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  1. How causal is separation?
    lessons learnt from endogenous switching regression models for single mothers' economic strain in Germany
    Autor*in: Birkeneder, Antonia; Boll, Christina
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Single mothers often experience precarious financial conditions. However, it is not fully understood to what extent separation is the cause of these conditions versus being their consequence. Estimating an endogenous switching regression model based... mehr

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    Single mothers often experience precarious financial conditions. However, it is not fully understood to what extent separation is the cause of these conditions versus being their consequence. Estimating an endogenous switching regression model based on a sample of 626 separated and 5,525 non-separated mothers drawn from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) 1984-2018, we disentangle the roles of causation and selection for separated mothers' individual earnings as a measure of economic well-being. Our results indicate that separated mothers increase their working hours and sometimes adjust industry in anticipation of the separation event and afterwards. Adjusting for these processes that can be considered caused by the upcoming event, the positive selection into separation turns negative, while the non-separated are clearly positively selected. Thus, comparing average women with mean characteristics, the actually (non-)separated earn lower (higher) wages than women who are randomly assigned to a (non-)separation scenario. Additionally, the separated are more negatively selected into employment. Robustness checks largely confirm our results against changes in sample composition, eliminated group differences in period distribution, and model specification. Thus, our data support the notion that both chronic strain and crisis-caused factors diminish single mothers' economic well-being. Unobserved traits associated with lower labor market investments and productivity explain part of separated mothers' economic strain after separation.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/243187
    Schriftenreihe: SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research ; 1147 (2021)
    Schlagworte: ingle mothers; earnings; selection; causation; endogenous switching regression model; Socio-economic Panel
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten)
  2. How do women allocate their available time in Europe?
    differences with men
    Autor*in: Gimenez-Nadal, José Ignacio; Molina, José Alberto
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    This article explores the gender gap in time allocation in Europe, offering up-to-date statistics and information on several factors that may help to explain these differences. Prior research has identified several factors affecting the time... mehr

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    This article explores the gender gap in time allocation in Europe, offering up-to-date statistics and information on several factors that may help to explain these differences. Prior research has identified several factors affecting the time individuals devote to paid work, unpaid work, and child care, and the gender gaps in these activities, but most research refers to single countries, and general patterns are rarely explored. Cross-country evidence on gender gaps in paid work, unpaid work, and child care is offered, and explanations based on education, earnings, and household structure are presented, using data from the EUROSTAT and the Multinational Time Use Surveys. There are large cross-country differences in the gender gaps in paid work, unpaid work, and child care, which remain after controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, although the gender gap in paid work dissipates when the differential gendered relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and paid work is taken into account. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of gender gaps in Europe, helping to focus recent debates on how to tackle inequality in Europe, and clarifying the factors that contribute to gender inequalities in the uses of time.

     
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    hdl: 10419/236891
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 908
    Schlagworte: Paid work; unpaid work; gender gap; European countries; earnings; household structure
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. The Big Five personality traits and earnings
    a meta-analysis
    Autor*in: Alderotti, Giammarco; Rapallini, Chiara; Traverso, Silvio
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    The past two decades have witnessed an increasing interest in the relationship between personality and labor market outcomes, as well as the emergence of the Five-Factor Model as the reference framework for the study of personality. In this paper, we... mehr

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    The past two decades have witnessed an increasing interest in the relationship between personality and labor market outcomes, as well as the emergence of the Five-Factor Model as the reference framework for the study of personality. In this paper, we provide the first meta-analytical review of the empirical literature on the association between personal earnings and the Big Five personality traits. The analysis combines the results of 63 peer-reviewed articles published between 2001-2020, from which we retrieved 896 partial effect sizes. Overall, the primary literature provides robust support for a positive association between personal earnings and the traits of Openness, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion, while simultaneously revealing a negative and significant association between earnings and the traits of Agreeableness and Neuroticism. We find no evidence of a substantial publication bias. Meta-regression estimates suggest that Openness and Conscientiousness are positively associated with earnings even when primary researchers control for individual cognitive abilities and educational attainments. Similarly, the studies that includes labor market control variables exhibit weaker associations between earnings and Extraversion and Agreeableness. The results of the primary studies seem unaffected by the time at which the Big Five are measured, as well as by the scale and number of inventory items. Meta-regression estimates suggest that the results of the primary literature are not stable across cultures and gender, and that the ranking and academic field of the journal matter.

     
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    hdl: 10419/237085
    Auflage/Ausgabe: [revised]
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 902
    Schlagworte: Big Five personality traits; earnings; meta-analysis
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. The impact of public transportation and commuting on urban labour markets: evidence from the New Survey of London Life and Labour, 1929-32
    Autor*in: Seltzer, Andrew; Wadsworth, Jonathan
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper examines the consequences of the commuter transport revolution on working class labour markets in 1930s London. The ability to commute alleviated urban crowding and increased workers’ choice of potential employers. Using GIS-based data... mehr

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    This paper examines the consequences of the commuter transport revolution on working class labour markets in 1930s London. The ability to commute alleviated urban crowding and increased workers’ choice of potential employers. Using GIS-based data constructed from the New Survey of London Life and Labour, we examine the extent of commuting and estimate the earnings returns to commuting. We obtain a lower-bound estimate of two percent increase in earnings per kilometer travelled. We also show that commuting was an important contributor to improving quality of life in the early-twentieth century.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245679
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14628
    Schlagworte: public transportation; New Survey of London Life and Labour; GIS; earnings
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 75 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Mothers' job search after childbirth
    Autor*in: Lafférs, Lukás; Schmidpeter, Bernhard
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Linz-Auhof, Austria

    We explore the impact of successful job search after childbirth on mothers' labor market careers. Using a bounding approach and administrative data, we find strong heterogeneity in the returns to leaving the pre-birth employer. Moving to a new... mehr

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    We explore the impact of successful job search after childbirth on mothers' labor market careers. Using a bounding approach and administrative data, we find strong heterogeneity in the returns to leaving the pre-birth employer. Moving to a new employer after childbirth leads to an increase in re-employment earnings only for mothers at the upper part of the earnings distribution. For these mothers, initial job search also increases long-term earnings. We provide evidence that earnings gains are the result of higher geographical mobility and longer commutes to work. Successful mothers are also more likely to move to faster growing firms and firms offering better opportunities to women. Our results do not suggest that husbands play an important role in supporting successful job search of mothers.

     
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    hdl: 10419/249042
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University of Linz ; no. 2113 (July 2021)
    Schlagworte: parental leave; return-to-work; job search; earnings; earnings gaps
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Covid-19 and income inequality
    evidence from monthly population registers
    Autor*in: Angelov, Nikolay; Waldenström, Daniel
    Erschienen: July 2021
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    We measure the distributional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using newly released population register data in Sweden. Monthly earnings inequality increased during the pandemic, and the key driver is income losses among low-paid individuals while... mehr

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    We measure the distributional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using newly released population register data in Sweden. Monthly earnings inequality increased during the pandemic, and the key driver is income losses among low-paid individuals while middle- and high-income earners were almost unaffected. The pandemic had a larger negative impact on private-sector workers and on women. Using data on individual take-up of government COVID-19 support, we show that policy significantly dampened the inequality increase, but did not fully offset it. Annual total market income inequality, which also includes capital income and taxable transfers, shows similar patterns of increasing inequality during the pandemic.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245359
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9178 (2021)
    Schlagworte: pandemic; income inequality; earnings; government policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. The Big Five personality traits and earnings
    a meta-analysis
    Autor*in: Alderotti, Giammarco; Rapallini, Chiara; Traverso, Silvio
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    The past two decades have witnessed an increasing interest in the relationship between personality and labor market outcomes, as well as the emergence of the Five-Factor Model as the reference framework for the study of personality. In this paper, we... mehr

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    The past two decades have witnessed an increasing interest in the relationship between personality and labor market outcomes, as well as the emergence of the Five-Factor Model as the reference framework for the study of personality. In this paper, we provide the first meta-analytical review of the empirical literature on the association between personal earnings and the Big Five personality traits. The analysis combines the results of 65 peer-reviewed articles published between 2001-2020, from which we retrieved 936 partial effect sizes. Overall, the primary literature provides robust support for a positive association between personal earnings and the traits of Openness, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion, while simultaneously revealing a negative and significant association between earnings and the traits of Agreeableness and Neuroticism. We find no evidence of a substantial publication bias. Meta-regression estimates suggest that Openness and Conscientiousness are positively associated with earnings even when primary researchers control for individual cognitive abilities and educational attainments. Similarly, the studies that includes labor market control variables exhibit weaker associations between earnings and Extraversion and Agreeableness. The results of the primary studies seem unaffected by the time at which the Big Five are measured, as well as by the scale and number of inventory items. Meta-regression estimates suggest that the results of the primary literature are not stable across cultures and gender, and that the ranking and academic field of the journal matter.

     
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    hdl: 10419/236201
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 902
    Schlagworte: Big Five personality traits; earnings; meta-analysis
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten)
  8. Beyond degrees: longer term outcomes of the Kalamazoo Promise
    Autor*in: Hershbein, Brad; McMullen, Isabel; Pittelko, Brian; Timmeney, Bridget F.
    Erschienen: 7-15-2021
    Verlag:  W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, Kalamazoo, MI

    We estimate the effects on workforce and location outcomes of the Kalamazoo Promise, a generous, place-based college scholarship. Drawing upon administrative unemployment insurance wage records merged with individual-level education data, we identify... mehr

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    We estimate the effects on workforce and location outcomes of the Kalamazoo Promise, a generous, place-based college scholarship. Drawing upon administrative unemployment insurance wage records merged with individual-level education data, we identify Promise effects by comparing eligible to ineligible graduates before and after the Promise's initiation. We supplement this quantitative analysis with surveys and interviews. Despite earlier research showing that the Kalamazoo Promise substantially increased degree attainment, we find little evidence that the program affected average earnings within 10 years of high school graduation. However, the Kalamazoo Promise may have increased the likelihood of eligible graduates having earnings, within Michigan, in the middle of the distribution. We discuss the possible role of job availability in understanding these patterns and the implications for free-tuition college programs as a workforce development tool.

     
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    hdl: 10419/246064
    Schriftenreihe: Upjohn Institute working paper ; 21, 350
    Schlagworte: place-based scholarship; difference-in-differences; mixed methods; workforce outcomes; earnings; migration; education policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. School value-added and long-term student outcomes
    Autor*in: Kirkebøen, Lars J.
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Department of Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    This paper studies school quality in the context of Norwegian compulsory schooling. I demonstrate that even when lagged achievement is not observed, it is possible to construct informative value-added (VA) indicators of persistent school quality by... mehr

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    This paper studies school quality in the context of Norwegian compulsory schooling. I demonstrate that even when lagged achievement is not observed, it is possible to construct informative value-added (VA) indicators of persistent school quality by adjusting exam scores for students' background characteristics. These VA indicators show little bias forecasting average exam performance out of sample, and are also predicative of long-term student outcomes, including earnings. Three quasi-experiments using variation from student mobility and changes in neighborhood school assignments indicate that the differences captured by the VA indicators do indeed reflect differences in school quality, rather than unobserved student characteristics. The finding help connect learning outcomes with later labor market outcomes, e.g. for cost-benefit analysis of interventions in schools.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250306
    Schriftenreihe: Memorandum / Department of Economics, University of Oslo ; no 2021, 04 (September 2021)
    Schlagworte: School quality; value-added; VAM; earnings
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. This time is not so different: income dynamics during the Covid-19 recession
    Autor*in: Bell, Brian; Bloom, Nicholas; Blundell, Jack
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / Centre for Economic Performance ; no. 1792 (September 2021)
    Schlagworte: Covid-19; recession; firm-specific shocks; earnings
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. The donut effect of Covid-19 on cities
    Autor*in: Bloom, Nicholas; Ramani, Arjun
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / Centre for Economic Performance ; no. 1793 (September 2021)
    Schlagworte: Covid-19; US; "Donut Effect"; migration patterns; firm-specific shocks; earnings
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Mothers' job search after childbirth
    Autor*in: Lafférs, Lukás; Schmidpeter, Bernhard
    Erschienen: July 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We explore the impact of successful job search after childbirth on mothers' labor market careers. Using a bounding approach and administrative data, we find strong heterogeneity in the returns to leaving the pre-birth employer. Moving to a new... mehr

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    We explore the impact of successful job search after childbirth on mothers' labor market careers. Using a bounding approach and administrative data, we find strong heterogeneity in the returns to leaving the pre-birth employer. Moving to a new employer after childbirth leads to an increase in re-employment earnings only for mothers at the upper part of the earnings distribution. For these mothers, initial job search also increases long-term earnings. We provide evidence that earnings gains are the result of higher geographical mobility and longer commutes to work. Successful mothers are also more likely to move to faster growing firms and firms offering better opportunities to women. Our results do not suggest that husbands play an important role in supporting successful job search of mothers.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/245644
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14593
    Schlagworte: parental leave; return-to-work; job search; earnings; earnings gaps
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Mothers at work: how mandating paid maternity leave affects employment, earnings and fertility
    Autor*in: Girsberger, Esther Mirjam; Hassani-Nezhad, Lena; Karunanethy, Kalaivani; Lalive, Rafael
    Erschienen: July 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    In July 2005, Switzerland introduced the first federal paid maternity leave mandate, offering 14 weeks of leave with 80% of pre-birth earnings. We study the mandate's impact on women's employment and earnings around the birth of their first child, as... mehr

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    In July 2005, Switzerland introduced the first federal paid maternity leave mandate, offering 14 weeks of leave with 80% of pre-birth earnings. We study the mandate's impact on women's employment and earnings around the birth of their first child, as well as on their subsequent fertility by exploiting unique, rich administrative data in a difference-in-differences set-up. Women covered by the mandate worked and earned more during pregnancy, and also had temporarily increased job continuity with their pre-birth employer after birth. Estimated effects on other labor market outcomes are small or absent, and all dissipate by five years after birth. The mandate instead persistently increased subsequent fertility: affected women were three percentage points more likely to have a second child in the next nine years. Women living in regions that had greater early child care availability experienced a larger increase in subsequent fertility following the mandate, suggesting that child care complements paid maternity leave in helping women balance work and family.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245656
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14605
    Schlagworte: female labor supply; maternity leave; return-to-work; earnings; fertility
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. The economics of being LGBT
    a review: 2015-2020
    Autor*in: Drydakis, Nick
    Erschienen: November 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper reviews studies on LGBT workplace outcomes published between 2015 and 2020. In terms of earnings differences, in the US, Canada, Europe, and Australia, gay men were found to experience earnings penalties of 7% in comparison to heterosexual... mehr

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    This paper reviews studies on LGBT workplace outcomes published between 2015 and 2020. In terms of earnings differences, in the US, Canada, Europe, and Australia, gay men were found to experience earnings penalties of 7% in comparison to heterosexual men, bisexual men experienced earnings penalties of 9% in comparison to heterosexual men, and bisexual women faced earnings penalties of 5% in comparison to heterosexual women. In the same regions, lesbian women experienced an earnings premium of 7% in comparison to heterosexual women. Trans women, in the US and Europe, faced earnings penalties ranging from 4% to 20%. In terms of job satisfaction, in the US, Canada, and Europe, gay men, and lesbian women experienced 15% and 12%, respectively lower job satisfaction than their heterosexual counterparts. Additionally, bullying against sexual minorities has persisted. In the UK, sexual minorities who experienced frequent school-age bullying faced a 32% chance of experiencing frequent workplace bullying. In relation to job exclusions, in OECD countries, gay men and lesbian women were found to experience 39% and 32%, respectively lower access to occupations than comparable heterosexual men and women. For trans men and women in Europe, comparable patterns are in evidence. Given these patterns, it is not of surprise that LGBT people in the US and the UK experience higher poverty rates than heterosexual and cis people. However, in these two regions, anti-discrimination laws and positive actions in the workplace helped reduce the earnings penalties for gay men, enhance trans people's self-esteem, spur innovation and firms' performance, and boost marketing capability, corporate profiles, and customer satisfaction. The evidence indicated that LGBT inclusion and positive economic outcomes mutually reinforced each other.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250506
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14845
    Schlagworte: sexual orientation; gender identity; discrimination; earnings; poverty; bullying; job satisfaction; inclusivity
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. The career costs of children's health shocks
    Autor*in: Breivik, Anne-Lise; Costa-Ramón, Ana
    Erschienen: November 2021
    Verlag:  University of Zurich, Department of Economics, Zurich

    We provide novel evidence on the impact of a child's health shock on parental labor market outcomes. To identify the causal effect, we leverage long panels of high-quality Finnish and Norwegian administrative data and exploit variation in the timing... mehr

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    We provide novel evidence on the impact of a child's health shock on parental labor market outcomes. To identify the causal effect, we leverage long panels of high-quality Finnish and Norwegian administrative data and exploit variation in the timing of the health shock. We do this by comparing parents across families in similar parental and child age cohorts whose children experienced a health shock at different ages. We show that these families have very similar characteristics and were following parallel trends before the event. This allows us to use a simple difference-in-differences model: we construct counterfactuals for treated households with families who experience the same shock a few years later. We find a sharp break in parents' earnings trajectories that becomes visible just after the shock. The negative effect is persistent and stronger for mothers than for fathers. We also document a substantial impact on parents' mental well-being. Our results suggest that the effect on maternal labor earnings results from the combination of the increased time needed to care for the child and the worsening of mothers' mental health.

     
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    hdl: 10419/248418
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / University of Zurich, Department of Economics ; no. 399
    Schlagworte: Children; health; mortality; parents; earnings; labor supply; mental health
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Ethnic regional networks and immigrants' earnings: a spatial autoregressive network approach
    Autor*in: Wang, Xingang; Maani, Sholeh A.
    Erschienen: November 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The conventional model of immigrant earnings does not account for the correlation of outcomes across immigrant ethnic networks. We apply a spatial autoregressive network approach to account for the spill-over effects of migrant ethnic group economic... mehr

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    The conventional model of immigrant earnings does not account for the correlation of outcomes across immigrant ethnic networks. We apply a spatial autoregressive network approach to account for the spill-over effects of migrant ethnic group economic resources and labour market outcomes. We employ unit-record data across 10 years for New Zealand, a major immigrant receiving country. By applying generalised method of moment (GMM) estimation, we address endogeneity of the spatial network variable. Results confirm strong positive associations of earnings with both ethnic concentration and networks of resources. The analytically enhanced approach provides opportunities for new research on the determinants of immigrant earnings.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14862
    Schlagworte: immigrant; earnings; ethnic network; spatial autoregressive model; GMM estimation
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  17. Sexual orientation and earnings
    a meta-analysis 2012-2020
    Autor*in: Drydakis, Nick
    Erschienen: June 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This meta-analysis utilizes 24 papers published between 2012-2020 that focus on earnings differences by sexual orientation. The papers cover the period between 1991 and 2018, and countries in Europe, North America and Australia. The meta-analysis... mehr

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    This meta-analysis utilizes 24 papers published between 2012-2020 that focus on earnings differences by sexual orientation. The papers cover the period between 1991 and 2018, and countries in Europe, North America and Australia. The meta-analysis indicates that gay men earned less than heterosexual men. Lesbian women earned more than heterosexual women, while bisexual men earned less than heterosexual men. Bisexual women earned less than heterosexual women. According to the meta-analysis, in data sets after 2010, gay men and bisexual men and women continue to experience earnings penalties, while lesbian women continue to experience earnings premiums. The meta-regression estimates indicate relationships between study characteristics and the estimated earnings effects for sexual minorities. For instance, regions, sexual minority data set sizes, and earnings classifications influence the outcomes. The persistence of earnings penalties for gay men and bisexual men and women in the face of anti-discrimination policies represents a cause for concern and indicates the need for comprehensive legislation and workplace guidelines to guarantee that people receive fair pay and not experience any form of workplace inequality simply because of their sexual orientation.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245547
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14496
    Schlagworte: sexual orientation; discrimination; earnings
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. The creativity premium
    Autor*in: Gill, David; Prowse, Victoria
    Erschienen: May 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Success in life increasingly depends on key skills that allow people to thrive in education, the labor market, and their interactions with others. In this paper, we emphasize creativity as a key skill that is essential to open-ended problem solving... mehr

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    Success in life increasingly depends on key skills that allow people to thrive in education, the labor market, and their interactions with others. In this paper, we emphasize creativity as a key skill that is essential to open-ended problem solving and resistant to automation. We use rich longitudinal data to study the relationship between people's creativity measured in childhood and their individual attributes and life outcomes. We find that childhood creativity predicts labor market and educational success: more creative individuals earn more during the course of their careers, work in higher occupational categories, and reach higher levels of educational attainment. Our analysis of attributes further suggests that creative individuals have a package of practical skills that allows them to thrive in work environments where learning from experience is important. We combine insights from our findings with evidence from psychology to propose creativity-improving interventions that could lead to substantial economic benefits.

     
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    hdl: 10419/236452
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14421
    Schlagworte: creativity; skills; life outcomes; children; longitudinal; labor market; wages; earnings; occupational category; educational attainment; practical skills; experience; cognitive ability; human capital
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten)
  19. Estimating occupation- and location-specific wages over the life cycle
    Autor*in: Ilin, Elias; Terry, Ellyn
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA

    In this paper we develop a novel method to project location-specific life-cycle wages for all occupations listed in the Occupational Outlook Handbook from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Our method consists of two steps. In the first step, we... mehr

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    In this paper we develop a novel method to project location-specific life-cycle wages for all occupations listed in the Occupational Outlook Handbook from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Our method consists of two steps. In the first step, we use individual-level data from the Current Population Survey to estimate the average number of years of potential labor market experience that is associated with each percentile of the education-level specific wage distribution. In the second step, we map this estimated average years of experience to the wage-level percentiles reported in the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics data for each occupation and area. Finally, we develop a model capable of projecting the trajectory of wages across all possible years of experience for each occupation.

     
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    hdl: 10419/244318
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta ; 2021, 15 (June 2021)
    Schlagworte: wage growth; wages; experience; education; earnings; Mincer earnings function
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Central exams and adult skills
    evidence from PIAAC
    Autor*in: Leschnig, Lisa; Schwerdt, Guido; Zigova, Katarina
    Erschienen: February 2021
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    Central exams are often hypothesized to favorably affect incentive structures in schools. Indeed, previous research provides vast evidence on the positive effects of central exams on student test scores. But critics warn that these effects may arise... mehr

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    Central exams are often hypothesized to favorably affect incentive structures in schools. Indeed, previous research provides vast evidence on the positive effects of central exams on student test scores. But critics warn that these effects may arise through the strategic behavior of students and teachers, which may not affect human capital accumulation in the long run. Exploiting variation in examination types across school systems and over time, we provide the first evidence that central exams positively affect adult skills. However, our estimates are small compared to the existing estimates for students, which may indicate some fade-out in the effect on skills over time.

     
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    hdl: 10419/232496
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 8899 (2021)
    Schlagworte: central exams; adult skills; earnings; PIAAC
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Five decades of union wages, nonunion wages, and union wage gaps at Unionstats.com
    Autor*in: Macpherson, David A.; Hirsch, Barry T.
    Erschienen: May 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Union, nonunion, and overall wages, plus regression-based union wage gap estimates, are provided annually, beginning in 1973 using the Current Population Surveys (CPS). The estimates are presented economy-wide by demographics and sectors... mehr

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    Union, nonunion, and overall wages, plus regression-based union wage gap estimates, are provided annually, beginning in 1973 using the Current Population Surveys (CPS). The estimates are presented economy-wide by demographics and sectors (private/public, industries). Union wage gaps are higher in the private than in the public sector, higher for men than women, roughly similar for black and white men, and much higher for black than for white women. We estimate mean weekly earnings above CPS topcodes by gender and year, assuming a Pareto distribution in the right tail of the distribution. The database is online and will be updated annually.

     
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    hdl: 10419/236429
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14398
    Schlagworte: union wage gaps; earnings; CPS topcodes
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 16 Seiten)
  22. Reconciling reports: modelling employment earnings and measurement errors using linked survey and administrative data
    Autor*in: Jenkins, Stephen; Rios-Avila, Fernando
    Erschienen: May 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We contribute new UK evidence about measurement errors and employment earnings to a field dominated by findings about the USA. We develop and apply new econometric models for linked survey and administrative data that generalize those of Kapteyn and... mehr

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    We contribute new UK evidence about measurement errors and employment earnings to a field dominated by findings about the USA. We develop and apply new econometric models for linked survey and administrative data that generalize those of Kapteyn and Ypma (Journal of Labor Economics, 2007). Our models incorporate mean-reverting measurement error in administrative data in addition to linkage mismatch and mean-reverting survey measurement error and 'reference period' error, while also allowing error distributions to vary across individuals. Annualised survey earnings underestimate true annual earnings on average. Mean-reversion in survey measurement errors is absent. Both earnings sources underestimate true earnings inequality. The survey earning measure is more reliable than the administrative data earnings measure, but hybrid earnings predictors based on both sources are distinctly more reliable than either source-specific measure. The models with heterogeneous measurement error distributions indicate how data quality may be improved. For example, for survey quality, our results highlight how respondents showing payslips to interviewers have smaller survey error variances. For administrative data, our results suggest that greater error variances are associated with non-standard jobs, private sector jobs, and employers without good payroll systems.

     
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    hdl: 10419/236436
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14405
    Schlagworte: measurement error; earnings; survey data; administrative data; finite mixture models
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 92 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. How important is health inequality for lifetime earnings inequality?
    Autor*in: Hosseini, Roozbeh; Kopecky, Karen A.; Zhao, Kai
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA

    Using a dynamic panel approach, we provide empirical evidence that negative health shocks reduce earnings. The effect is primarily driven by the participation margin and is concentrated in less educated individuals and those with poor health. We... mehr

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    Using a dynamic panel approach, we provide empirical evidence that negative health shocks reduce earnings. The effect is primarily driven by the participation margin and is concentrated in less educated individuals and those with poor health. We build a dynamic, general equilibrium, life cycle model that is consistent with these findings. In the model, individuals whose health is risky and heterogeneous choose to either work, or not work and apply for social security disability insurance (SSDI). Health affects individuals' productivity, SSDI access, disutility from work, mortality, and medical expenses. Calibrating the model to the United States, we find that health inequality is an important source of lifetime earnings inequality: nearly 29 percent of the variation in lifetime earnings at age 65 is due to the fact that Americans face risky and heterogeneous life cycle health profiles. A decomposition exercise reveals that the primary reason why individuals in the United States in poor health have low lifetime earnings is because they have a high probability of obtaining SSDI benefits. In other words, the SSDI program is an important contributor to lifetime earnings inequality. Despite this, we show that it is ex ante welfare improving and, if anything, should be expanded.

     
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    hdl: 10419/244304
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta ; 2021,1 (January 2021)
    Schlagworte: earnings; health; frailty; inequality; disability; dynamic panel estimation; life-cycle models
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Mothers' job search after childbirth
    Autor*in: Lafférs, Lukás; Schmidpeter, Bernhard
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Essen, Germany

    We explore the impact of successful job search after childbirth on mothers’ labor market careers. Using a bounding approach and administrative data, we find strong heterogeneity in the returns to leaving the pre-birth employer. Moving to a new... mehr

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    We explore the impact of successful job search after childbirth on mothers’ labor market careers. Using a bounding approach and administrative data, we find strong heterogeneity in the returns to leaving the pre-birth employer. Moving to a new employer after childbirth leads to an increase in re-employment earnings only for mothers at the upper part of the earnings distribution. For these mothers, initial job search also increases long-term earnings. We provide evidence that earnings gains are the result of higher geographical mobility and longer commutes to work. Successful mothers are also more likely to move to faster growing firms and firms offering better opportunities to women. Our results do not suggest that husbands play an important role in supporting successful job search of mothers. Wir untersuchen die Auswirkung erfolgreichen Arbeitssuche nach der Geburt auf die Karriere von Müttern. Unter Verwendung eines Bounding-Ansatzes und administrativer Daten finden wir starke Heterogenität in den Einkommenseffekten eines Arbeitgeberwechsels nach der Geburt. Der Wechsel zu einem neuen Arbeitgeber nach der Geburt führt nur bei Müttern im oberen Teil der Einkommensverteilung zu einem Anstieg des Wiederbeschäftigungseinkommen. Für diese Mütter erhöht die erfolgreiche Arbeitssuche nach der Geburt auch den langfristigen Verdienst. Wir zeigen, dass dieser Einkommensanstieg zum Teil durch höhere geografische Mobilität und längerer Pendeldauer zum Arbeitsplatz erklärt werden kann. Erfolgreiche Mütter wechseln auch wahrscheinlicher zu schneller wachsenden Firmen und zu Firmen, die Frauen bessere Karrierechancen bieten. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten nicht darauf hin, dass Ehemänner die Arbeitssuche von Müttern besonders unterstützen.

     
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    ISBN: 9783969730614
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/235893
    Schriftenreihe: Ruhr economic papers ; #915
    Schlagworte: Parental leave; return-to-work; job search; earnings; earnings gaps
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. COVID-19 and income inequality
    evidence from monthly population registers
    Autor*in: Angelov, Nikolay; Waldenström, Daniel
    Erschienen: July 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We measure the distributional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using newly released population register data in Sweden. Monthly earnings inequality increased during the pandemic, and the key driver is income losses among low-paid individuals while... mehr

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    We measure the distributional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using newly released population register data in Sweden. Monthly earnings inequality increased during the pandemic, and the key driver is income losses among low-paid individuals while middle- and high-income earners were almost unaffected. The pandemic had a larger negative impact on private-sector workers and on women. Using data on individual take-up of government COVID-19 support, we show that policy significantly dampened the inequality increase, but did not fully offset it. Annual total market income inequality, which also includes capital income and taxable transfers, shows similar patterns of increasing inequality during the pandemic.

     
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    hdl: 10419/243464
    Schriftenreihe: IZA policy paper ; no. 178
    Schlagworte: pandemic; income inequality; earnings; government policy; COVID-19
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen