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  1. School integration of refugee children: evidence from the largest refugee group in any country
    Autor*in: Kirdar, Murat G.; Koç, İsmet; Dayıoğlu, Meltem
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum, Sarıyer/Istanbul

    Although school integration of the children of economic migrants in developed countries is wellstudied in the literature, little evidence based on large scale representative data exists on the school integration of refugee children - many of whom... mehr

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    Although school integration of the children of economic migrants in developed countries is wellstudied in the literature, little evidence based on large scale representative data exists on the school integration of refugee children - many of whom live in low- or middle-income countries. This study focuses on Syrian refugee children in Turkey and examines the underlying causes of the native-refugee differences in school enrollment. We also analyze employment and marriage outcomes, as they are potentially jointly determined with schooling. For this purpose, we use the 2018 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey, which includes a representative sample of Syrian refugee households. We find that once a rich set of socioeconomic variables are accounted for, the native-refugee gap in school enrollment drops by half for boys and two-thirds for girls, but the gap persists for both genders. However, once we restrict the sample to refugees who arrive in Turkey at or before age 8 and account for the socioeconomic differences, the native-refugee gap completely vanishes both for boys and girls. In one outcome - in never attending school - the native-refugee gap persists even for children who arrive before age 8. Data for Syrians from the pre-war period suggest that this might be an "ethnic capital" that they bring with them from Syria. Finally, we find that the timing of boys' school drop-out coincides with their entry into the labor market, whereas girls' drop-out mostly takes place earlier than their marriage.

     
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    hdl: 10419/243019
    Schriftenreihe: Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum working paper series ; no: 2116 (September 2021)
    Schlagworte: refugees; education; school enrollment; integration; child labor; marriage; Turkey
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. School integration of refugee children: evidence from the largest refugee group in any country
    Autor*in: Kirdar, Murat G.; Koç, İsmet; Dayıoğlu, Meltem
    Erschienen: September 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Although school integration of the children of economic migrants in developed countries is well-studied in the literature, little evidence based on large scale representative data exists on the school integration of refugee children - many of whom... mehr

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    Although school integration of the children of economic migrants in developed countries is well-studied in the literature, little evidence based on large scale representative data exists on the school integration of refugee children - many of whom live in low- or middle-income countries. This study focuses on Syrian refugee children in Turkey and examines the underlying causes of the native-refugee differences in school enrollment. We also analyze employment and marriage outcomes, as they are potentially jointly determined with schooling. For this purpose, we use the 2018 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey, which includes a representative sample of Syrian refugee households. We find that once a rich set of socioeconomic variables are accounted for, the native-refugee gap in school enrollment drops by half for boys and two-thirds for girls, but the gap persists for both genders. However, once we restrict the sample to refugees who arrive in Turkey at or before age 8 and account for the socioeconomic differences, the native-refugee gap completely vanishes both for boys and girls. In one outcome - in never attending school - the native-refugee gap persists even for children who arrive before age 8. Data for Syrians from the pre-war period suggest that this might be an "ethnic capital" that they bring with them from Syria. Finally, we find that the timing of boys' school drop-out coincides with their entry into the labor market, whereas girls' drop-out mostly takes place earlier than their marriage.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245767
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14716
    Schlagworte: refugees; education; school enrollment; integration; child labor; marriage; Turkey
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Keeping refugee children in school and out of work: evidence from the world's largest humanitarian cash transfer program
    Autor*in: Aygün, Aysun Hızıroglu; Kirdar, Murat G.; Koyuncu, Murat; Stoeffler, Quentin
    Erschienen: June 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper investigates whether unconditional cash transfers can keep refugee children in school and out of work. We raise this question in the unique context of Turkey, which hosts the world's largest refugee population (including 3.6 million... mehr

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    This paper investigates whether unconditional cash transfers can keep refugee children in school and out of work. We raise this question in the unique context of Turkey, which hosts the world's largest refugee population (including 3.6 million Syrians). Refugees in Turkey are supported by the world's largest cash transfer program for refugees, the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN). We exploit a program eligibility criterion to identify the causal impacts of the ESSN program using a regression discontinuity design. The results show a large effect on child labor and school enrollment among both male and female refugee children. Being a beneficiary household reduces the fraction of children working from 14.0 percent to 1.6 percent (a decrease of 88 percent) and the fraction of children aged 6-17 not in school from 36.2 to 13.7 percent (a reduction of 62 percent). By unpacking the mechanisms at play, we show that ESSN cash transfers become a significant part of a household's income, substantially alleviate extreme poverty, and reduce a family's need to resort to harmful coping strategies. Investigating the reasons for children not attending school, we find that the beneficiary households become more likely to send children to school because the cash transfer addresses both the opportunity cost and direct cost of schooling - although the former is more important. The findings have important implications for the design of policies aimed at supporting refugee children at scale.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245564
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14513
    Schlagworte: refugees; cash transfers; education; child labor; regression discontinuity design; program evaluation; Turkey
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 81 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. The making of a lost generation: child labor among Syrian refugees in Turkey
    Autor*in: Dayıoğlu, Meltem; Kirdar, Murat G.; Koç, İsmet
    Erschienen: June 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Millions of children are forcibly displaced around the world, making child labor a serious risk. However, little is known about this topic due to the difficulty of finding representative datasets for this population and information on child labor. In... mehr

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    Millions of children are forcibly displaced around the world, making child labor a serious risk. However, little is known about this topic due to the difficulty of finding representative datasets for this population and information on child labor. In this study, we use a representative dataset on Syrian refugees in Turkey, the largest refugee group in any single country, to examine the incidence of child labor and its determinants. The incidence of paid work is remarkably high among boys. While 17.4% of 12-14 year-olds are in paid employment, a staggering 45.1% of 15-17 year-olds receive payment. We find that paid work is positively associated with poverty, proficiency in Turkish, living in an industrialized region in Turkey, originating from rural areas in Syria and living in a household with a young, female, or less-educated head. Family composition matters more for girls' employment than boys'. Boys' (girls') employment increases if their father (mother) is alive - suggesting network effects. Being older at arrival is highly associated with child labor, indicating that difficulty with school integration drives children into employment.

     
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    hdl: 10419/236497
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14466
    Schlagworte: child labor; forced displacement; Syrian refugees; paid work; migrants; Turkey
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Keeping refugee children in school and out of work: evidence from the world's largest humanitarian cash transfer program
    Autor*in: Aygün, Aysun Hızıroğlu; Kirdar, Murat G.; Koyuncu, Murat; Stoeffler, Quentin
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum, Sarıyer/Istanbul

    This paper investigates whether unconditional cash transfers can keep refugee children in school and out of work. We raise this question in the unique context of Turkey, which hosts the world's largest refugee population (including 3.6 million... mehr

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    This paper investigates whether unconditional cash transfers can keep refugee children in school and out of work. We raise this question in the unique context of Turkey, which hosts the world's largest refugee population (including 3.6 million Syrians). Refugees in Turkey are supported by the world's largest cash transfer program for refugees, the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN). We exploit a program eligibility criterion to identify the causal impacts of the ESSN program using a regression discontinuity design. The results show a large effect on child labor and school enrollment among both male and female refugee children. Being a beneficiary household reduces the fraction of children working from 14.0 percent to 1.6 percent (a decrease of 88 percent) and the fraction of children aged 6-17 not in school from 36.2 to 13.7 percent (a reduction of 62 percent). By unpacking the mechanisms at play, we show that ESSN cash transfers become a significant part of a household's income, substantially alleviate extreme poverty, and reduce a family's need to resort to harmful coping strategies. Investigating the reasons for children not attending school, we find that the beneficiary households become more likely to send children to school because the cash transfer addresses both the opportunity cost and direct cost of schooling - although the former is more important. The findings have important implications for the design of policies aimed at supporting refugee children at scale.

     
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    hdl: 10419/243009
    Schriftenreihe: Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum working paper series ; no: 2106 (June 2021)
    Schlagworte: refugees; cash transfers; education; child labor; regression discontinuity design; program evaluation; Turkey
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 81 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. The making of a lost generation: child labor among Syrian refugees in Turkey
    Autor*in: Dayıoğlu, Meltem; Kirdar, Murat G.; Koç, İsmet
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum, Sarıyer/Istanbul

    Millions of children are forcibly displaced around the world, making child labor a serious risk. However, little is known about this topic due to the difficulty of finding representative datasets for this population and information on child labor. In... mehr

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    Millions of children are forcibly displaced around the world, making child labor a serious risk. However, little is known about this topic due to the difficulty of finding representative datasets for this population and information on child labor. In this study, we use a representative dataset on Syrian refugees in Turkey, the largest refugee group in any single country, to examine the incidence of child labor and its determinants. The incidence of paid work is remarkably high among boys: 17.4% of 12-14 year-olds and 45.1% of 15-17 year-olds are in paid employment. We find that paid work is positively associated with poverty, proficiency in Turkish, living in an industrialized region in Turkey, originating from rural areas in Syria and living in a household with a young, female, or less-educated head. Family composition matters more for girls' employment than boys'. Boys' (girls') employment increases if their father (mother) is alive - suggesting network effects. Being older at arrival is highly associated with child labor, indicating that difficulty with school integration drives children into employment.

     
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    hdl: 10419/243008
    Schriftenreihe: Koç University - TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum working paper series ; no: 2105 (June 2021)
    Schlagworte: child labor; forced displacement; Syrian refugees; paid work; migrants; Turkey
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Household preferences and child labor in rural Ethiopia
    Autor*in: Basu, Arnab K.; Dimova, Ralitza
    Erschienen: January 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper revisits the causes behind child labor supply by focusing on an aspect that has received little attention: the link between the household head's risk and time preferences and observed child labor supply. We develop a theoretical model and... mehr

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    This paper revisits the causes behind child labor supply by focusing on an aspect that has received little attention: the link between the household head's risk and time preferences and observed child labor supply. We develop a theoretical model and empirically test for this causality using data from the seventh round of the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey. We find child labor to be increasing in both higher adult discount rates and higher degrees of risk aversion, and this finding is robust across alternative empirical approaches. Higher discount rates favor current consumption which is financed in part by child labor income while high risk aversion to future income (due to either low or uncertain returns to education) favor child labor at the expense of schooling.

     
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    hdl: 10419/232814
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14062
    Schlagworte: risk and time preferences; education; child labor; Ethiopia
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Child education and work
    evidence from Mexico's full-time school program
    Autor*in: Kozhaya, Mireille; Martínez Flores, Fernanda
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  Verein für Socialpolitik, [Köln]

    This paper examines the effect of a program that extended the length of a school day to improve schooling quality in Mexico, on school enrollment, time spent on schooling activities, and child labor of children aged 7 to 14. We take advantage of the... mehr

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    This paper examines the effect of a program that extended the length of a school day to improve schooling quality in Mexico, on school enrollment, time spent on schooling activities, and child labor of children aged 7 to 14. We take advantage of the staggered implementation of the FTS program across municipalities. Results show that the program has no effect on being enrolled in school, but affects weekly hours allocated to schooling activities. Moreover, exposure to the program reduces the prevalence of child labor. For boys, we see a decrease in engaging in market work, for girls in domestic work.

     
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    hdl: 10419/224567
    Auflage/Ausgabe: This version: June 2020
    Schriftenreihe: Jahrestagung 2020 / Verein für Socialpolitik ; 69
    Schlagworte: child labor; all-day schools; schooling; after-school programs
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Seasonality, academic calendar and school drop-outs in developing countries
    Autor*in: Ito, Seiro; Shonchoy, Abu
    Erschienen: December 10, 2020
    Verlag:  Florida International University, Department of Economics, [Miami, FL]

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    Schriftenreihe: Working papers / Florida International University, Department of Economics ; 2013
    Schlagworte: Enrollment; child labor; seasonal labor-demand; school calendar; ra-madan; drop-out
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 63 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. The political economy of child labor
    Autor*in: Dimova, Ralitza
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Concerns about the welfare of working children has over time produced a wide range of international and national interventions in the child labor market, culminating most recently in a commitment to eradicate the worst forms of child work via the... mehr

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    Concerns about the welfare of working children has over time produced a wide range of international and national interventions in the child labor market, culminating most recently in a commitment to eradicate the worst forms of child work via the attainment of target 8.7 of the Sustainable Development Goals. While the literature on the causes and consequences of child labor is voluminous and well established, research that explores the political economy of such interventions is disproportionately scanter. This chapter puts the relatively less prolific literature on the political economy of child labor under conceptual and empirical scrutiny. It starts by looking briefly into the theoretical case for interventions into the child labor market and then verifies whether such interventions are justified in practice. It then presents two types of political economy explanations of potential mismatches between economic theory and practice, one in the domain of international interventions and a second one in the realm of national policy making.

     
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    hdl: 10419/232607
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 816
    Schlagworte: political economy; child labor; education; minimum age of work; compulsory education
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Child labor bans, employment, and school attendance
    evidence from changes in the minimum working age
    Autor*in: Kozhaya, Mireille; Martínez Flores, Fernanda
    Erschienen: March 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper investigates the effect of a unique child labor ban regulation on employment and school enrollment. The ban implemented in Mexico in 2015, increased the minimum working age from 14 to 15, introduced restrictions to employ underage... mehr

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    This paper investigates the effect of a unique child labor ban regulation on employment and school enrollment. The ban implemented in Mexico in 2015, increased the minimum working age from 14 to 15, introduced restrictions to employ underage individuals, and imposed penalties for the violation of the law. Our identification strategy relies on a DiD approach that exploits the date of birth as a natural cutoff to assign individuals into treatment and control groups. The ban led to a decrease in the probability to work by 1.2 percentage points and an increase in the probability of being enrolled in school by 2.2 percentage points for the treatment group. These results are driven by a reduction in employment in paid activities, and in the secondary and tertiary sectors. The effects are persistent several years after the ban.

     
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    hdl: 10419/252268
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15144
    Schlagworte: child labor; ban; minimum working age; schooling
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Family social norms and child labor
    Autor*in: Katav-Herz, Shirit; Epstein, Gil S.
    Erschienen: December 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Child labor is a widespread phenomenon and therefore is of interest to both researchers and policy makers. Various reasons for the existence of child labor have been proposed with the goal of designing appropriate solutions. While household poverty... mehr

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    Child labor is a widespread phenomenon and therefore is of interest to both researchers and policy makers. Various reasons for the existence of child labor have been proposed with the goal of designing appropriate solutions. While household poverty is viewed as the main reason for child labor, we choose to focus on the phenomenon that parents who worked during own childhood are more likely to send their children to work. We also look at the effect of social norms on the parents' child labor decision and analyze both these effects on the supply of labor and equilibrium in the labor market. Finally, we suggest an explanation for the phenomenon of poor societies with similar income levels that differ significantly in literacy rates and propose policy improvements.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250598
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14937
    Schlagworte: child labor; social norms; intergenerational transmission
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 16 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. The demand for gratitude as a restraint on the use of child labor
    a hypothesis
    Autor*in: Stark, Oded; Budziński, Wiktor
    Erschienen: January 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We study a parent's demand for gratitude from his child. We view this demand as an intervening variable between the parent's earnings and the incidence of child labor. The demand for gratitude arises from the desire of a parent to receive care and... mehr

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    We study a parent's demand for gratitude from his child. We view this demand as an intervening variable between the parent's earnings and the incidence of child labor. The demand for gratitude arises from the desire of a parent to receive care and support from his child late in life, while the inclination of the child to provide this support during his adulthood is determined by how the child was treated by his parent during childhood. Specifically, we model the child's gratitude as an inverse function of the intensity of his labor in childhood. We show that when we keep the child's (imputed) wage constant, the intensity of child labor decreases with the parent's earnings. However, when we make the child's (imputed) wage a function of the parent's earnings, then the outcome can be different. With the help of a numerical example, we show that the pattern of child labor related to the parent's earnings can be U-shaped.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250711
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15050
    Schlagworte: gratitude formation; the parent's demand for care and support late in life; child labor
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. The short- and longer-term effects of a child labor ban
    Autor*in: Piza, Caio; Souza, André Portela; Emerson, Patrick M.; Amorim, Vivian
    Erschienen: May 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Are bans effective at lowering child labor and increasing school attendance and, if so, do these effects lead to positive outcomes later in life? This paper seeks to answer these questions by examining the effect of a 1998 Brazilian law that... mehr

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    Are bans effective at lowering child labor and increasing school attendance and, if so, do these effects lead to positive outcomes later in life? This paper seeks to answer these questions by examining the effect of a 1998 Brazilian law that increased the minimum employment age from 14 to 16. To examine this question we use two different regression discontinuity designs to analyze Brazilian household data. We find that the ban had no overall impact across affected children in Brazil, but that it led to a significant decrease in the labor market participation of urban boys, whose paid labor dropped 35 percent, driven mainly by a decrease in informal work. We also find a concomitant 10 percent increase in the share of urban boys only attending school. Interestingly, we find that by age 18 this cohort was still almost 20 percent less likely to have a paid job and was less likely to be economically active even when they were legally allowed to work. However, we find no evidence that the impact of the ban lasted over time as reflected in measures of educational attainment, employment rates, and wages. Our results suggest that when enforced, bans on child labor can have significant immediate impacts amongst affected populations, leading to a decrease in work and an increase in school attendance. It remains unclear if these impacts translate to improved adult outcomes.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263540
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15324
    Schlagworte: child labor; education; labor laws
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Can cash transfers reduce child labor?
    cash transfers can reduce child labor if structured well and if they account for the reasons children work
    Autor*in: Rosati, Furio Camillo
    Erschienen: February 2022
    Verlag:  Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), Bonn

    Cash transfers are a popular and successful means of tackling household vulnerability and promoting human capital investment. They can also reduce child labor, especially when it is a response to household vulnerability, but their efficacy is very... mehr

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    Cash transfers are a popular and successful means of tackling household vulnerability and promoting human capital investment. They can also reduce child labor, especially when it is a response to household vulnerability, but their efficacy is very variable. If not properly designed, cash transfers that promote children's education can increase their economic activities in order to pay the additional costs of schooling. The efficacy of cash transfers may also be reduced if the transfers enable investment in productive assets that boost the returns to child labor. The impact of cash transfers must thus be assessed as part of the whole incentive system faced by the household.

     
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    hdl: 10419/260709
    Schriftenreihe: IZA world of labor ; 2022, 293v2
    Schlagworte: social protection; cash transfers; child labor
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 11 Seiten), Illustrationen
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    Previous version September 2016
  16. Informal institution meets child development
    clan culture and child labor in China
    Autor*in: Tang, Can; Zhao, Zhong
    Erschienen: October 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Using a national representative sample, the China Family Panel Studies, this paper explores the influences of clan culture, a hallmark of Chinese cultural history, on the prevalence of child labor in China. We find that clan culture significantly... mehr

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    Using a national representative sample, the China Family Panel Studies, this paper explores the influences of clan culture, a hallmark of Chinese cultural history, on the prevalence of child labor in China. We find that clan culture significantly reduces the incidence of child labor and working hours of child laborer. The results exhibit strong boy bias, and are driven by boys rather than girls, which reflects the patrilineal nature of Chinese clan culture. Moreover, the impact is greater on boys from households with lower socioeconomic status, and in rural areas. Clan culture acts as a supplement to formal institutions: reduces the incidence of child labor through risk sharing and easing credit constraints, and helps form social norms to promote human capital investment. We also employ an instrument variable approach and carry out a series of robustness checks to further confirm the findings.

     
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    hdl: 10419/267353
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15616
    Schlagworte: informal institution; clan culture; child labor; China
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. School integration of Syrian refugee children in Turkey
    Autor*in: Kirdar, Murat G.; Koç, İsmet; Dayıoğlu, Meltem
    Erschienen: August 2022
    Verlag:  Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration, Department of Economics, University College London, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration ; CDP 22, 17
    Schlagworte: refugees; education; school enrollment; integration; child labor; marriage; Turkey
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Schooling impacts of an unconditional cash transfer program in Mali
    Autor*in: Sessou, M. F. Eric; Hidrobo, Melissa; Roy, Shalini; Huybregts, Lieven
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA

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    Schriftenreihe: IFPRI discussion paper ; 02139 (October 2022)
    Schlagworte: Cash transfers; child schooling; child labor; randomized controlled trial; Mali
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Changes in children's time use, India 1998-2019
    Autor*in: Gibson, Matthew; Jagnani, Maulik; Pullabhotla, Hemant
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Williams College : Economics, Williamstown, MA, USA

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    Schriftenreihe: Williams College Economics Department working paper series ; 2023, 02
    Schlagworte: time use; children; education; child labor
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. The impact of parental health shocks on child schooling and labor
    evidence from Thailand
    Autor*in: Sasiwooth Wongmonta
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  [Puey Ungphakorn Institute for Economic Research], [Bangkok]

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / Puey Ungphakorn Institute for Economic Research ; no. 209 (October 2023)
    Schlagworte: education; child labor; human capital; health shocks; Thailand
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten)
  21. The case against child labor bans
    Autor*in: González, Francisco M.; Rosales, Irving
    Erschienen: January 2016
    Verlag:  Department of Economics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario

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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Format: Online
    Schriftenreihe: [Waterloo economic series ; # 16, 001]
    Schlagworte: child labor; education; rule of law; international labor standards
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (28 Seiten), Illustrationen