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  1. Preferential tax regimes for MSMEs
    operational aspects, impact evidence and policy implications
    Autor*in: Marchese, Marco
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    Drawing on a literature review, this paper looks at the role that preferential tax regimes (PTRs) for micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) play in encouraging enterprise formalization and enterprise growth. The main focus is on emerging... mehr

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    Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Bibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Drawing on a literature review, this paper looks at the role that preferential tax regimes (PTRs) for micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) play in encouraging enterprise formalization and enterprise growth. The main focus is on emerging economies, notably from Latin America, where this policy has been more widely used and assessed. The first section of the paper introduces some general principles in small business income taxation which help set the context of PTRs for MSMEs. The second section explains the main reasons in favour and against PTRs for MSMEs. The third section introduces a typology of PTRs for MSMEs, focusing on the operational aspects of the two most relevant types in emerging economies: presumptive regimes and small business tax rates. The fourth section discusses the existing empirical evidence on the impact of presumptive regimes on enterprise formalization, enterprise growth and so-called “threshold effects” (when companies avoid growing not to lose preferential taxation). The fifth section draws the main policy messages, while conclusions summarise and put forward some future research ideas.

     
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    ISBN: 9789220349458; 9789220349465; 9789220349472
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263099
    Schriftenreihe: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 33 (June/2021)
    Schlagworte: informal employment; labour law; microenterprises; small enterprises; informal economy; fiscal policy; labour administration
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (35 Seiten), Illustrationen
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    Gesehen am 29.11.2021
  2. Promoting women's economic empowerment in the COVID-19 context
    Autor*in: O'Donnell, Megan; Buvinić, Mayra; Kenny, Charles; Bourgault, Shelby; Yang, George
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Center for Global Development, Washington, DC

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Center for Global Development ; 575 (April 2021)
    Schlagworte: gender; women’s economic empowerment; informal employment; pandemic response; COVID-19; gender equality; labor market participation; entrepreneurship; SME; agriculture; care work
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Import competition and informal employment: empirical evidence from China
    Autor*in: Wang, Feicheng; Liang, Zhe; Lehmann, Hartmut
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper investigates the effects of trade liberalisation induced labour demand shocks on informal employment in China. We employ a local labour market approach to construct a regional measure of exposure to import tariffs by exploiting initial... mehr

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    This paper investigates the effects of trade liberalisation induced labour demand shocks on informal employment in China. We employ a local labour market approach to construct a regional measure of exposure to import tariffs by exploiting initial differences in industrial composition across prefectural cities and then link it with the employment status of individuals. Using three waves of household survey data between 1995 and 2007, our results show that workers from regions that experienced a larger tariff cut were more likely to be employed informally. Further results based on firm-level data reveal a consistent pattern; tariff reductions increased the share of informal workers within firms. Such effects are more salient among smaller and less productive firms. Our findings suggest an important margin of labour market adjustment in response to trade shocks in developing countries, i.e. employment adjustment along the formal-informal dimension.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245701
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14650
    Schlagworte: trade liberalisation; import competition; informal employment; firms; China
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Welfare effects of unemployment benefits when informality is high
    Autor*in: Liepmann, Hannah; Pignatti, Clemente
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    We analyze for the first time the welfare effects of unemployment benefits (UBs) in a context of high informality, exploiting matched administrative and survey data with individual-level information on UB receipt, formal and informal employment,... mehr

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    We analyze for the first time the welfare effects of unemployment benefits (UBs) in a context of high informality, exploiting matched administrative and survey data with individual-level information on UB receipt, formal and informal employment, wages and consumption. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we find that dismissal from a formal job causes a large drop in consumption, which is between three to six times larger than estimates for developed economies. This is generated by a permanent shift of UB recipients towards informal employment, where they earn substantially lower wages. We then exploit a kink in benefits and show that more generous UBs delay program exit through a substitution of formal with informal employment. However, the disincentive effects are small and short-lived. Because of the high insurance value and the low efficiency costs, welfare effects from increasing UBs are positive for a range of values of the coefficient of relative risk aversion.

     
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    ISBN: 9789220351840; 9789220351857; 9789220351864
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    hdl: 10419/263105
    Schriftenreihe: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 39 (August/2021)
    Schlagworte: labour economics; informal employment; labour policy; unemployment benefits
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (75 Seiten), Illustrationen
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    Gesehen am 07.11.2021
  5. Welfare effects of unemployment benefits when informality is high
    Autor*in: Liepmann, Hannah; Pignatti, Clemente
    Erschienen: July 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We analyze for the first time the welfare effects of unemployment benefits (UBs) in a context of high informality, exploiting matched administrative and survey data with individual-level information on UB receipt, formal and informal employment,... mehr

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    We analyze for the first time the welfare effects of unemployment benefits (UBs) in a context of high informality, exploiting matched administrative and survey data with individual-level information on UB receipt, formal and informal employment, wages and consumption. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we find that dismissal from a formal job causes a large drop in consumption, which is between three to six times larger than estimates for developed economies. This is generated by a permanent shift of UB recipients towards informal employment, where they earn substantially lower wages. We then exploit a kink in benefits and show that more generous UBs delay program exit through a substitution of formal with informal employment. However, the disincentive effects are small and short-lived. Because of the high insurance value and the low efficiency costs, welfare effects from increasing UBs are positive for a range of values of the coefficient of relative risk aversion.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245652
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14601
    Schlagworte: unemployment benefits; welfare effects; informal employment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 72 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Education, lack of complementary investment and underemployment in an open economy
    Autor*in: Marjit, Sugata; Ahuja, Rashmi; Pandey, Abhilasha
    Erschienen: September 2021
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    In many developing economies rate of unemployment is increasing with skill accumulation and thereby leading to underemployment. Our paper offers to look at skill formation as a demand side problem not as a traditional supply side problem and also how... mehr

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    In many developing economies rate of unemployment is increasing with skill accumulation and thereby leading to underemployment. Our paper offers to look at skill formation as a demand side problem not as a traditional supply side problem and also how skill formation or education affects unemployment among the remaining uneducated. We have developed a general equilibrium model of a small open developing economy incorporating skill formation, unemployment of unskilled labour in the formal sector and an informal sector which absorbs unemployed workers at a flexible wage rate. In this set up greater education for a group may generate educated unemployment within the group and increase unemployment of the uneducated outside the group leading to underemployment through the expansion of the informal sector. Both effects are due to shortage of complementary investment in production activities. Our theoretical findings are motivated by existing empirical evidence and a fresh empirical exercise undertaken using panel data of 32 countries.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245459
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9278 (2021)
    Schlagworte: skill formation; informal employment; skilled-unskilled wage inequality; underemployment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Informality and pension reforms in Bolivia
    the case of Renta Dignidad
    Autor*in: Canelas, Carla; Niño-Zarazúa, Miguel
    Erschienen: June 2021
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    How social protection programmes affect work choices is a question that has been at the centre of labour economics research for decades. More recently, a scant literature has focused on the effects of social protection on work choices and informal... mehr

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    How social protection programmes affect work choices is a question that has been at the centre of labour economics research for decades. More recently, a scant literature has focused on the effects of social protection on work choices and informal employment in the context of low- and middle-income countries. This paper contributes to this scant literature by examining the effect of Bolivia's Renta Dignidad, a universal non-contributory old-age pension that covers all Bolivians aged 60 years and older. We exploit the discontinuity introduced by the age eligibility criteria and the timing of the announcement of the programme to implement a difference-indifferences approach. Overall, we find that Renta Dignidad has no detrimental effects on labour force participation and the intensity of labour of adult members of beneficiary households. Instead, we find that the pension reduces the intensity of work for girls aged 12-18 living with a pensioner, which indicates a positive effect on intra-household time allocation. In terms of work choices, Renta Dignidad reduces the probability of holding a salaried job in rural areas by about 8 percentage points, which denotes a shift from formal to informal employment.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292670504
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/243436
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2021, 110
    Schlagworte: social protection; informal employment; Bolivia; Renta Dignidad; non-contributory oldage pension
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten)
  8. Trends and new developments in employment services to support transitions in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and North Africa regions
    Autor*in: Davern, Eamonn
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    This paper presents the findings of a survey undertaken in selected countries in the Sub Saharan Africa and Middle East and North Africa regions (SSA and MENA) aimed at reviewing the status of employment service provision, challenges and... mehr

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    This paper presents the findings of a survey undertaken in selected countries in the Sub Saharan Africa and Middle East and North Africa regions (SSA and MENA) aimed at reviewing the status of employment service provision, challenges and opportunities for their development 4207 Given the enormous employment challenges in the Sub Saharan Africa and Middle East and North Africa regions, particularly for youth and vulnerable groups, the study confirms the potential role employment services can play, including improving the quality of employment in the formal economy as well as promoting the formalization of the informal jobs and enterprises. While public employment services (PES) are at different levels in different countries, they share the weakness in capacity. In order to address these challenges, governments need to invest in resourcing the PES and setting up a clear and conducive legal and policy framework. The institutional framework for PES seem to play a critical role - PES organized as executive agencies tended to be stronger, more effective and efficient than those that were part of the Ministries of Labour with some exceptions. The paper recommends that PES adopt digital technology in service delivery with a balanced offer of physical services to ensure inclusion, explore the use of partnerships with other public organizations, private employment agencies and third sector service providers, and focus on employer services where labour demand is low while adopting a more realistic phased approach to service development. The study was undertaken as part of the ILO/GIZ Youmatch Programme collaboration

     
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    ISBN: 9789220337011; 9789220338667; 9789220338650
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    hdl: 10419/263085
    Schriftenreihe: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 19 (12/2020)
    Schlagworte: future of work; employment; informal employment; temporary employment; youth employment; employment policy; employment creation; employment services; youth unemployment; skills; youth
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (71 Seiten), Illustrationen
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    Gesehen am 11.01.2021
  9. Informal employment or informal firms?
    regulatory enforcement and the transformation of the informal sector
    Autor*in: Jain, Sanjay
    Erschienen: July 2021
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    While there is general agreement that regulatory avoidance is an important part of firms' decisions to produce in the informal sector, there is much less agreement on how regulation and enforcement affect firms' decisions on, inter alia, which sector... mehr

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    While there is general agreement that regulatory avoidance is an important part of firms' decisions to produce in the informal sector, there is much less agreement on how regulation and enforcement affect firms' decisions on, inter alia, which sector they locate in, their employment decisions, and whether to transition from one sector to another. In this paper, we focus on this set of questions: how does the regulatory regime affect these sectoral location decisions by firms? In particular, how are these decisions affected in environments where there are regulatory spillovers, so that each firm's decision, on whether to comply with applicable regulations, also carries implications for other firms? We construct a theoretical model that incorporates firms' decisions on their mode of production, encompassing not just the sector and level of production, but also the level of employment, and consider how these might be affected by varying degrees of regulatory spillovers in their operating environment. The main contribution of this research is to provide a clearer understanding of the interplay of regulation and its enforcement on the one hand, and firm decision-making about employment and output on the other, in a modelling environment where these issues are not dealt with in separate black boxes.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292670634
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    hdl: 10419/248337
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2021, 123
    Schlagworte: informal sector; regulatory spillovers; informal employment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 13 Seiten)
  10. By choice or by force?
    exploring the nature of informal employment in urban Mexico
    Autor*in: Duval-Hernández, Robert
    Erschienen: April 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Using a special module of the 2015 Mexican Labour Force Survey with information on workers' preferences for jobs with social security coverage, I estimate that 80 per cent of informal workers in large urban areas would prefer to work in a job that... mehr

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    Using a special module of the 2015 Mexican Labour Force Survey with information on workers' preferences for jobs with social security coverage, I estimate that 80 per cent of informal workers in large urban areas would prefer to work in a job that provides them with such coverage. The estimation of a discrete choice econometric model which distinguishes between wanting a formal job and the probability of getting one shows that schooling increases the chances of being hired in formal employment and of having higher earnings in it. Women with greater responsibilities at home are less likely to want formal employment, and they also face a lower probability of being hired in such jobs. The findings indicate the segmentation of Mexican labour markets and the rationing of formal jobs, together with the existence of workers who voluntarily participate in informal employment. However, the estimated fraction of involuntary informal workers is quite high.

     
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    hdl: 10419/236309
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14278
    Schlagworte: informal employment; labour markets; segmentation; rationing
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Is the future ready for youth?
    youth employment policies for evolving labour markets
    Beteiligt: Chacaltana, Juan (HerausgeberIn); Dasgupta, Sukti (HerausgeberIn)
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  International Labour Office, Geneva

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    Beteiligt: Chacaltana, Juan (HerausgeberIn); Dasgupta, Sukti (HerausgeberIn)
    Sprache: Englisch
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    ISBN: 9789220344057
    Schlagworte: future of work; employment; informal employment; temporary employment; youth employment; employment policy; employment creation; employment services; labour market; skills; youth; safety management
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 264 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Global value chains and formal employment in Viet Nam
    Autor*in: Trinh Quang Long; Helble, Matthias; Trang, Le T.
    Erschienen: September 2019
    Verlag:  Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, [Jakarta]

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    Schriftenreihe: ERIA discussion paper series ; ERIA-DP-2019-12 = no. 298
    Schlagworte: Global value chains; GVC position; backward participation; forward participation; informal employment; Viet Nam
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Female labour supply and informal employment in Ecuador
    Autor*in: Jara, H. Xavier; Rattenhuber, Pia
    Erschienen: May 2022
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    Low- and middle-income countries face a trade-off between raising tax revenue to strengthen social protection and creating incentives for the population to enter formal employment. However, empirical evidence on labour supply elasticities in the... mehr

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    Low- and middle-income countries face a trade-off between raising tax revenue to strengthen social protection and creating incentives for the population to enter formal employment. However, empirical evidence on labour supply elasticities in the presence of informal employment remains scarce. This paper analyses female labour supply behaviour and the choice between formal and informal employment in Ecuador, a middle-income country characterized by persistent levels of informal employment particularly among women. We use two methods to estimate and compare formal employment elasticities: (i) a discrete choice model of labour supply with informality and (ii) grouped-data estimation techniques. For identification, we exploit variation in tax-benefit policies covering the period 2011-19, using microsimulation techniques applied to household survey data. Our results show that, on average, formal employment elasticities for single women are low regardless of the approach chosen. However, for women in couples, formal employment elasticities are larger under the discrete choice approach whereas they are low and non-significant under the grouped-data estimations.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292671785
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    hdl: 10419/264352
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2022, 47
    Schlagworte: labour supply; informal employment; tax-benefit policies; Ecuador
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Cash wage payments in transition economies
    consequences of envelope wages : reducing under-reporting of salaries requires institutional changes
    Autor*in: Horodnic, Ioana Alexandra; Williams, Colin C.
    Erschienen: October 2021
    Verlag:  Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), Bonn

    In transition economies, a significant number of companies reduce their tax and social contributions by paying their staff an official salary, described in a registered formal employment agreement, and an extra, undeclared "envelope wage," via a... mehr

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    In transition economies, a significant number of companies reduce their tax and social contributions by paying their staff an official salary, described in a registered formal employment agreement, and an extra, undeclared "envelope wage," via a verbal unwritten agreement. The consequences include a loss of government income and a lack of fair play for lawful companies. For employees, accepting under-reported wages reduces their access to credit and their social protections. Addressing this issue will help increase the quality of working conditions, strengthen trade unions, and reduce unfair competition.

     
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    hdl: 10419/260704
    Schriftenreihe: IZA world of labor ; 2021, 280v2
    Schlagworte: envelope wages; informal employment; undeclared economy; tax evasion
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 11 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Digital labour platforms and labour protection in China
    Autor*in: Zhou, Irene
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    The growth of digital labour platforms worldwide creates both opportunities and challenges to the world of work as well as the traditional approaches of regulating work and setting minimum standards. This paper explores the implications of the... mehr

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    The growth of digital labour platforms worldwide creates both opportunities and challenges to the world of work as well as the traditional approaches of regulating work and setting minimum standards. This paper explores the implications of the digital labour platforms for labour regulation in China and the potential applicability of existing laws and regulations to platform work. It begins by defining platform work and reviewing its scope, composition and characteristics, with a focus on working conditions in China, followed by analysis on how labour regulation is complicated by the platform business models. In analysing the existing regulatory frameworks, the regulatory gaps become apparent. The paper concludes with policy options based on relevant international standards and the approaches to regulating platforms in other countries and the Chinese context, including its economic and policy environment as well as its industrial relations system.

     
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    ISBN: 9789220322390; 9789220331187; 9789220331194
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    hdl: 10419/263077
    Schriftenreihe: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 11 (October 2020)
    Schlagworte: informal employment; non-standard forms of employment; digital labour; working conditions; labour contracts; labour law; labour legislation; social protection; informal economy; gig economy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Applying labour law to micro, small and medium-sized enterprises
    a comparative study of 16 countries
    Autor*in: Vargas, Ana María
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    The self-employed and micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) account for the greatest share of employment and make up the largest number of economic units worldwide. However, some countries exclude these economic units from certain... mehr

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    The self-employed and micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) account for the greatest share of employment and make up the largest number of economic units worldwide. However, some countries exclude these economic units from certain obligations under their national labour laws in the belief that such obligations may impair enterprise growth and prosperity. This study considers the ways in which different countries regulate labour rights for MSME workers, its main purpose being to improve understanding of current trends and developments in this area. The 16 countries covered by the study are Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Mexico, Nepal, Peru, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Turkey and the United Republic of Tanzania. Drawing on comparative analysis of labour law coverage for MSMEs in the above countries, this study identifies a general trend towards the extension of equal protection to all workers regardless of the enterprise size, including those in the informal economy and in self-employment. To achieve that, governments are relying not only on labour laws but also on other frameworks and policies. This study did not find any country that completely excluded MSMEs from the application of labour laws. Where selective exclusions or special regimes are in place, these apply mainly to micro and small enterprises, while workers in medium-sized enterprises are often fully covered. Invoking the concept of "social control", this study highlights a number of innovative approaches used to achieve enforcement of, and compliance with, labour laws among MSMEs - ranging from targeted inspections to wider campaigns designed to raise awareness and change social norms and perceptions. On the whole, the findings presented in this working paper tie in with those of other studies, showing how labour legislation as such is neither a major obstacle nor a panacea when it comes to promoting enterprise growth and sustainability. It would be worth undertaking further research to explore the ways in which recent labour law reforms in a number of countries have had an impact on the day-today experience of MSME workers.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263076
    Schriftenreihe: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 9 (October 2020)
    Schlagworte: informal employment; labour law; microenterprises; small enterprises; informal economy; labour administration; labour inspection
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten)
  17. Why should we integrate income and employment support?
    a conceptual and empirical investigation
    Autor*in: Asenjo, Antonia; Escudero, Verónica; Liepmann, Hannah
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    The integration of active labour market policies within income support schemes - such as unemployment insurance and social assistance - has been a key component of social protection in high-income countries since the 1990s, with a rich literature... mehr

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    The integration of active labour market policies within income support schemes - such as unemployment insurance and social assistance - has been a key component of social protection in high-income countries since the 1990s, with a rich literature reviewing its effects and implementation characteristics. More recently, this approach has spread beyond high-income economies, and is prominent today in many middle-income economies. Yet, despite the increasing adoption of integrated approaches, their conceptual and practical applications have not been studied in detail outside of high-income countries. This paper conceptualizes, for the first time, the implementation of integrated approaches, focusing on low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). We first develop a conceptual framework to understand how integrated policies can address labour market challenges, exploring the theoretical effects they exert on selected labour market and social dimensions. We then contrast these theoretical expectations with findings from the empirical literature on the effectiveness of integrated approaches. While many empirical studies find positive effects across different labour market dimensions, this is evidently not always the case. To reconcile this discrepancy, we investigate the design and implementation of integrated approaches across LMIC and identify factors which contribute to their effectiveness.

     
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    ISBN: 9789220374412; 9789220374429; 9789220374443; 9789220374436
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    hdl: 10419/263133
    Schriftenreihe: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 72 (July 2022)
    Schlagworte: decent work; employment; informal employment; employment policy; employment creation; employment services; unemployment; conditions of employment; remuneration; low wages; social assistance; unemployment benefits; training; skills; lifelong learning; inequality; poverty; working poor; enterprise creation; household income; informal economy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Growth, economic structure and informality
    Autor*in: Chacaltana, Juan; Bonnet, Florence; García Carpio, Juan Manuel
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    This paper explores the relationship between economic growth and informality and highlights the role of GDP growth and its composition in the level and evolution of informality, using country data from 1991 to 2019. The analysis reveals a weak... mehr

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    This paper explores the relationship between economic growth and informality and highlights the role of GDP growth and its composition in the level and evolution of informality, using country data from 1991 to 2019. The analysis reveals a weak relationship, although with important differences across regions and income levels. Coefficients are higher in middle-income countries. This means that the same growth rate generates different impacts on informality depending on the country, probably due to pre-existing levels of informality, the economic structure or institutional and other variables. Economic structure appears to be the key determinant of informality, even after controlling for endogeneity, using different proxies of informality or including institutional variables. These results confirm that the economic structure and pattern of growth matters for formalization. This calls for policies that promote changes in the productive structure, including a broader, more diversified base and more economic complexity and technological sophistication, to ensure inclusive growth.

     
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    ISBN: 9789220371985; 9789220371992; 9789220372005; 9789220372012
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    hdl: 10419/263130
    Schriftenreihe: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 69 (June 2022)
    Schlagworte: employment; informal employment; economic conditions; economic growth; jobless growth; informal economy; economic sectors; industrial restructuring
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Using online vacancy and job applicants' data to study skills dynamics
    Autor*in: Bennett, Fidel; Escudero, Verónica; Liepmann, Hannah; Podjanin, Ana
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    We assess whether online data on vacancies and applications to a job board are a suitable source for studying skills dynamics outside of Europe and the United States, where a rich literature has examined skills dynamics using online vacancy data.... mehr

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    We assess whether online data on vacancies and applications to a job board are a suitable source for studying skills dynamics outside of Europe and the United States, where a rich literature has examined skills dynamics using online vacancy data. Yet, the knowledge on skills dynamics is scarce for other countries, irrespective of their level of development. We first propose a taxonomy that systematically aggregates three broad categories of skills - cognitive, socioemotional and manual - and fourteen commonly observed and recognizable skills sub-categories, which we define based on unique skills identified through keywords and expressions. Our aim is to develop a taxonomy that is comprehensive but succinct, suitable for the labour market realities of developing and emerging economies and adapted to online vacancies and applicants' data. Using machine-learning techniques, we then develop a methodology that allows implementing the skills taxonomy in online vacancy and applicants' data, thus capturing both the supply and the demand side. Implementing the methodology with Uruguayan data from the job board BuscoJobs, we assign skills to 64 per cent of applicants' employment spells and 94 per cent of vacancies. We consider this a successful implementation since the exploited text information often does not follow a standardized format. The advantage of our approach is its reliance on data that is currently available in many countries across the world, thereby allowing for country-specific analysis that does not need to assume that occupational skills bundles are the same across countries. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to explore this approach in the context of emerging economies. 4950

     
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    ISBN: 9789220376621; 9789220376638; 9789220376645; 9789220376652
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    hdl: 10419/265591
    Schriftenreihe: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 75 (August 2022)
    Schlagworte: labour economics; employment; informal employment; occupational classification; ISCO; skilled workers; unskilled workers; occupational qualification; skills; lifelong learning; information and communication technologies; Internet; technological change; data collecting; databases
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Regímenes tributarios preferenciales para la MIPYME
    aspectos operativos, pruebas de impacto y lecciones en materia de políticas publicas
    Autor*in: Marchese, Marco
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    Drawing on a literature review, this paper looks at the role that preferential tax regimes (PTRs) for micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) play in encouraging enterprise formalization and enterprise growth. The main focus is on emerging... mehr

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    Drawing on a literature review, this paper looks at the role that preferential tax regimes (PTRs) for micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) play in encouraging enterprise formalization and enterprise growth. The main focus is on emerging economies, notably from Latin America, where this policy has been more widely used and assessed. The first section of the paper introduces some general principles in small business income taxation which help set the context of PTRs for MSMEs. The second section explains the main reasons in favour and against PTRs for MSMEs. The third section introduces a typology of PTRs for MSMEs, focusing on the operational aspects of the two most relevant types in emerging economies: presumptive regimes and small business tax rates. The fourth section discusses the existing empirical evidence on the impact of presumptive regimes on enterprise formalization, enterprise growth and so-called "threshold effects" (when companies avoid growing not to lose preferential taxation). The fifth section draws the main policy messages, while conclusions summarise and put forward some future research ideas.

     
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    Sprache: Spanisch
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    ISBN: 9789220351031; 9789220351048; 9789220351055
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/265581
    Schriftenreihe: Documento de trabajo de la OIT / Organización Internacional del Trabajo ; 33 (12/2021)
    Schlagworte: informal employment; labour law; microenterprises; small enterprises; informal economy; fiscal policy; labour administration
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Engendering informality statistics: gaps and opportunities
    working paper to support revision of the standards for statistics on informality
    Autor*in: Gardner, Jessica; Walsh, Kieran; Frosch, Michael
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    Informality is a dynamic and multidimensional concern that demands gender-sensitive data. In 2018, globally, more than 60% of employment was informal. However, global averages hide that in more countries the share of women in informal employment... mehr

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    Informality is a dynamic and multidimensional concern that demands gender-sensitive data. In 2018, globally, more than 60% of employment was informal. However, global averages hide that in more countries the share of women in informal employment exceeds that of men. Also, women in the informal economy are often in the most unprotected situations - as domestic workers, home-based workers and contributing family workers - where a lack of visibility can increase their vulnerability. The ILO and its partners are working to engender informality statistics to improve gender data and support countries to respond to data needs on women's economic empowerment. This working paper was written to support the ILO Working Group for the Revision of the standards for statistics on informality. It explores the demand for gender data on informality and the measurement challenges faced. The paper highlights the opportunities emerging from the revision of statistical standards on informality that are set to be adopted in 2023.

     
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    ISBN: 9789220381304; 9789220381311; 9789220381328; 9789220381335
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    hdl: 10419/278232
    Schriftenreihe: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 84 (November 2022)
    Schlagworte: informal employment; informal economy; gender; statistics; labour statistics
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Negotiations by workers in the informal economy
    Autor*in: Schmidt, Verena; Webster, Edward; Mhlana, Siviwe; Forrest, Kally
    Erschienen: 2023
    Verlag:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    Negotiations are a valuable and important tool for increasing the voice of workers in the informal economy. This paper provides empirical evidence from Africa, Asia and the Americas on negotiations and collective bargaining by workers in the informal... mehr

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    Negotiations are a valuable and important tool for increasing the voice of workers in the informal economy. This paper provides empirical evidence from Africa, Asia and the Americas on negotiations and collective bargaining by workers in the informal economy. These practices demonstrate that negotiations involving workers in the informal economy, including those that culminate in collective agreements, are key to ensuring the fair distribution of the fruits of economic progress and labour protection to workers in many countries. They are also an important tool for reducing informalization trends. The paper also shows the multiple challenges workers in the informal economy are facing when organizing and entering into negotiations and outlines some possible pathways on how these can be reduced.

     
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    ISBN: 9789220385357; 9789220385364; 9789220385371; 9789220385388
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    hdl: 10419/278275
    Schriftenreihe: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 86 (January 2023)
    Schlagworte: informal employment; self employment; labour relations; collective bargaining; workers representation; informal economy; nongovernmental organizations
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten)
  23. What has been driving work-to-work transitions in the emerging world?
    a comparative study of Indonesia and South Africa
    Autor*in: Brehm, Johannes; Doku, Angela; Escudero, Verónica
    Erschienen: 2023
    Verlag:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    There is little knowledge about the shape, prominence and drivers of work-to-work transitions in low- and middle-income countries. This paper examines these elements in the context of South Africa and Indonesia - two middle-income countries with... mehr

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    There is little knowledge about the shape, prominence and drivers of work-to-work transitions in low- and middle-income countries. This paper examines these elements in the context of South Africa and Indonesia - two middle-income countries with similar development levels yet different labour market characteristics. We employ a comparative cross-country methodology using long-term panel data. This enables us to examine work-to-work transitions across and within age cohorts and exploit the panel structure of the data through a fixed-effects model to identify the drivers of these transitions. We find that while the prominent transition types differ between the two countries, younger workers have higher transition rates. Moreover, we find that precarious forms of employment are persistent: individuals who start their careers at the bottom of the transition ladder (i.e., in informal work, the agriculture sector or a low-skill occupation) are less likely to transition out of this situation. Finally, we unveil suggestive evidence that computer and socioemotional skills play a role in encouraging certain transitions in South Africa and Indonesia, respectively.

     
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    ISBN: 9789220387610; 9789220387627; 9789220387634; 9789220387641
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    hdl: 10419/278415
    Schriftenreihe: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 89 (March 2023)
    Schlagworte: work; decent work; employment; informal employment; rural employment; self employment; youth employment; casual work; occupational qualification; skills; economic sectors; research
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 71 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Ride-hailing versus traditional taxi services
    the experiences of taxi drivers in Lebanon
    Autor*in: Yassin, Jad; Rani, Uma
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    Lebanon is experiencing a structural transformation of its economy and labour market, but at the same time has been hit by a series of crises in recent years. In the face of rising unemployment, it is often argued that digital platforms can offer new... mehr

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    Lebanon is experiencing a structural transformation of its economy and labour market, but at the same time has been hit by a series of crises in recent years. In the face of rising unemployment, it is often argued that digital platforms can offer new employment and income-generating opportunities. The platform economy's role in structural change is not yet clear, but digital labour platforms undoubtedly have significant growth potential. An important concern is whether digital platforms can provide not merely jobs but decent jobs that could help to dampen the effects of rampant unemployment in Lebanon. This paper provides insights into the working conditions of platform-based taxi drivers, examining, among other aspects, the question of flexibility and autonomy at work and algorithmic management practices. It engages critically with the trajectory and development of taxi platforms and shows how they depend heavily on venture capital funds, the "non-uberized" economy, the State and the non-market society in Lebanon. The paper also identifies areas in which regulations are required to harness the potential of digital platforms and other technological innovations to generate decent work opportunities.

     
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    ISBN: 9789220384688; 9789220384695; 9789220384701; 9789220384718
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    hdl: 10419/278240
    Schriftenreihe: ILO working paper / International Labour Organization ; 85 (12/2022)
    Schlagworte: decent work; future of work; informal employment; digital labour; conditions of employment; work organization; trade unions; social security; gig economy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Les régimes fiscaux préférentiels pour les MPME
    aspects opérationnels, preuves de leur impact et incidences sur le plan des politiques
    Autor*in: Marchese, Marco
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Organisation internationale du Travail, Genève, Suisse

    Drawing on a literature review, this paper looks at the role that preferential tax regimes (PTRs) for micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) play in encouraging enterprise formalization and enterprise growth. The main focus is on emerging... mehr

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    Drawing on a literature review, this paper looks at the role that preferential tax regimes (PTRs) for micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) play in encouraging enterprise formalization and enterprise growth. The main focus is on emerging economies, notably from Latin America, where this policy has been more widely used and assessed. The first section of the paper introduces some general principles in small business income taxation which help set the context of PTRs for MSMEs. The second section explains the main reasons in favour and against PTRs for MSMEs. The third section introduces a typology of PTRs for MSMEs, focusing on the operational aspects of the two most relevant types in emerging economies: presumptive regimes and small business tax rates. The fourth section discusses the existing empirical evidence on the impact of presumptive regimes on enterprise formalization, enterprise growth and so-called "threshold effects" (when companies avoid growing not to lose preferential taxation). The fifth section draws the main policy messages, while conclusions summarise and put forward some future research ideas.

     
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    ISBN: 9789220350096; 9789220350102; 9789220350119
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    hdl: 10419/278321
    Schriftenreihe: Document de travail de l'OIT / Organisation internationale du Travail ; 33 (Juillet 2021)
    Schlagworte: informal employment; labour law; microenterprises; small enterprises; informal economy; fiscal policy; labour administration
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen