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  1. Liquidity shortfalls during the COVID-19 outbreak
    assessment and policy responses
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  OECD, Paris, France

    The paper investigates the financial vulnerability of non-financial firms during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic crisis. In particular, it evaluates the extent to which firms may run into a liquidity crisis following the COVID-19 outbreak and the... mehr

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    Hochschule Aalen, Bibliothek
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    Orient-Institut Beirut
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    Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Potsdamer Straße
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    Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
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    Hochschule Emden/Leer, Hochschulbibliothek
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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Zeppelin Universität gGmbH, Bibliothek
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    Hochschule Furtwangen University. Informatik, Technik, Wirtschaft, Medien. Campus Furtwangen, Bibliothek
    eBook OECD
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    Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen
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    Max-Planck-Institut für ethnologische Forschung, Bibliothek
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    Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg, Hochschulinformations- und Bibliotheksservice (HIBS), Fachbibliothek Technik, Wirtschaft, Informatik
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    Jade Hochschule Wilhelmshaven/Oldenburg/Elsfleth, Campus Oldenburg, Bibliothek
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    The paper investigates the financial vulnerability of non-financial firms during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic crisis. In particular, it evaluates the extent to which firms may run into a liquidity crisis following the COVID-19 outbreak and the impact of stylised policy measures to reduce the risks and depth of such crisis. The analysis relies on three ingredients: a simple accounting model, a large dataset reporting firms’ balance sheets for 14 countries and granular data on the magnitude of the shock measuring the impact of confinement measures on economic activity (notably depending on the capacity of each sector to operate by teleworking). Results suggest that, without any policy intervention, up to 38% of firms would face liquidity shortfalls after 10 months since the implementation of confinement measures. Comparing the impact of different policies (tax deferral, debt moratorium and support to wage payments), the analysis shows that government support to relieve wage bills is the most effective tool to reduce liquidity shortages, followed by debt moratorium policies. Finally, the paper zooms into labour market policies and compares the costefficiency of short-term work and wage subsidies schemes, highlighting how their relative efficiency depends on their design.

     

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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    Schriftenreihe: OECD Economics Department working papers ; no. 1647
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; liquidity; cash; job retention; Economics
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Competition and regulation in the Finnish ATM industry
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Bank of Finland, Helsinki

    Declining ATM numbers pose a challenge for competition policy and financial regulatory authorities. In this report we review the Finnish experience of regulating the competition in the ATM industry. To analyze the Finnish developments we extend the... mehr

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    Declining ATM numbers pose a challenge for competition policy and financial regulatory authorities. In this report we review the Finnish experience of regulating the competition in the ATM industry. To analyze the Finnish developments we extend the model of Kopsakangas-Savolainen and Takalo (2014), and draw on the existing literature and benchmarks from the selected other countries. We document how changes in the ATM market regulation and market structure has decoupled the ATM network size from the declining cash use in Finland. The Finnish regulation has almost exclusively focused on foreign fees, while in general it would be better to regulate interchange fees. If the optimal fee regulation is not feasible, the authorities could also consider quantity regulation.

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/247658
    Schriftenreihe: BoF economics review ; 2021, 8
    Schlagworte: ATM industry; cash; competition policy; optimal regulation; retail payments
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (61 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. The great covid cash surge
    digitalisation hasn't dented cash's safe haven role
    Erschienen: 07 October 2021
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP16618
    Schlagworte: cash; Banknote Issue and Withdrawal; Covid 19; Panic Response
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. The one trillion euro digital currency
    how to issue a digital euro without threatening monetary policy transmission and financial stability?
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  Banque centrale du Luxembourg, Luxembourg

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Banque centrale du Luxembourg ; no 155
    Schlagworte: Central bank digital currency; cash; central bank; monetary policy; excess reserves; reserve requirements; universal central bank reserves; bank deposits; bank profitability; bank credit; inside money; collateral
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 62 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Central bank digital currency
    the quest for minimally invasive technology
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Bank for International Settlements, Monetary and Economic Department, [Basel]

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    Schriftenreihe: BIS working papers ; no 948 (June 2021)
    Schlagworte: central bank digital currency; CBDC; payments; cash; privacy; distributed systems
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Report on the payment attitudes of consumers in Italy
    results from ECB surveys
    Erschienen: March 2022
    Verlag:  Banca d'Italia, Rome, Italy

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; number 21
    Schlagworte: Zahlungsverkehr; Bargeldloser Zahlungsverkehr; Elektronisches Geld; Konsumentenverhalten; Italien; payment instruments; cash; payment habits; consumers' payment behavior
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 106 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Inside the black box
    tools for understanding cash circulation

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; number 7
    Schlagworte: cash circulation; cash; payment habits; COVID-19 pandemic
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. A game changer in payment habits
    evidence from daily data during a pandemic
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  Banca d'Italia, [Rom]

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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Weitere Identifier:
    Schriftenreihe: Questioni di economia e finanza / Banca d'Italia ; number 591 (December 2020)
    Schlagworte: COVID-19 pandemic; cash; payment habits; unconventional data
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten)
  9. Payments evolution from paper to electronic payments by merchant type
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  [Federal Reserve Bank of Boston], [Boston]

    The use of paper instruments-cash and checks-has been declining in the United States, and consumers have been gradually replacing paper with cards and electronic payments. Stavins (2021) examines the evolution of payments from paper to cards and... mehr

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    The use of paper instruments-cash and checks-has been declining in the United States, and consumers have been gradually replacing paper with cards and electronic payments. Stavins (2021) examines the evolution of payments from paper to cards and electronic payments, while Shy (2020) shows the payments landscape across merchant types. This paper combines the cross-sectional analysis across merchants with the aggregate time series study to analyze the evolution of consumer payments by merchant type. Using data from a representative diary survey of US consumers collected annually over the past several years, we examine changes for each merchant type to assess which transactions shifted from paper to electronic payments and from in-person to remote transactions. We find that cash use declined faster than check use, in large part because transactions shifted from in person to remote. While the cash-use share of transactions dropped for almost all merchant types, changes in check use were much more heterogenous across merchants. COVID-19 accelerated the payments evolution away from cash for some merchant types, as their drop in cash payments was much larger during the pandemic than prior to it. Merchants whose transactions are typically conducted in person experienced the largest decline in cash payments during the pandemic. Regression results show that the probability of using either cash or checks declined significantly in 2019 and 2020, even after controlling for merchant types, the dollar value of transactions, and consumers' socio-demographic attributes.

     

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    hdl: 10419/273027
    Auflage/Ausgabe: This version: February 2022
    Schriftenreihe: Working papers / Federal Reserve Bank of Boston ; no. 22, 6
    Schlagworte: consumer payments; merchant category; cash; check; cards; electronic payments
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. An application of the tourist test to Colombian merchants
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Banco de la Republica Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia

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    Schriftenreihe: Borradores de economía ; no. 1176 (2021)
    Schlagworte: cash; debit and credit cards; tourist test; merchant card fees; merchant interchanges fees
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Why do companies hold cash?
    Erschienen: May 2016
    Verlag:  Reserve Bank of Australia, [Sydney]

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    Schriftenreihe: Research discussion paper / Reserve Bank of Australia ; RDP 2016, 03
    Schlagworte: cash; private companies; financing frictions; agency costs
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Consumer payment preferences in the euro area
    Autor*in: Kajdi, László
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Payments are a key focus of central banks, as - together with the safe, efficient operation of the payments market - wide access to cash is fundamentally important for a healthy economy. In this study, three main research areas were investigated: 1.... mehr

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    Payments are a key focus of central banks, as - together with the safe, efficient operation of the payments market - wide access to cash is fundamentally important for a healthy economy. In this study, three main research areas were investigated: 1. socioeconomic characteristics that can be associated with financial inclusion; 2. factors behind consumers' payment choices; 3. underlying factors for holding cash in a wallet (i.e. for transactional purposes). Regression results for the first research question confirmed the findings of international literature, i.e. mainly older age, lower income and lower educational level is associated with the lack of access to electronic payment options. The study pursues various approaches to investigate consumer payments choices, and the results from most models showed that those with higher level of income and education, or lower level of cash income are more likely to prefer and actually use electronic payment methods. Finally, concerning the holding of cash the initial expectations were confirmed i.e. those who do not use cash for daily transactions tend to keep less cash in their wallet, while those who indicated preference for cash payments or higher importance of cash payment option are more likely to keep higher cash amounts.

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
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    ISBN: 9789289953160
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/269136
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / European Central Bank ; no 2729 (September 2022)
    Schlagworte: payments; cash; financial inclusion
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Do cash transfers deter migration?
    Erschienen: October 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Conditional Cash Transfers are increasingly used by development aid agencies to reduce the incentives for migration from low-income countries. The evidence to date suggests that such transfers typically increase the rate of migration when they are... mehr

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    Conditional Cash Transfers are increasingly used by development aid agencies to reduce the incentives for migration from low-income countries. The evidence to date suggests that such transfers typically increase the rate of migration when they are conditional on investment, such as investment in education. They do this primarily by facilitating acquisition of human capital and by lowering capital constraints-increasing both migration aspirations and the means to achieve them. But with certain design features, particular transfer programs have reduced the incentive to migrate. Broadly speaking, migration can be deterred by transfer programs that are conditional on presence in the origin country-provided that the condition is strict, targeted, and lengthy.

     

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    hdl: 10419/273700
    Schriftenreihe: IZA policy paper ; no. 191
    Schlagworte: migration; emigration; irregular; refugee; cash; transfer; income; assistance; aid; insurance; CCT; education; selection; policy; asylum; migrant; immigrant
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 10 Seiten)
  14. Cash-hedged stock returns
    Erschienen: June 30, 2022
    Verlag:  Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D.C.

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    Schriftenreihe: Finance and economics discussion series ; 2022, 055
    Schlagworte: cross-section of expected returns; cash; risk factor; size; value; momentum
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Firms' financing dynamics around lumpy capacity adjustments
    Erschienen: September 2022
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    We study how firms adjust their financial positions around the times when they undertake lumpy adjustments in capital or employment. Using U.S. firm level data, we document systematic patterns of cash and debt financing around lumpy adjustment,... mehr

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    We study how firms adjust their financial positions around the times when they undertake lumpy adjustments in capital or employment. Using U.S. firm level data, we document systematic patterns of cash and debt financing around lumpy adjustment, remarkably similar across capital and employment. Firm specific fundamentals in Tobin's Q, profitability and productivity are leading indicators of the lumpy adjustment. Cash and debt capacity are actively manipulated, and contribute significantly quantitatively, to increase financial resources in anticipation of the expansion of firm capacity. Lumpy contractions in productive capacity are undertaken following years where firms reduce cash balances and hold above average levels of debt. During and after contractions, firms rebuild cash and reduce debt growth significantly in a concerted effort to restore financial resources by adjusting their productive operations.

     

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    hdl: 10419/266012
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9977 (2022)
    Schlagworte: lumpy adjustment; firm capital and employment dynamics; leverage; debt; cash
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Paying in a blink of an eye
    it hurts less, but you spend more
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  De Nederlandsche Bank NV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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    Schriftenreihe: DNB working paper ; no. 760 (December 2022)
    Schlagworte: consumer data; payments; pain of paying; debit card; cash; contactless payment
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. The pandemic cash and retail payment behaviour
    insights from the future of payments databas
    Erschienen: January 2023
    Verlag:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    The Covid-19 pandemic has been a shock to retail payment behaviour. How have the changes differed across countries? What do they imply for the future of cash and digital payments? We assemble a new "Future of Payments" database on retail payment... mehr

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    The Covid-19 pandemic has been a shock to retail payment behaviour. How have the changes differed across countries? What do they imply for the future of cash and digital payments? We assemble a new "Future of Payments" database on retail payment behaviour for up to 95 countries over September 2019 to June 2022. We compare this with measures of the severity of the Covid-19 pandemic, using variation in the timing of waves of cases, changes in mobility and lockdown measures across countries. We find that card-not-present payments, payment app downloads and the volume of cash in circulation all rose in weeks of more stringent lockdowns. Changes were less pronounced in countries with higher mobile penetration. However, recent data suggest that some effects reversed once lockdowns were eased, and mobility rebounded.

     

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    hdl: 10419/271902
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working papers ; 10258 (2023)
    Schlagworte: retail payments; cash; Covid-19 pandemic; digital innovation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Cash for transactions or store-of-value?
    a comparative study on Sweden and peer countries
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Sveriges Riksbank, Stockholm

    We estimate the demand for transaction and non-transaction cash balances in Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Sweden and Norway over the last decades using the seasonal method. These countries share many features that are relevant for cash demand, but... mehr

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    We estimate the demand for transaction and non-transaction cash balances in Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Sweden and Norway over the last decades using the seasonal method. These countries share many features that are relevant for cash demand, but nevertheless show large differences in terms of aggregate cash balances. While Canada, Iceland and Denmark have seen increased aggregate cash balances, Norway and especially Sweden have seen a dramatic decline. We find that transaction balances have decreased somewhat in all of the countries and the differences in aggregated cash balances is due to differences in the development of non-transactional cash balances. We argue that different de facto legal tender status, crisis exposures, foreign demand and cash supply-side policies help explain these findings.

     

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    Format: Online
    Schriftenreihe: Sveriges Riksbank working paper series ; 427
    Schlagworte: cash; banknotes; seasonal method; transactions; hoarding
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. The pandemic, cash and retail payment behaviour
    insights from the future of payments database
    Erschienen: December 2022
    Verlag:  Bank for International Settlements, Monetary and Economic Department, [Basel]

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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Schriftenreihe: BIS working papers ; no 1055
    Schlagworte: retail payments; cash; Covid-19 pandemic; digital innovation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Easier said than done
    why Italians pay in cash while preferring cashless
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Banca d'Italia, [Rom]

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    Schriftenreihe: Questioni di economia e finanza / Banca d'Italia ; number 731 (November 2022)
    Schlagworte: payment habits; consumer choice; payment preferences; cash; payment cards,survey data; diary data
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Uncovering the digital payment divide
    understanding the importance of cash for groups at risk
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  De Nederlandsche Bank NV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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    Schriftenreihe: DNB working paper ; no. 781 (June 2023)
    Schlagworte: payment behaviour; groups at risk; payment diaries; consumer survey; cash; cards
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. A simple model of a central bank digital currency
    Erschienen: May 2023
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We develop a general equilibrium model that highlights the trade-offs between physical and digital forms of retail central bank money. The key differences between cash and central bank digital currency (CBDC) include transaction efficiency,... mehr

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    We develop a general equilibrium model that highlights the trade-offs between physical and digital forms of retail central bank money. The key differences between cash and central bank digital currency (CBDC) include transaction efficiency, possibilities for tax evasion, and, potentially, nominal rates of return. We establish conditions under which cash and CBDC can co-exist and show how government policies can in uence relative holdings of cash, CBDC, and other assets. We illustrate how a CBDC can facilitate negative nominal interest rates and helicopter drops, and also how a CBDC can be structured to prevent capital flight from other assets.

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/278852
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16154
    Schlagworte: Geld; Elektronisches Geld; Zentralbank; Virtuelle Währung; Geldpolitik; Allgemeines Gleichgewicht; central bank digital currency; cash; medium of exchange; store of value; transaction efficiency
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Liquidity shortfalls during the COVID-19 outbreak
    assessment and policy responses
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  OECD, Paris, France

    The paper investigates the financial vulnerability of non-financial firms during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic crisis. In particular, it evaluates the extent to which firms may run into a liquidity crisis following the COVID-19 outbreak and the... mehr

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    The paper investigates the financial vulnerability of non-financial firms during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic crisis. In particular, it evaluates the extent to which firms may run into a liquidity crisis following the COVID-19 outbreak and the impact of stylised policy measures to reduce the risks and depth of such crisis. The analysis relies on three ingredients: a simple accounting model, a large dataset reporting firms’ balance sheets for 14 countries and granular data on the magnitude of the shock measuring the impact of confinement measures on economic activity (notably depending on the capacity of each sector to operate by teleworking). Results suggest that, without any policy intervention, up to 38% of firms would face liquidity shortfalls after 10 months since the implementation of confinement measures. Comparing the impact of different policies (tax deferral, debt moratorium and support to wage payments), the analysis shows that government support to relieve wage bills is the most effective tool to reduce liquidity shortages, followed by debt moratorium policies. Finally, the paper zooms into labour market policies and compares the costefficiency of short-term work and wage subsidies schemes, highlighting how their relative efficiency depends on their design.

     

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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD Economics Department working papers ; no. 1647
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; liquidity; cash; job retention; Economics
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Report on the payment attitudes of consumers in Italy
    results from the ECB SPACE 2022 survey
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Banca d'Italia, Rome, Italy

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    Schriftenreihe: Markets, infrastructures, payment systems ; number 42 (November 2023)
    Schlagworte: payment instruments; cash; payment habits; consumers' payment behaviour
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. La accesibilidad presencial a los servicios bancarios en España
    informe de seguimiento 2023
    Erschienen: 2023
    Verlag:  Banco de España, Madrid

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    Sprache: Spanisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
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    Körperschaften/Kongresse:
    Banco de España (VerfasserIn)
    Schriftenreihe: Documentos ocasionales / Banco de España ; no. 2320
    Schlagworte: accessibility; banking services; cash; rural areas
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen