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  1. Online teaching and gender bias
    Autor*in: Ayllón, Sara
    Erschienen: October 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    I study the impact of online instruction on teaching evaluations at a higher education institution in Spain. Using a difference-in-differences approach, I show that in the semester when teaching moved online, female lecturers were evaluated more... mehr

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    I study the impact of online instruction on teaching evaluations at a higher education institution in Spain. Using a difference-in-differences approach, I show that in the semester when teaching moved online, female lecturers were evaluated more poorly than in previous semesters. The performance of male lecturers was not impacted by the new teaching environment, according to student opinion. I rule out several mechanisms: for example, poorer adaptation to online teaching by female lecturers, less experience in taught courses or student sorting. Additional results indicate that among the female lecturers, those who were younger and who did not have a permanent contract were those impacted most negatively. The bias was driven by male students and by low achievers (who were going to fail the course), and was particularly pronounced in Social Sciences. If the online environment keeps gaining in importance in higher education, the gender gap in teaching evaluations that I document is likely to have important direct and indirect effects on the career progression of women.

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/250448
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14787
    Schlagworte: gender bias; online instruction; teaching evaluations; higher education; Spain
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Counting missing women - a reconciliation of the "flow measure" and the "stock measure"
    Erschienen: September 2021
    Verlag:  Courant Research Centre, Goettingen, Germany

    Existing estimates of the 'stock of missing women' suggest that the problem is mostly concentrated in South and East Asia, and often related to sex-selective abortions and postbirth neglect of female children. In contrast, estimates of yearly excess... mehr

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    Existing estimates of the 'stock of missing women' suggest that the problem is mostly concentrated in South and East Asia, and often related to sex-selective abortions and postbirth neglect of female children. In contrast, estimates of yearly excess female deaths, referred to as the 'flow of missing women', suggest that gender bias in mortality is much larger than previously found (about 4 to 5 million excess female deaths per year vs. around 100 million missing women in total), is as severe among adults as it is among children in India, and is larger in Sub-Saharan Africa than in South and East Asia. We argue that these findings largely rely on the choice of the reference standard for sex-specific mortality and an incomplete correction for different disease environments in the flow measure. When alternative reference standards are used, the results of the flow measure can be reconciled with previous findings of the stock measure.

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/243134
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion papers / Courant Research Centre ; no. 285
    Schlagworte: Missing women; gender bias; mortality; disease; age; Sub-Saharan Africa; China; India
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Gender bias and women's political performance
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  Università die Verona, Department of Economics, [Verona]

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / Department of Economics, University of Verona ; WP number 16 (September 2020)
    Schlagworte: gender bias; elections; female politicians
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten)
  4. Counting missing women
    a reconciliation of the "flow measure" and the "stock measure"
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Essen, Germany

    Existing estimates of the ’tock of missing women’ suggest that the problem is mostly concentrated in South and East Asia, and often related to sex-selective abortions and postbirth neglect of female children. In contrast, estimates of yearly excess... mehr

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    Existing estimates of the ’tock of missing women’ suggest that the problem is mostly concentrated in South and East Asia, and often related to sex-selective abortions and postbirth neglect of female children. In contrast, estimates of yearly excess female deaths, referred to as the ’flow of missing women’, suggest that gender bias in mortality is much larger than previously found (about 4 to 5 million excess female deaths per year vs. around 100 million missing women in total), is as severe among adults as it is among children in India, and is larger in Sub-Saharan Africa than in South and East Asia. We argue that these findings largely rely on the choice of the reference standard for sex-specific mortality and an incomplete correction for different disease environments in the flow measure. When alternative reference standards are used, the results of the flow measure can be reconciled with previous findings of the stock measure. Bestehende Schätzungen des "Bestands an fehlenden Frauen" deuten darauf hin, dass sich das Problem vor allem auf Süd- und Ostasien konzentriert und häufig mit geschlechtsselektiven Abtreibungen und der Vernachlässigung von Mädchen nach der Geburt zusammenhängt. Im Gegensatz dazu deuten Schätzungen des jährlichen Überschuss von weiblichen Todesfälle, die als "Strom fehlender Frauen" bezeichnet werden, darauf hin, dass die geschlechtsspezifische Verzerrung der Sterblichkeit viel größer ist als bisher angenommen (etwa 4 bis 5 Millionen überzählige weibliche Todesfälle pro Jahr gegenüber etwa 100 Millionen fehlenden Frauen insgesamt), dass sie in Indien bei Erwachsenen ebenso schwerwiegend ist wie bei Kindern und dass sie in Subsahara Afrika größer ist als in Süd- und Ostasien. Wir argumentieren, dass die Ergebnisse des Strommaßes weitgehend auf den verwendeten Referenzstandard für die geschlechtsspezifische Sterblichkeit und eine unvollständige Korrektur für unterschiedliche Krankheitsumfelder zurückzuführen sind. Wenn alternative Referenzstandards verwendet werden, können die Ergebnisse des Strommaßes mit früheren Ergebnissen des Bestandsmaßes in Einklang gebracht werden.

     

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    ISBN: 9783969730805
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/246745
    Schriftenreihe: Ruhr economic papers ; #924
    Schlagworte: Missing women; gender bias; mortality; disease; age; Sub-Saharan Africa; China; India
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Gender differences in submission strategies?
    a survey of early-career economists
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  CEBI, Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/258936
    Schriftenreihe: CEBI working paper series ; 20, 22
    Schlagworte: gender bias; economists; publications; survey
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 11 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Women's disempowerment and preferences for skin lightening products that reinforce colorism
    experimental evidence from India
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  INSEAD, [Fontainebleau]

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    Auflage/Ausgabe: Revised version of 2019/18/OBH/STR
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 2021, 02
    Schlagworte: disempowerment; behavioral risk-taking; gender bias; colorism; economic disadvantage; intersectionality
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Gender differences in student evaluations of teaching: identification and consequences
    Erschienen: May 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Student Evaluations of Teaching (SETs) have been suggested as one possible cause for low representation of women among academic economists. While econometric analyses using control variables certainly report that SETs can be influenced by the gender... mehr

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    Student Evaluations of Teaching (SETs) have been suggested as one possible cause for low representation of women among academic economists. While econometric analyses using control variables certainly report that SETs can be influenced by the gender of both teacher and student, such studies may still be biased if there is non-random allocation of teachers to teaching. Even if causal estimates of gender effects are unbiased, the inference that SETs contribute to gender discrimination is hazardous, since hiring or promotion committees would not have access to these controls when evaluating SETs. We use data from an Italian university to quantify the effect of controls on gender effects and conclude that there is insufficient evidence to blame SETs for a gender imbalance in Economics.

     

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    hdl: 10419/236418
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14387
    Schlagworte: students' evaluation of teaching; gender bias; matching; teaching allocation; hiring and promotion
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Is son preference disappearing from Bangladesh?
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  Department of Economics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Venice Italy

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Economics ; 2020, no. 24
    Schlagworte: Fertility; gender bias; birth spacing; female employment; Bangladesh
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Identifying the effects of sanctions on the Iranian economy using newspaper coverage
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  University of Cambridge, Faculty of Economics, Cambridge

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    Schriftenreihe: Cambridge working paper in economics ; 2155
    Schlagworte: Newspaper coverage; identification of direct and indirect effects of sanctions; Iran output growth; exchange rate depreciation and inflation; labor force participation and employment; secondary education; gender bias
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 94 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Has gender bias in intra-household allocation of education in rural India fallen over time?
    a comparison of 1995 and 2017
    Erschienen: June 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper employs a hurdle model approach to ask whether the extent of gender bias in education expenditure within rural households in India changed over time from 1995 to 2017-18. Our most striking finding is that there has been a change over time... mehr

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    This paper employs a hurdle model approach to ask whether the extent of gender bias in education expenditure within rural households in India changed over time from 1995 to 2017-18. Our most striking finding is that there has been a change over time in the way that gender bias is practiced within the household. In 1995, gender bias occurred through a significantly higher probability of school-enrolment of boys than girls, but by 2017-18, gender bias was practiced via significantly higher conditional education expenditure on boys than girls, and this was largely achieved via pro-male private school enrolment decisions. Households practicing gender equality in school enrolment by 2017-18 is a desirable trend. However, girls' significant disadvantage vis-à-vis boys in terms of lower education expenditure, achieved via their lower private school enrolment rate by 2017-18, is problematic if lower expenditure is associated with lower levels of cognitive skills (literacy, numeracy, etc.) since both individual economic returns and national economic growth accrue to cognitive skills and not independently to completing a given number of years in school. Household fixed effects analysis shows that the observed gender biases are a within-household phenomenon rather than an artefact of differences in unobservables across households.

     

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    hdl: 10419/263610
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15394
    Schlagworte: gender bias; education expenditure; education and gender; India
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten)
  11. Gender differences in tolerance for women's opinions and the role of social norms
    Autor*in: Takahashi, Ryo
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Waseda INstitute of Political EConomy, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; no. 21, 23 (March 2022)
    Schlagworte: Social norms; gender bias; online randomized experiment; Japan
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Counting missing women
    a reconciliation of the "flow measure" and the "stock measure"
    Erschienen: November 2022
    Verlag:  Institute for Replication, Essen, Germany

    "Stock estimates" of missing women suggest that the problem is concentrated in South and East Asia and among young children. In contrast, 'flow estimates' suggest that gender bias in mortality is much larger, is as severe among adults as it is among... mehr

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    "Stock estimates" of missing women suggest that the problem is concentrated in South and East Asia and among young children. In contrast, 'flow estimates' suggest that gender bias in mortality is much larger, is as severe among adults as it is among children in India and China, and is larger in Sub-Saharan Africa than in India and China. We show that the different stock and flow measure results rely on the choice of the reference standard for mortality and an incomplete correction for different disease environments in the flow measure. Alternative reference standards reconcile the results of the two measures.

     

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    hdl: 10419/266384
    Schriftenreihe: I4R discussion paper series / Institute for Replication ; no. 9
    Schlagworte: Missing women; gender bias; mortality; disease; age; Sub-Saharan Africa; China; India
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Gender stereotypes in the family
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / Centre for Economic Performance ; no. 1891 (December 2022)
    Schlagworte: parental beliefs; gender bias; stereotypes; school performance; standardized scores
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Counting missing women
    a reconciliation of the "flow measure" and the "stock measure"
    Erschienen: December 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    'Stock estimates' of missing women suggest that the problem is concentrated in South and East Asia and among young children. In contrast, 'flow estimates' suggest that gender bias in mortality is much larger, is as severe among adults as it is among... mehr

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    'Stock estimates' of missing women suggest that the problem is concentrated in South and East Asia and among young children. In contrast, 'flow estimates' suggest that gender bias in mortality is much larger, is as severe among adults as it is among children in India and China, and is larger in Sub-Saharan Africa than in India and China. We show that the different stock and flow measure results rely on the choice of the reference standard for mortality and an incomplete correction for different disease environments in the flow measure. Alternative reference standards reconcile the results of the two measures.

     

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    hdl: 10419/272405
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15778
    Schlagworte: missing women; gender bias; mortality; disease; age; Sub-Saharan Africa; China; India
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Counting missing women
    a reconciliation of the "flow measure" and the "stock measure"
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Essen, Germany

    'Stock estimates' of missing women suggest that the problem is concentrated in South and East Asia and among young children. In contrast, `flow estimates’ suggest that gender bias in mortality is much larger, is as severe among adults as it is among... mehr

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    'Stock estimates' of missing women suggest that the problem is concentrated in South and East Asia and among young children. In contrast, `flow estimates’ suggest that gender bias in mortality is much larger, is as severe among adults as it is among children in India and China, and is larger in Sub-Saharan Africa than in India and China. We show that the different stock and flow measure results rely on the choice of the reference standard for mortality and an incomplete correction for different disease environments in the flow measure. Alternative reference standards reconcile the results of the two measures.

     

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    ISBN: 9783969731352
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/269224
    Schriftenreihe: Ruhr economic papers ; #971
    Schlagworte: Missing women; gender bias; mortality; disease; age; Sub-Saharan Africa; China; India
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. The power of Lakshmi
    monetary incentives for raising a girl
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Worldwide, 1.6 million girls are "missing" at birth every year. One policy tool to improve the sex ratio is a conditional cash transfer that pays parents to invest in daughters, but existing evidence on their effectiveness is sparse. Using a... mehr

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    Worldwide, 1.6 million girls are "missing" at birth every year. One policy tool to improve the sex ratio is a conditional cash transfer that pays parents to invest in daughters, but existing evidence on their effectiveness is sparse. Using a difference-in-differences framework, we evaluate the Dhanlakshmi scheme, an Indian CCT program that strongly encouraged girl births without restricting fertility. Dhanlakshmi improved the sex ratio at birth, with only a small fertility increase. The girl-birth effect was concentrated among the first two parities and partially persisted after the program was discontinued. Post-birth outcomes like immunization and education also improved.

     

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    hdl: 10419/235572
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 888
    Schlagworte: conditional cash transfer; son preference; sex ratio; gender bias; India
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 62 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Gender stereotypes in the family
    Erschienen: December 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We study whether and why parents have gender-stereotyped beliefs when they assess their child's skills. Exploiting systematic differences in parental beliefs about a child's skills and blindly graded standardized test scores, we find that parents... mehr

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    We study whether and why parents have gender-stereotyped beliefs when they assess their child's skills. Exploiting systematic differences in parental beliefs about a child's skills and blindly graded standardized test scores, we find that parents overestimate boys' skills more so than girls' in mathematics (a male-stereotyped subject), whereas there are no gender differences for reading. Consistent with an information friction hypothesis, we find that the parental gender bias disappears for parents who are interviewed after receiving information on their child's test scores. We further show that the parental gender bias in detriment of girls contributes to explain the widening of the gender gap in mathematical skills later in childhood, supporting the hypothesis that exposure to gender biases negatively influence girls' ability to achieve their full potential.

     

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    hdl: 10419/272400
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15773
    Schlagworte: parental beliefs; gender bias; stereotypes; school performance; standardized scores
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Whose voice matters?
    an experimental examination of women empowerment in microfinance
    Erschienen: [2016]
    Verlag:  [Monash University, Monash Business School, Department of Economics], [Canberra]

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / Monash Business School, Department of Economics ; 16, 40
    Schlagworte: Microfinance; women empowerment; gender bias; intra-household bargaining,field experiment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Gendered access to finance
    the role of team formation, idea quality, and implementation constraints in business evaluations
    Erschienen: October 2023
    Verlag:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    We analyze gender discrimination in entrepreneurship finance. Access to finance is crucial for entrepreneurial success, yet constraints for women are particularly pronounced. We structurally unpack whether loan officers evaluate business ideas and... mehr

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    We analyze gender discrimination in entrepreneurship finance. Access to finance is crucial for entrepreneurial success, yet constraints for women are particularly pronounced. We structurally unpack whether loan officers evaluate business ideas and implementation constraints differently for male and female entrepreneurs, both as individual entrepreneurs or in entrepreneurial teams. In a lab-in-the-field experiment with Ugandan loan officers, we document gender discrimination of individual female entrepreneurs, but no gender bias in the evaluation of entrepreneurial teams. Our results suggest that the observed bias is not driven by animus against female entrepreneurs but rather by differential beliefs about women's entrepreneurial ability or implementation constraints in running a business. Policies aimed at team creation for start-up enterprises may have an additional benefit of equalizing access to finance and ultimately stimulating growth.

     

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    hdl: 10419/282407
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working papers ; 10719 (2023)
    Schlagworte: access to finance; gender bias; entrepreneurship; lab-in-the-field
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  20. Female early marriage and son preference in Pakistan
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    In this study, we employ pooled data from four rounds of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) to examine whether, and to what extent, does the incidence of early marriage shape the married women's perspectives on gender preference associated... mehr

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    In this study, we employ pooled data from four rounds of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) to examine whether, and to what extent, does the incidence of early marriage shape the married women's perspectives on gender preference associated with reproduction. We employ a number of econometric techniques (Probit, OLS, Cox Hazard Model, IV Probit and treatment effects) and a large set of model specifications, and find significant evidence supporting the role of early marriage in perpetuating disproportionate preference for boys. Women who married before turning 18 not only state a greater desire for boys but are also less likely to stop reproduction as long as they do not have a boy. Early-age marriage is associated with 7.7 - 12.5% higher incidence of fertility discontinuation among women without a son. This son-preferring behaviour is stronger at higher birth order and also reflects in differential spacing patterns. Women's education appears to be the strongest channel through which these effects are mediated. The divergence between early- and late-marrying women appears to have sharpened over time. The findings of this study underscore the role played by early marriage in altering the gender-specific attitudes prevalent in the society, and highlight existing gender inequality traps.

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/270938
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1279
    Schlagworte: Child marriage; Age at marriage; gender bias; son preference; Pakistan
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Gendered access to finance
    the role of team formation, idea quality, and implementation constraints in business evaluations
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Collaborative Research Center Transregio 190, [München]

    We analyze gender discrimination in entrepreneurship finance. Access to finance is crucial for entrepreneurial success, yet constraints for women are particularly pronounced. We structurally unpack whether loan officers evaluate business ideas and... mehr

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    We analyze gender discrimination in entrepreneurship finance. Access to finance is crucial for entrepreneurial success, yet constraints for women are particularly pronounced. We structurally unpack whether loan officers evaluate business ideas and implementation constraints differently for male and female entrepreneurs, both as individual entrepreneurs or in entrepreneurial teams. In a lab-in-the-field experiment with Ugandan loan officers, we document gender discrimination of individual female entrepreneurs, but no gender bias in the evaluation of entrepreneurial teams. Our results suggest that the observed bias is not driven by animus against female entrepreneurs but rather by differential beliefs about women’s entrepreneurial ability or implementation constraints in running a business. Policies aimed at team creation for start-up enterprises may have an additional benefit of equalizing access to finance and ultimately stimulating growth.

     

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    hdl: 10419/282164
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / Rationality & Competition, CRC TRR 190 ; no. 473 (December 06, 2023)
    Schlagworte: access to finance; gender bias; entrepreneurship; lab-in-the-field
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Women in economics
    the role of gendered references at entry in the profession
    Erschienen: [2024]
    Verlag:  Banca d'Italia Eurosistema, [Rom]

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    Schriftenreihe: Temi di discussione / Banca d'Italia ; number 1438 (February 2024)
    Schlagworte: gender bias; research institutions; professional labor markets; word embeddings
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Issue salience and women’s electoral performance
    theory and evidence from Google trends
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Department of Economics, Management and Statistics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy

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    Schriftenreihe: DEMS working paper series ; no. 527 (September 2023)
    Schlagworte: gender bias; elections; female politicians
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten)
  24. Too “hot” to recognize her rights
    the impact of climate change on attitude toward gender equality
    Erschienen: [2024]
    Verlag:  Waseda INstitute of Political EConomy, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; no. 23, 10 (February 2024)
    Schlagworte: gender equality; gender bias; women’s rights; climate change; temperature impact
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Issue salience and women's electoral performance
    theory and evidence from google trends
    Erschienen: January 2024
    Verlag:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    In this paper we study whether and how the belief that the gender of politicians affects their competence on different issues influences electoral outcomes depending on the salience of those issues. We first propose a theoretical model of... mehr

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    In this paper we study whether and how the belief that the gender of politicians affects their competence on different issues influences electoral outcomes depending on the salience of those issues. We first propose a theoretical model of issue-specific gender bias in elections which can describe both the presence of a real comparative advantage ('kernel-of-truth' case, or stereotype) and the case of pure prejudice. We show that, if the bias exists, it influences electoral results and that its effect can be partially reversed by successful information transmission during the electoral campaign. We then empirically investigate the relation between issue salience and women's performance using US data on House and Senate elections. Estimates of issue salience are obtained using Google Trends data. Exploiting the longitudinal dimension of the dataset at district level and an IV strategy to rule out possible endogeneity, we show a positive correlation between the salience of those issues that are typically listed as feminine and women's electoral outcomes. We therefore conclude that a bias indeed exists. The average effect of the bias is sizable with respect to the share of votes for women candidates, even if not large enough to significantly increase the probability that women candidates win elections.

     

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    hdl: 10419/296011
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working papers ; 10922 (2024)
    Schlagworte: gender bias; elections; female politicians
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen