; COVID-19; racial inequality; business earnings; pandemic
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. The socio-economic dimensions of racial inequality in South Africa
    a social space perspective
    Autor*in: Branson, Nicola; Hjellbrekke, Johs.; Leibbrandt, Murray V.; Ranchhod, Vimal; Savage, Michael; Whitelaw, Emma
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  ACEIR, SALDRU, School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / African Centre of Excellence for Inequality Research (ACEIR) ; no. 10 (September 2023)
    Schlagworte: racial inequality; wealth; South Africa; social class
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Monetary policy with racial inequality
    Autor*in: Nakajima, Makoto
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working papers / Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia ; 23, 09 (May 2023)
    Schlagworte: monetary policy; racial inequality; labor market; unemployment; wealth distribution; hand-to-mouth; marginal propensity to consume; business cycle; heterogeneous agents
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 71 Seiten), Illustrationen