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  1. Pandemics, global supply chains and local labor demand
    evidence from 100 million posted jobs in China
    Autor*in: Fang, Hanming; Ge, Chunmian; Huang, Hanwei; Li, Hongbin
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / Centre for Economic Performance ; no. 1730 (November 2020)
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; labor demand; global supply chains; trade; china; employment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Refugee migration, labor demand,and local employment
    Autor*in: Auer, Daniel; Götz, Lilia
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Whether or not immigration negatively affects the labor market outcomes of natives is an ongoing debate. One of the challenges for empirical evidence is the simultaneity of supply- and demand-side effects. To isolate the demand side, we focus on... mehr

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    Whether or not immigration negatively affects the labor market outcomes of natives is an ongoing debate. One of the challenges for empirical evidence is the simultaneity of supply- and demand-side effects. To isolate the demand side, we focus on recent refugees in Germany who are exogenously allocated to districts and largely excluded from the labor market. Using panel data of all German districts between 2010 and 2018 and leveraging variation in the local stock of asylum seekers, we find that 1,000 asylum seekers create 267 jobs on average in a district. This growth effect is mainly driven by a demand for additional labor in service, public administration, and social work. As a consequence, we also observe a significant reduction in the local unemployment rate when more refugees arrive. The dynamic panel data estimates are robust to various sensitivity checks and two different instrumental variable approaches. Quantifying the demand side of immigration adds to our understanding of local labor market dynamics in an increasingly mobile world.

     
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    hdl: 10419/247261
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 989
    Schlagworte: labor demand; refugee migration; employment growth; unemployment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. The future of labor
    automation and the labor share in the Second Machine Age
    Autor*in: Cheng, Hong; Drozd, Lukasz A.; Giri, Rahul; Taschereau-Dumouchel, Mathieu; Xia, Junjie
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working papers / Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia ; 21, 11 (February 2021)
    Schlagworte: labor share; labor’s share in income; automation; labor demand; industrial robots
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Train drain?
    access to skilled foreign workers and firms' provision of training
    Autor*in: Oswald-Egg, Maria Esther; Siegenthaler, Michael
    Erschienen: 2021-08
    Verlag:  KOF, Zurich, Switzerland

    Does better access to skilled workers reduce firms' willingness to provide general skills training to unskilled workers? We analyze how the gradual opening of the Swiss labor market to workers from the European Union affected the number of... mehr

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    Does better access to skilled workers reduce firms' willingness to provide general skills training to unskilled workers? We analyze how the gradual opening of the Swiss labor market to workers from the European Union affected the number of apprenticeship positions that firms provide. We exploit that the availability of skilled workers increased more in firms close to the border because they gained unrestricted access to cross-border workers from neighboring countries. Our Difference-in-Differences estimates suggest that firm-provided training and access to skilled workers are not necessarily substitutes: opening the borders did not have a statistically significant effect on apprenticeship provision. We show theoretically and empirically that the small impact was the consequence of two opposing effects: the greater availability of skilled workers reduced firms' incentive to train because the cost of hiring external labor fell. Positive impacts on firm growth worked in the opposite direction.

     
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    hdl: 10419/251035
    Schriftenreihe: KOF working papers ; no. 495 (August 2021)
    Schlagworte: labor demand; skilled immigration; firm-provided training; apprenticeships; vocational education and training; free movement of workers; cross-border workers; recruitment; immigration policy; labor mobility; hiring costs
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. How important are plant and regional characteristics for labor demand?
    plant-level evidence for Germany
    Autor*in: Brixy, Udo; Fuchs, Michaela
    Erschienen: 31st May 2010
    Verlag:  European Regional Science Association, [Louvain-la-Neuve]

    Empirical research on agglomeration and regional economic growth puts high emphasis on the impact of specialization, diversity, and competition on regional employment dynamics (Glaeser et al. 1992, Henderson et al. 1995, Blien et al. 2006, Fuchs... mehr

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    Empirical research on agglomeration and regional economic growth puts high emphasis on the impact of specialization, diversity, and competition on regional employment dynamics (Glaeser et al. 1992, Henderson et al. 1995, Blien et al. 2006, Fuchs 2009). However, Beugelsdijk (2006) and Raspe/van Oort (2008) argue that this relationship should most profoundly hold at the micro or firm level. This paper centres on the labour demand of individual plants and assesses the influence of regional features in direct contrast to plant-specific characteristics as well as conventional labour-demand determinants. Hence, it contributes to the sparse literature on the importance of regional character-istics for firm performance and additionally integrates research from industrial as well as labour economics. The analysis is based on the IAB Establishment Panel, a comprehensive data set on German plants. For the years from 2004 to 2008 it encompasses observations on roughly 8,000 plants. The regional variables are added on the NUTS3-level. First econometric results confirm the basic hypotheses derived from labour-demand theory: wages exert a significantly negative and output a positive influence on the number of employees. Among the plant-specific characteristics, it is mainly plant size, exporting behaviour and R&D / innovation activities that foster employment. There are also distinctive differences regarding the single sectors. Last but not least, the regional environment plays a decisive role for plant-level labour demand. The size of the region the plant is located in, the degree of sectoral concentration as well as of competition within a sector have a positive and highly significant impact. By contrast, accessibility to highways, specialization, and diversity seem to be of minor relevance

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Sustainable regional growth and development in the creative knowledge economy : 50th ERSA Congress : 19 - 23 August 2010, Jönköping, Sweden / European Regional Science Association
    Schlagworte: firms; labor demand; agglomeration externalities; panel data methods
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Train drain?
    access to skilled foreign workers and firms' provision of training
    Autor*in: Oswald-Egg, Maria Esther; Siegenthaler, Michael
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  Universität Zürich, IBW - Institut für Betriebswirtschaftslehre, Zürich

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Swiss Leading House ; no. 186
    Schlagworte: labor demand; skilled immigration; firm-provided training; apprenticeships; vocational education and training; free movement of workers; cross-border workers; recruitment; immigration policy; labor mobility; hiring costs
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. The effects of COVID-19 on employment, labour markets and gender equality in Central America
    Autor*in: Webster, Allan D.; Khorana, Sangeeta; Pastore, Francesco
    Erschienen: June 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This study considers the economic impact of Covid-19 on enterprises in four Central American countries – El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. At the time of the analysis neither the pandemic nor its economic consequences had fully run... mehr

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    This study considers the economic impact of Covid-19 on enterprises in four Central American countries – El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. At the time of the analysis neither the pandemic nor its economic consequences had fully run their course. It is not, therefore, a definitive analysis but it is important to try to draw important lessons as soon as possible. The main focus of the study was the initial impact on labour markets. The analysis was based on World Bank enterprise surveys undertaken before the outbreak of Covid-19 and follow-up surveys on the effects of the pandemic, also undertaken by the World Bank. These were combined with data on government containment measures and on morbidity and mortality rates. The use of enterprise data to analyse labour market issues has some limitations but also many strengths. The data is useful for analysing the consequences for gender equality in employment. Since the demand for labour is a derived demand firm level data provides a clear link to labour market effects. The pandemic has caused a significant loss in sales for many firms, This creates a loss of liquidity which, in turn, has caused some firms to reduce employment, working hours and wages. Government containment measures necessary to save lives such as temporary workplace closures have added to the burden for both firms and employees. The study starts by using the surveys to identify the important stylised facts. Although some issues are already well documented anecdotally through media reports this provides a more evidence based approach. It also helps identify several issues, such as the impact on gender equality which have received less journalistic attention. The study is further supported by a regression analysis (OLS and SURE) of several key outcomes (changes in sales, employment, the share of females in employment and firm expectations of survival). A limitation of such analysis with any enterprise level is heterogeneity and, in consequence, a risk of sample selection bias. To provide robustness checks we use a matching approach. The results suggest that a significant proportion of surviving firms are vulnerable to permanent closure. The ability of firms to retain labour depends on sales which are affected by both the pandemic itself and the government containment measures. Only a small proportion of firms have received government support and there is evidence that it could help both firm survival and the retention of labour. There is some doubt whether the four countries have the institutional capacity to provide effective support. If such doubts prove well founded then support may need to be externally driven.

     
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    hdl: 10419/236512
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14481
    Schlagworte: labor demand; temporary closures; furloughs; firm-level data; COVID-19; emergency
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten)
  8. The effects of COVID-19 on employment, labour markets and gender equality in Central America
    Autor*in: Webster, Allan D.; Khorana, Sangeeta; Pastore, Francesco
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    This study considers the economic impact of Covid-19 on enterprises in four Central American countries - El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. At the time of the analysis neither the pandemic nor its economic consequences had fully run... mehr

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    This study considers the economic impact of Covid-19 on enterprises in four Central American countries - El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. At the time of the analysis neither the pandemic nor its economic consequences had fully run their course. It is not, therefore, a definitive analysis but it is important to try to draw important lessons as soon as possible. The main focus of the study was the initial impact on labour markets. The analysis was based on World Bank enterprise surveys§ undertaken before the outbreak of Covid-19 and follow-up surveys on the effects of the pandemic, also undertaken by the World Bank. These were combined with data on government containment measures and on morbidity and mortality rates. The use of enterprise data to analyse labour market issues has some limitations but also many strengths. The data is useful for analysing the consequences for gender equality in employment. Since the demand for labour is a derived demand firm level data provides a clear link to labour market effects. The pandemic has caused a significant loss in sales for many firms, This creates a loss of liquidity which, in turn, has caused some firms to reduce employment, working hours and wages. Government containment measures necessary to save lives such as temporary workplace closures have added to the burden for both firms and employees. The study starts by using the surveys to identify the important stylised facts. Although some issues are already well documented anecdotally through media reports this provides a more evidence based approach. It also helps identify several issues, such as the impact on gender equality which have received less journalistic attention. The study is further supported by a regression analysis (OLS and SURE) of several key outcomes (changes in sales, employment, the share of females in employment and firm expectations of survival). A limitation of such analysis with any enterprise level is heterogeneity and, in consequence, a risk of sample selection bias. To provide robustness checks we use a matching approach. The results suggest that a significant proportion of surviving firms are vulnerable to permanent closure. The ability of firms to retain labour depends on sales which are affected by both the pandemic itself and the government containment measures. Only a small proportion of firms have received government support and there is evidence that it could help both firm survival and the retention of labour. There is some doubt whether the four countries have the institutional capacity to provide effective support. If such doubts prove well founded then support may need to be externally driven.

     
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    hdl: 10419/235030
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 865
    Schlagworte: labor demand; temporary closures; furloughs; firm' level data; COVID-19; emergency
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten)
  9. Overlooked results on the competitive firm under output price risk
    alternative sufficient conditions for downward sloping factor demand curves
    Autor*in: Watt, Richard
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  Department of Economics and Finance, School of Business and Economics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Department of Economics and Finance, School of Business and Economics, University of Canterbury ; no. 2020, 11
    Schlagworte: price risk; competitive firms; labor demand
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 12 Seiten)
  10. Structural transformation and labor market performance in Ghana
    Autor*in: Mpumelelo Nxumalo; Raju, Dhushyanth
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  World Bank Group, Jobs, Washington, DC, USA

    Structural transformation can spur economic growth and development if it increases overall productivity growth. A labor market environment that enables workers and enterprises to transition smoothly across sectors and into more productive economic... mehr

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    Orient-Institut Beirut
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    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Potsdamer Straße
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    Universitätsbibliothek Clausthal
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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Fachhochschule Kiel, Zentralbibliothek
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    Structural transformation can spur economic growth and development if it increases overall productivity growth. A labor market environment that enables workers and enterprises to transition smoothly across sectors and into more productive economic pursuits can enhance the effect of structural transformation on economic growth. This study examines Ghana’s recent record of structural transformation and labor market performance. Based on the findings, the study proposes ways to further transform the country’s economy, in a way that stimulates stronger, sustained growth and produces gainful, productive, and inclusive private employment. The COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic and associated global economic crisis have posed a substantial setback to Ghana’s economic progress and plans, but these challenges also underscore the need for structural transformation that can both strengthen economic performance and improve labor conditions and outcomes

     
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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
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    hdl: 10986/34849
    Schriftenreihe: Jobs working paper ; issue no. 55
    Schlagworte: labor; economic complexity; skills; Employment; enterprises; labor market; structural transformation; labor demand; labor supply; productivity; LABOR SKILLS
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 103 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. FDI and onshore employment dynamics
    Autor*in: Koerner, Konstantin; Moritz, Michael; Schäffler, Johannes
    Erschienen: 10 May 2021
    Verlag:  Institute for Employment Research of the Federal Employment Agency, Nürnberg

    In this paper, we revisit questions about the onshore employment effects of firms that conduct foreign direct investment (FDI) in countries with substantially lower average wages. Our results derive from the use of rich administrative records on the... mehr

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    In this paper, we revisit questions about the onshore employment effects of firms that conduct foreign direct investment (FDI) in countries with substantially lower average wages. Our results derive from the use of rich administrative records on the universe of employees in German multinational enterprises (MNEs) that were active in the Czech Republic in 2010. Compared with former studies, the unique dataset in this study includes a much higher fraction of small and medium-sized firms and leads to strikingly different results for service MNEs. Applying coarsened exact matching for firms and an event-study design, we show that the domestic employment growth of MNEs decreases relative to that of non-MNEs and that the affected workers are those with low or medium educational attainment in the manufacturing sector and with medium or high educational attainment in the service sector. Regarding workers' tasks, our results do not show that FDI affects routine jobs beyond a worker's skill level. Wir analysieren die heimischen Beschäftigungseffekte von Unternehmen mit Niederlassungen in Niedriglohnländern. Essentiell für unsere neuen Ergebnisse ist die Nutzung administrativer Daten zur Population der deutschen multinationalen Unternehmen, die 2010 in der Tschechischen Republik tätig waren. Im Vergleich zu früheren Studien enthält der Datensatz einen sehr viel höheren Anteil kleiner und mittelständischer Unternehmen. Dadurch weichen unsere Ergebnisse insbesondere im Dienstleistungssektor von der bisherigen Literatur ab. Methodisch verwenden wir Coarsened Exact Matching, um sehr ähnliche Unternehmen zu untersuchen, welche sich ausschließlich hinsichtlich ihrer Investitionsentscheidung im Ausland unterscheiden. In einem Event-Study-Ansatz zeigen wir schließlich, dass das inländische Beschäftigungswachstum von multinationalen Unternehmen im Vergleich zu nichtmultinationalen Unternehmen abnimmt und dass im verarbeitenden Gewerbe Beschäftigte mit niedrigem oder mittlerem Bildungsabschluss und im Dienstleistungssektor Beschäftigte mit mittlerem oder hohem Bildungsniveau davon betroffen sind. In Bezug auf die Aufgaben/Tasks der Angestellten ergeben unsere Resultate keine Hinweise auf Auswirkungen von ausländischen Direktinvestitionen auf Routinetätigkeiten, die über das Qualifikationsniveau hinausgehen.

     
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    hdl: 10419/246259
    Schriftenreihe: IAB-discussion paper ; 2021, 9
    Schlagworte: economic integration; foreign direct investment; labor demand; multinational firms; offshoring; skills
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Open labor markets and firms' substitution between training apprentices and hiring workers
    Autor*in: Aepli, Manuel; Kuhn, Andreas
    Erschienen: March 2020
    Verlag:  Universität Zürich, IBW - Institut für Betriebswirtschaftslehre, Zürich

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Swiss Leading House ; no. 179
    Schlagworte: immigration; cross-border workers; firm behaviour; labor demand; substitutioneffects; apprenticeship training
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Artificial intelligence, income distribution and economic growth
    Autor*in: Gries, Thomas; Naudé, Wim
    Erschienen: August 17, 2020
    Verlag:  Verein für Socialpolitik, [Köln]

    The economic impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is studied using a (semi) endogenous growth model with two novel features. First, the task approach from labor economics is reformulated and integrated into a growth model. Second, the standard... mehr

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    The economic impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is studied using a (semi) endogenous growth model with two novel features. First, the task approach from labor economics is reformulated and integrated into a growth model. Second, the standard represen- tative household assumption is rejected, so that aggregate demand restrictions can be introduced. With these novel features it is shown that (i) AI automation can decrease the share of labor income no matter the size of the elasticity of substitution between AI and labor, and (ii) when this elasticity is high, AI will unambiguously reduce aggre- gate demand and slow down GDP growth, even in the face of the positive technology shock that AI entails. If the elasticity of substitution is low, then GDP, productivity and wage growth may however still slow down, because the economy will then fail to benefit from the supply-side driven capacity expansion potential that AI can deliver. The model can thus explain why advanced countries tend to experience, despite much AI hype, the simultaneous existence of rather high employment with stagnating wages, productivity, and GDP.

     
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    hdl: 10419/224623
    Schriftenreihe: Jahrestagung 2020 / Verein für Socialpolitik ; 141
    Schlagworte: Technology; artificial intelligence; productivity; labor demand; income dis-tribution; growth theory
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 71 Seiten)
  14. The interplay between green policy, electricity prices, financial constraints and jobs
    firm-level evidence
    Autor*in: Bijnens, Gert; Hutchinson, John; Konings, Jozef; Saint-Guilhem, Arthur
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Increased investment in clean electricity generation or the introduction of a carbon tax will most likely lead to higher electricity prices. We examine the effect from changing electricity prices on manufacturing employment. Analyzing firm-level... mehr

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    Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Bibliothek 'Georgius Agricola'
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    Increased investment in clean electricity generation or the introduction of a carbon tax will most likely lead to higher electricity prices. We examine the effect from changing electricity prices on manufacturing employment. Analyzing firm-level data, we find that rising electricity prices lead to a negative impact on labor demand and investment in sectors most reliant on electricity as an input factor. Since these sectors are unevenly spread across countries and regions, the labor impact will also be unevenly spread with the highest impact in Southern Germany and Northern Italy. We also identify an additional channel that leads to heterogeneous responses. When electricity prices rise, financially constrained firms reduce employment more than less constrained firms. This implies a potentially mitigating role for monetary policy.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
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    ISBN: 9789289945370
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    hdl: 10419/234091
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / European Central Bank ; no 2537 (April 2021)
    Schlagworte: environmental regulation; labor demand; employment; manufacturing industry; monetary policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (50 Seiten), Illustrationen, Diagramme
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  15. The labour market impact of COVID-19: early evidence for a sample of enterprises from Southern Europe
    Autor*in: Webster, Allan D.; Khorana, Sangeeta; Pastore, Francesco
    Erschienen: April 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This study uses evidence from World Bank enterprise surveys of a sample of firms from six countries in Southern Europe. It examines the early evidence of the effects of Covid-19 on labour markets. The evidence and the analysis are provided at a time... mehr

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    This study uses evidence from World Bank enterprise surveys of a sample of firms from six countries in Southern Europe. It examines the early evidence of the effects of Covid-19 on labour markets. The evidence and the analysis are provided at a time when the pandemic is still in progress. The future progress of Covid-19 and government containment measures is uncertain, and the full economic consequences will probably continue to emerge after the end of the pandemic. The full extent of the impact on labour will probably not be the first of these. Nonetheless the possibility of learning lessons from the early stages of the pandemic is sufficiently important to make the exercise valuable. The study suggests that, despite efforts to support firms and hoard labour, there is a prospect of a significant number of firm closures with a consequent loss of employment. Temporary firm closures also represent a substantial loss of labour weeks. These are partly related to a significant number of workers subject to furloughs. Both temporary closures and furloughs impose costs that will be borne by firms, workers and government. The effects of Covid-19 on firms differ across sectors. Adverse effects tend to be higher in hospitality, non-essential retail and travel. A degree of gender segregation means that these are sectors with a high proportion of female workers and, in consequence, most of the countries in the sample exhibit an early decline of the share of women in employment. That many firms lack the capacity to survive further temporary closures of a similar duration to those in the earlier stages emphasises that the support provided in the near future is of critical importance to control employment losses through permanent firm closures.

     
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    hdl: 10419/236300
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14269
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Beschäftigungseffekt; Liquidation; Kündigung; Kroatien; Zypern; Griechenland; Italien; Malta; Portugal; labor demand; temporary closures; furloughs; firm' level data; COVID-19; emergency
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten)
  16. The interplay between green policy, electricity prices, financial constraints and jobs
    firm-level evidence
    Autor*in: Bijnens, Gert; Hutchinson, John; Konings, Jozef; Saint-Guilhem, Arthur
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  National Bank of Belgium, Brussels

    Increased investment in clean electricity generation or the introduction of a carbon tax will most likely lead to higher electricity prices. We examine the effect from changing electricity prices on manufacturing employment. Analyzing firm-level... mehr

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    Increased investment in clean electricity generation or the introduction of a carbon tax will most likely lead to higher electricity prices. We examine the effect from changing electricity prices on manufacturing employment. Analyzing firm-level data, we find that rising electricity prices lead to a negative impact on labor demand and investment in sectors most reliant on electricity as an input factor. Since these sectors are unevenly spread across countries and regions, the labor impact will also be unevenly spread with the highest impact in Southern Germany and Northern Italy. We also identify an additional channel that leads to heterogeneous responses. When electricity prices rise, financially constrained firms reduce employment more than less constrained firms. This implies a potentially mitigating role for monetary policy.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper research / National Bank of Belgium ; no 399 (April 2021)
    Schlagworte: environmental regulation; labor demand; employment; manufacturing industry; monetary policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. The race against the robots and the fallacy of the giant cheesecake
    immediate and imagined impacts of artificial intelligence
    Autor*in: Naudé, Wim
    Erschienen: 2019
    Verlag:  Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, The Netherlands

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / United Nations University, UNU-MERIT ; #2019, 005
    Schlagworte: Technology; artificial intelligence; productivity; labor demand; innovation; inequality
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 240 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. China's labor market demand in the shadow of COVID-19
    evidence from an online job board
    Autor*in: Zeng, Xiangquan; Chu, Shuai; Chen, Xuan
    Erschienen: March 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Using data of the largest online job board in China, Zhaopin.com, we examine the impacts of the lockdown policy on the Chinese labor market demand during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The analyses reveal that the lockdown policy, which... mehr

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    Using data of the largest online job board in China, Zhaopin.com, we examine the impacts of the lockdown policy on the Chinese labor market demand during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The analyses reveal that the lockdown policy, which was implemented in Wuhan on January 23, 2020, reduced the labor market demand drastically. Specifically, the "Number of Companies" that posted weekly job vacancies, "Number of Positions," and "Number of Employees" to be recruited reduced rapidly by 18.5%, 21.9%, and 30.0%, respectively. Furthermore, this impact of the lockdown policy began to reduce, thus allowing the labor demand to rebound four weeks after the outbreak. The heterogeneity analyses reveal that the industries with high physical proximity and those manufacturing non-essential products/services, as well as small-size firms, were greatly impacted by the policy. No statistical difference was observed between the impacts on the cities that implemented specific control measures and those that did not. This study quantifies the dynamic impacts of China's stringent control measures on the country's labor demand during the pandemic. These findings indicate that the effective management of public health crises in conjunction with economic policies is critical to revitalizing labor markets.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263417
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15201
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; lockdown; job vacancy; online job board; labor demand
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. China's labor market demand in the shadow of COVID-19
    evidence from an online job board
    Autor*in: Zeng, Xiangquan; Chu, Shuai; Chen, Xuan
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Using data of the largest online job board in China, Zhaopin.com, we examine the impacts of the lockdown policy on the Chinese labor market demand during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The analyses reveal that the lockdown policy, which... mehr

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    Using data of the largest online job board in China, Zhaopin.com, we examine the impacts of the lockdown policy on the Chinese labor market demand during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The analyses reveal that the lockdown policy, which was implemented in Wuhan on January 23, 2020, reduced the labor market demand drastically. Specifically, the "Number of Companies" that posted weekly job vacancies, "Number of Positions," and "Number of Employees" to be recruited reduced rapidly by 18.5%, 21.9%, and 30.0%, respectively. Furthermore, this impact of the lockdown policy began to reduce, thus allowing the labor demand to rebound four weeks after the outbreak. The heterogeneity analyses reveal that the industries with high physical proximity and those manufacturing non-essential products/services, as well as small-size firms, were greatly impacted by the policy. No statistical difference was observed between the impacts on the cities that implemented specific control measures and those that did not. This study quantifies the dynamic impacts of China's stringent control measures on the country's labor demand during the pandemic. These findings indicate that the effective management of public health crises in conjunction with economic policies is critical to revitalizing labor markets.

     
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    hdl: 10419/251727
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1074
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; lockdown; job vacancy; online job board; labor demand
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. The labor market effects of part-time contributions to social security: evidence from Colombia
    Autor*in: Samaniego de la Parra, Brenda; Otero-Cortés, Andrea; Fabio Morales, Leonardo
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Banco de la República Colombia, Centro de Estudios Económicos Regionales (CEER), Cartagena

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    Schriftenreihe: Documentos de trabajo sobre economía regional y urbana ; no. 302 (October, 2021)
    Schlagworte: Labor informality; tax policy; part-time work; labor demand; non-wage labor costs
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. The distributional and employment impacts of nationwide minimum wage changes
    Autor*in: Cribb, Jonathan; Giupponi, Giulia; Joyce, Robert; Lindner, Attila; Waters, Tom; Wernham, Thomas; Xu, Xiaowei
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, [London]

    We estimate the effect of the introduction of the UK’s National Living Wage in 2016, and increases in it up to 2019, using a new empirical method. We apply a bunching approach to a setting with no geographical variation in minimum wage rates. We... mehr

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    We estimate the effect of the introduction of the UK’s National Living Wage in 2016, and increases in it up to 2019, using a new empirical method. We apply a bunching approach to a setting with no geographical variation in minimum wage rates. We effectively compare employment changes in each part of the wage distribution in low-wage areas to employment changes among similar workers living in higher-wage areas who are less exposed to increases in the national minimum wage because their nominal wages are further above it. We find substantial positive wage effects, including statistically significant spillovers up to around the 20th percentile of wages. Overall we find small negative effects on employment which are not statistically significant. We combine these estimates with a tax and benefit microsimulation model to estimate the impact on household incomes. The largest gains go to the middle of the overall working-age income distribution, though they are more concentrated within the bottom third if we consider only households with someone in paid work. The gains to poorer working households are limited by the withdrawal of means tested benefits as earnings increase. Effects of minimum wages on household incomes are very sensitive to the size of employment effects.

     
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    hdl: 10419/254249
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / lnstitute for Fiscal Studies ; 21, 48
    Schlagworte: minimum wage; labor demand; income inequality; poverty
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Minimum wages in concentrated labor markets
    Autor*in: Popp, Martin
    Erschienen: December 2021
    Verlag:  BGPE, Bavarian Graduate Program in Economics, Erlangen-Nuremberg

    Economists increasingly refer to monopsony power to reconcile the absence of negativeemployment effects of minimum wages with theory. However, systematic evidence for themonopsony argument is scarce. In this paper, I perform a comprehensive test of... mehr

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    Economists increasingly refer to monopsony power to reconcile the absence of negativeemployment effects of minimum wages with theory. However, systematic evidence for themonopsony argument is scarce. In this paper, I perform a comprehensive test of monop-sony theory by using labor market concentration as a proxy for monopsony power. Labormarket concentration turns out substantial in Germany. Absent wage floors, a 10 per-cent increase in labor market concentration makes firms reduce wages by 0.5 percentand employment by 1.6 percent, reflecting monopsonistic exploitation. In line with per-fect competition, sectoral minimum wages lead to negative employment effects in slightlyconcentrated labor markets. This effect weakens with increasing concentration and, ulti-mately, becomes positive in highly concentrated or monopsonistic markets. Overall, theresults lend empirical support to the monopsony argument, implying that conventionalminimum wage effects on employment conceal heterogeneity across market forms.

     
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    hdl: 10419/272342
    Schriftenreihe: BGPE discussion paper ; no. 214
    Schlagworte: minimum wage; labor market concentration; monopsony; labor demand
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 102 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Minimum wages in concentrated labor markets
    Autor*in: Popp, Martin
    Erschienen: 22 December 2021
    Verlag:  Institute for Employment Research of the Federal Employment Agency, Nürnberg

    Economists increasingly refer to monopsony power to reconcile the absence of negative employment effects of minimum wages with theory. However, systematic evidence for the monopsony argument is scarce. In this paper, I perform a comprehensive test of... mehr

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    Economists increasingly refer to monopsony power to reconcile the absence of negative employment effects of minimum wages with theory. However, systematic evidence for the monopsony argument is scarce. In this paper, I perform a comprehensive test of monopsony theory by using labor market concentration as a proxy for monopsony power. Labor market concentration turns out substantial in Germany. Absent wage floors, a 10 percent increase in labor market concentration makes firms reduce wages by 0.5 percent and employment by 1.6 percent, reflecting monopsonistic exploitation. In line with perfect competition, sectoral minimum wages lead to negative employment effects in slightly concentrated labor markets. This effect weakens with increasing concentration and, ultimately, becomes positive in highly concentrated or monopsonistic markets. Overall, the results lend empirical support to the monopsony argument, implying that conventional minimum wage effects on employment conceal heterogeneity across market forms. Monopson-Macht wird zunehmend angeführt, um das Ausbleiben negativer Beschäftigungseffekte von Mindestlöhnen mit der ökonomischen Theorie in Einklang zu bringen. In der Literatur finden sich jedoch kaum systematische Belege für das Monopson-Argument. In diesem Beitrag führe ich einen umfassenden Test der Monopson-Theorie durch, indem ich Indizes der Arbeitsmarkkonzentration heranziehe, um die Monopson-Macht von Betrieben zu approximieren. Die Arbeitsmarktkonzentration fällt in Deutschland erheblich aus. In Abwesenheit von Mindestlöhnen führt ein zehnprozentiger Anstieg der Arbeitsmarktkonzentration dazu, dass Betriebe sowohl ihre durchschnittlich ausbezahlten Löhne um 0,5 Prozent als auch ihre Beschäftigung um 1,6 Prozent senken, was eine monopsonistische Ausbeutung widerspiegelt. In Übereinstimmung mit der Theorie der vollständigen Konkurrenz gehen branchenspezifische Mindestlöhne mit negativen Beschäftigungseffekten in leicht konzentrierten Arbeitsmärkten einher. Dieser negative Effekt schwächt sich mit zunehmender Konzentration ab und wird schließlich in stark konzentrierten bzw. monopsonistischen Märkten positiv. Damit stützen die empirischen Ergebnisse das Monopson-Argument, was nahelegt, dass bisher in der Literatur ausgewiesene Beschäftigungseffekte von Mindestlöhnen eine Heterogenität nach verschiedenen Marktformen nicht abbilden.

     
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    hdl: 10419/249707
    Schriftenreihe: IAB-discussion paper ; 2021, 21
    Schlagworte: labor demand; labor market concentration; minimum wage; monopsony
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 108 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Does ICT affect the demand for vocationally educated workers in Switzerland?
    Autor*in: Pusterla, Filippo; Renold, Ursula
    Erschienen: [November 2020]
    Verlag:  ETH Zürich, Chair of Education Systems, Zurich, Switzerland

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    hdl: 20.500.11850/452743
    Schriftenreihe: CES working paper ; no. 1 (2020)
    Schlagworte: labor demand; skill-biased technical change; job polarization; information and communication technologies; vocational education and training
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. How sectoral technical progress and factor substitution shaped Japan's structural transformation?
    Autor*in: Manu, Ana-Simona
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    The paper quantitatively assesses the importance of supply-side drivers in the transition of the Japanese economy from low-skilled to high-skilled sectors and its implication for growth, labor demand and labor income shares. A sectoral supply-side... mehr

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    The paper quantitatively assesses the importance of supply-side drivers in the transition of the Japanese economy from low-skilled to high-skilled sectors and its implication for growth, labor demand and labor income shares. A sectoral supply-side system, estimated over the 1980-2012 period, reveals different rates of technical progress across production factors and sectors, but also heterogeneity in the sectoral elasticity of substitution between capital and labor. The fact that capital and labor are easily substitutable in low-skilled services but not in high-skilled services, coupled with the dominant role of capital-augmenting technical change in services is a key factor behind the relocation of labor towards high-skilled services, as well as behind the declining trend in the labor income share in low-skilled services.

     
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    hdl: 10419/261175
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / European Central Bank ; no 2641 (February 2022)
    Schlagworte: CES production function; biased technical change; labor demand; labor income share
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen