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  1. From epidemic to pandemic: did the COVID-19 outbreak affect high school program choices in Sweden?
    Autor*in: Aalto, Aino-Maija; Müller, Dagmar; Tilley, J. Lucas
    Erschienen: November 29, 2021
    Verlag:  Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden

    Ceding ownership to outside investors provides a control dilemma for founders. In less developed capital markets with weaker formal institutions, we argue that retained founder director ownership can lower the transaction costs of external capital.... mehr

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    Ceding ownership to outside investors provides a control dilemma for founders. In less developed capital markets with weaker formal institutions, we argue that retained founder director ownership can lower the transaction costs of external capital. Our argument rests on incomplete contracting and institutional theory, particularly highlighting the elevated status of the founding entrepreneur. Based on a longitudinal study of 179 listed Caribbean firms, we find that retained founder ownership reduces information asymmetry vis-à-vis outside minority investors. The reduced information asymmetry is even stronger for firms with a related party/subsidiary within a tax haven, and for firms with strong shareholder rights.

     
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    hdl: 10419/262034
    Schriftenreihe: IFN working paper ; no. 1420 (2021)
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; business cycle; human capital investment; field of study
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. College as a marriage market
    Autor*in: Kirkebøen, Lars J.; Leuven, Edwin; Mogstad, Magne
    Erschienen: April 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Recent descriptive work suggests the type of college education (field or institution) is an important but neglected pathway through which individuals sort into homogeneous marriages. These descriptive studies raise the question of why college... mehr

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    Recent descriptive work suggests the type of college education (field or institution) is an important but neglected pathway through which individuals sort into homogeneous marriages. These descriptive studies raise the question of why college graduates are so likely to marry someone within their own institution or field of study. One possible explanation is that individuals match on traits correlated with the choice of education, such as innate ability, tastes or family environment. Another possible explanation is that the choice of college education causally impacts whether and whom one marries, either because of search frictions or preferences for spousal education. The goal of this paper is to sort out these explanations and, by doing so, examine the role of colleges as marriage markets. Using data from Norway to address key identification and measurement challenges, we find that colleges are local marriage markets, mattering greatly for whom one marries, not because of the pre-determined traits of the admitted students but as a direct result of attending a particular institution at a given time.

     
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    hdl: 10419/236295
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14264
    Schlagworte: Hochschule; Akademiker; Partnerwahl; Ehe; Norwegen; assortative mating; college; educational homogamy; field of study; marriage market; search frictions
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. College as a marriage market
    Autor*in: Kirkebøen, Lars J.; Leuven, Edwin; Mogstad, Magne
    Erschienen: April 2021
    Verlag:  Statistics Norway, Research Department, Oslo

    Recent descriptive work suggests the type of college education (field or institution) is an important but neglected pathway through which individuals sort into homogeneous marriages. These descriptive studies raise the question of why college... mehr

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    Recent descriptive work suggests the type of college education (field or institution) is an important but neglected pathway through which individuals sort into homogeneous marriages. These descriptive studies raise the question of why college graduates are so likely to marry someone within their own institution or field of study. One possible explanation is that individuals match on traits correlated with the choice of education, such as innate ability, tastes or family environment. Another possible explanation is that the choice of college education causally impacts whether and whom one marries, either because of search frictions or preferences for spousal education. The goal of this paper is to sort out these explanations and, by doing so, examine the role of colleges as marriage markets. Using data from Norway to address key identification and measurement challenges, we find that colleges are local marriage markets, mattering greatly for whom one marries, not because of the pre-determined traits of the admitted students but as a direct result of attending a particular institution at a given time.

     
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    hdl: 10419/249140
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion papers / Statistics Norway, Research Department ; no. 950
    Schlagworte: Hochschule; Akademiker; Partnerwahl; Ehe; Norwegen; assortative mating; college; educational homogamy; field of study; marriage market; search frictions
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Clustered local average treatment effects
    fields of study and academic student progress
    Autor*in: Nibbering, Didier; Oosterveen, Matthijs; Silva, Pedro Luis
    Erschienen: March 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Multiple unordered treatments with a binary instrument for each treatment are common in policy evaluation. This multiple treatment setting allows for different types of changes in treatment status that are non-compliant with the activated instrument.... mehr

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    Multiple unordered treatments with a binary instrument for each treatment are common in policy evaluation. This multiple treatment setting allows for different types of changes in treatment status that are non-compliant with the activated instrument. Therefore, instrumental variable (IV) methods have to rely on strong assumptions on the subjects' behavior to identify local average treatment effects (LATEs). This paper introduces a new IV strategy that identifies an interpretable weighted average of LATEs under relaxed assumptions, in the presence of clusters with similar treatments. The clustered LATEs allow for shifts across treatment clusters that are consistent with preference updating, but render IV estimation of individual LATEs biased. The clustered LATEs are estimated by standard IV methods, and we provide an algorithm that estimates the treatment clusters. We empirically analyze the effect of fields of study on academic student progress, and find violations of the LATE assumptions in line with preference updating, clusters with similar fields, treatment effect heterogeneity across students, and significant differences in student progress due to fields of study.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263375
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15159
    Schlagworte: multiple treatments; instrumental variables; treatment clusters; field of study
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 84 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. From epidemic to pandemic
    effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on high school program choices in Sweden
    Autor*in: Aalto, Aino-Maija; Müller, Dagmar; Tilley, J. Lucas
    Erschienen: February 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We study whether the onset of the COVID-19 crisis affected the program choices of high school applicants in Sweden. Our analysis exploits the fact that the admission process consists of two stages: a preliminary round in which applicants initially... mehr

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    We study whether the onset of the COVID-19 crisis affected the program choices of high school applicants in Sweden. Our analysis exploits the fact that the admission process consists of two stages: a preliminary round in which applicants initially rank programs in order of preference and a final round in which they can alter their preliminary rankings. In 2020, the timing of the two rounds happened to provide a unique pre- and post-crisis snapshot of applicants' field-of-study choices. Using school-level data on applicants' top-ranked programs for all admission rounds between 2016 and 2020, we implement a difference-in-differences method to identify the immediate effect of the crisis on demand for programs. We find no change in demand for academic programs, but a decline in top-ranked applications to some of the vocational programs. The declines are most pronounced and robust for several service-oriented programs, in particular those related to the hotel and restaurant sector, which was the most adversely affected industry during the crisis. This finding suggests that labor market considerations influence the study choices made by relatively young students.

     
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    hdl: 10419/252231
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15107
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; business cycle; human capital investment; field of study
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Why do the earnings of male and female graduates diverge?
    the role of motherhood and job dynamics
    Autor*in: Doris, Aedín; O'Neill, Donal; Sweetman, Olive B.
    Erschienen: December 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper explores gender wage dynamics using an administrative dataset covering Irish graduate earnings from 2010-2020. Our data allows us to look at a broad range of degrees and compare workers who are identical in important observable... mehr

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    This paper explores gender wage dynamics using an administrative dataset covering Irish graduate earnings from 2010-2020. Our data allows us to look at a broad range of degrees and compare workers who are identical in important observable characteristics. We find that although male and female graduates have similar returns to study field immediately after graduation, a substantial gap soon emerges. This is particularly true when considering women with children and is driven by a 27 percent fall in earnings immediately after childbirth. We find no striking differences between fields of study; there is a substantial and persistent motherhood effect for all field groupings. We examine and dismiss the possibility that the gender difference in earnings dynamics is driven by job mobility; in fact, almost all of the difference is accounted for by changes within a job. Although there is a large and persistent reduction in hours of work after childbirth, this does not seem to explain all of the reduction in earnings.

     
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    hdl: 10419/272432
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15805
    Schlagworte: field of study; gender pay gap; motehrhood penalty
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Preferred field of study and academic performance
    Autor*in: Berlingieri, Francesco; Diegmann, André; Sprietsma, Maresa
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, Mannheim, Germany

    This paper investigates the impact of studying the first-choice university subject on dropout and switching field of study for a cohort of students in Germany. Using detailed survey data, and employing an instrumental variable strategy based on... mehr

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    This paper investigates the impact of studying the first-choice university subject on dropout and switching field of study for a cohort of students in Germany. Using detailed survey data, and employing an instrumental variable strategy based on variation in the local field of study availability, we provide evidence that students who are not enrolled in their preferred field of study are more likely to change their field, delay graduation and drop out of university. The estimated impact on dropout is particularly strong among students of low socio-economic status and is driven by lower academic performance and motivation.

     
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    hdl: 10419/261293
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / ZEW ; no. 22, 017 (06/2022)
    Schlagworte: field of study; preferences; academic performance; university dropout
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Preferred field of study and academic performance
    Autor*in: Berlingieri, Francesco; Diegmann, André; Sprietsma, Maresa
    Erschienen: [01. Juni 2022]
    Verlag:  Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) - Member of the Leibniz Association, Halle (Saale), Germany

    This paper investigates the impact of studying the first-choice university subject on dropout and switching field of study for a cohort of students in Germany. Using detailed survey data, and employing an instrumental variable strategy based on... mehr

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    This paper investigates the impact of studying the first-choice university subject on dropout and switching field of study for a cohort of students in Germany. Using detailed survey data, and employing an instrumental variable strategy based on variation in the local field of study availability, we provide evidence that students who are not enrolled in their preferred field of study are more likely to change their field, delay graduation and drop out of university. The estimated impact on dropout is particularly strong among students of low socio-economic status and is driven by lower academic performance and motivation.

     
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    hdl: 10419/260397
    Schriftenreihe: IWH discussion papers ; 2022, no. 16 (June 2022)
    Schlagworte: academic performance; field of study; preferences; university dropout
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (III, 40 Seiten, 2,85 MB), Illustration, Diagramme
  9. The increasing penalty to occupation-education mismatch
    Autor*in: Cassidy, Hugh; Gaulke, Amanda
    Erschienen: April 2023
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    College-educated workers in jobs unrelated to their degree generally receive lower wages compared to well-matched workers. Our analysis of data from the National Survey of College Graduates shows that although the rate of this mismatch declined only... mehr

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    College-educated workers in jobs unrelated to their degree generally receive lower wages compared to well-matched workers. Our analysis of data from the National Survey of College Graduates shows that although the rate of this mismatch declined only slightly (19% to 17%), the wage penalty increased by 51% between 1993 and 2019. Changes in the composition of field of study over time, as well as declining returns to "excess" education above what is required for the occupation both help to explain the increasing penalty, especially for women. Mismatch has become more closely associated with lowerreturn occupations for men but not women.

     
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    hdl: 10419/272706
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16079
    Schlagworte: education mismatch; field of study; wage penalty
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Gender pay gaps across STEM fields of study
    Autor*in: Zając, Tomasz; Magda, Iga; Bożykowski, Marek; Chłoń-Domińczak, Agnieszka; Jasiński, Mikołaj
    Erschienen: November 2023
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Gender pay gaps in earnings are well-documented in the literature. However, new factors contributing to women's lower earnings have emerged and remain under-researched. Educational choices are among them. We use a rich administrative dataset from... mehr

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    Gender pay gaps in earnings are well-documented in the literature. However, new factors contributing to women's lower earnings have emerged and remain under-researched. Educational choices are among them. We use a rich administrative dataset from Poland, a Central Eastern European country with high tertiary education enrolment and high female employment rates among young women, to study gender pay gaps among tertiary education graduates with degrees in different fields of study while paying particular attention to STEM fields graduates (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics). We find that already in the first year after graduation, women earn over 20% less than men. This gap widens over time. We also find significant variation across different STEM fields both in the size of the gender pay gap and in how it changes over time. The gap is largest among mathematics graduates, at over 25%; while it does not exceed 3% among chemical and Earth sciences graduates. As these differences narrow only slightly within the first four years of graduates' working careers, policymakers' efforts to increase the number of women earning STEM degrees may not be enough to achieve gender pay equality.

     
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    hdl: 10419/282740
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16613
    Schlagworte: gender pay gap; higher education; labor market; STEM; field of study; Poland
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. University fees, subsidies and field of study
    Autor*in: Yong, Maxwell; Coelli, Michael; Kabátek, Jan
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research, The University of Melbourne, [Melbourne,] Victoria, Australia

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research ; no. 23, 11 (September 2023)
    Schlagworte: student choice; university; field of study; fees; subsidies
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Gender differences in graduate degree choices
    Autor*in: Delaney, Judith; Devereux, Paul J.
    Erschienen: April 2024
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    While gender differences in the decision of what to study at undergraduate level are much studied, there is relatively little attention paid to subsequent study decisions of graduates. Given the increased importance of graduate education in recent... mehr

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    While gender differences in the decision of what to study at undergraduate level are much studied, there is relatively little attention paid to subsequent study decisions of graduates. Given the increased importance of graduate education in recent decades, these decisions can have major labour market implications. In this paper, we use administrative data from Ireland to study these choices. We find systematic and substantial differences by gender in choice of graduate field, even when taking account of the exact undergraduate programme attended and a large set of controls measuring academic interests and aptitudes. Female graduates are less likely to do further study in STEM fields and more likely to enter teaching and health programmes. When we explore the effect of these choices on early career gender gaps in earnings, we find that they tend to exacerbate earnings gaps. Even after accounting for the exact undergraduate programme and detailed school subject choices and grades, there is an 8% gender gap in earnings at age 33 for persons who pursued a graduate degree; the choice of graduate programme can explain about 15% of that gap.

     
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    hdl: 10419/295941
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16918
    Schlagworte: Studium; Berufswahl; Bildungsniveau; Akademiker; Geschlechterunterschiede; Dekompositionsverfahren; Irland; gender gaps; graduate study; field of study; gender earnings gap; higher education
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten)
  13. Can student aid policy alter spatial inequality in university enrolment?
    evidence from a policy reform in the Netherlands
    Autor*in: Oosterhout, Kars van; Bakens, Jessie; Cörvers, Frank
    Erschienen: [2024]
    Verlag:  Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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    Schriftenreihe: ROA research memorandum / Researchcentrum voor Onderwijs en Arbeidsmarkt ; ROA-RM-2024, 1 (January 2024)
    Schlagworte: student aid; policy reform; university enrolment; field of study; spatial inequality; leaving home
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. STEM graduates and secondary school curriculum
    does early exposure to science matter?
    Autor*in: De Philippis, Marta
    Erschienen: [2017]
    Verlag:  Banca d'Italia Eurosistema, [Rom]

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    Schriftenreihe: Temi di discussione / Banca d'Italia ; number 1107 (March 2017)
    Schlagworte: STEM; high school curriculum; field of study; gender bias
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Field of study and mental health in adulthood
    Autor*in: Stenberg, Anders; Tudor, Simona
    Erschienen: December 2023
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We analyze whether field of study assigned at age 16 impacts mental health in adulthood. Using a regression discontinuity design that exploits GPA cut-offs, we find that admission to the preferred study field improves mental health, lowering both the... mehr

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    We analyze whether field of study assigned at age 16 impacts mental health in adulthood. Using a regression discontinuity design that exploits GPA cut-offs, we find that admission to the preferred study field improves mental health, lowering both the incidence of antidepressant prescriptions and of mental health-related hospitalizations. Engineering contributes strongly but not uniquely to the positive results. As for mechanisms, earnings explain 40% of the estimates, but earlier proposed hypotheses based on school-age peer characteristics have little explanatory power. Our findings imply that restrictions on individuals' choices, to improve human capital allocations, entail costs that may have been underestimated.

     
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    hdl: 10419/282828
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16701
    Schlagworte: field of study; health; secondary education
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 80 Seiten), Illustrationen