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  1. Reducing poverty and social disparities in Lithuania
    Autor*in: Koutsogeorgopoulou, Vassiliki
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  OECD, Paris, France

    Reducing poverty remains an important challenge, and the COVID-19-crisis may further reinforce social vulnerabilities. Although it has declined lately, relative poverty remains high in international comparison and is distributed unevenly across... mehr

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    Reducing poverty remains an important challenge, and the COVID-19-crisis may further reinforce social vulnerabilities. Although it has declined lately, relative poverty remains high in international comparison and is distributed unevenly across population groups with the elderly, people with disabilities, lone parents, the low-educated and the unemployed being particularly affected. A comprehensive approach is required to ensure an effective transition out of poverty and social exclusion. Reforms should strengthen income protection by ensuring that cash benefits provide adequate and tailored support to those in need. An individual-based approach is also essential for the provision of social services to reduce deficits in important areas such as social housing and long-term care for the elderly. Equity in educational opportunity and outcomes could be strengthened further, starting at the early school years, as not all children benefit from early childhood education and care services. Progress in this domain is also crucial for striking a better work-family balance and improving work incentives. More and better quality jobs in the formal sector, especially for the low-skilled, are crucial for reducing poverty. Enlarged participation in life-long learning programmes can help re-skilling and up-skilling towards higher incomes. Increased spending on well-designed labour market activation policies is also important for tackling poverty effectively.

     
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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD Economics Department working papers ; no. 1649
    Schlagworte: active labour market policies; benefits; education; healthcare; long-term care; pensions; poverty; social services; transfer system; work incentives; Lithuania; Economics
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Do public sector workers increase their outside savings in response to pension cuts?
    Autor*in: Quinby, Laura D.; Sanzenbacher, Geoffrey
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA

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    Schriftenreihe: Boston College working papers in economics ; 1023
    Schlagworte: pension systems; benefits; savings
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Redistributive effect and the progressivity of taxesand benefits
    evidence for the UK, 1977-2018
    Autor*in: Hérault, Nicolas; Jenkins, Stephen
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/244593
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 967
    Schlagworte: Kakwani decomposition; inequality; redistributive effect; progressivity; reranking; benefits; taxes
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. The fiscal effect of immigration
    reducing bias in influential estimates
    Autor*in: Clemens, Michael A.
    Erschienen: December 2021
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    Immigration policy can have important net fiscal effects that vary by immigrants' skill level. But mainstream methods to estimate these effects are problematic. Methods based on cash-flow accounting offer precision at the cost of bias; methods based... mehr

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    Immigration policy can have important net fiscal effects that vary by immigrants' skill level. But mainstream methods to estimate these effects are problematic. Methods based on cash-flow accounting offer precision at the cost of bias; methods based on general equilibrium modeling address bias with limited precision and transparency. A simple adjustment greatly reduces bias in the most influential and precise estimates: conservatively accounting for capital taxes paid by the employers of immigrant labor. The adjustment is required by firms’ profit-maximizing behavior, unconnected to general equilibrium effects. Adjusted estimates of the positive net fiscal impact of average recent U.S. immigrants rise by a factor of 3.2, with a much shallower education gradient. They are positive even for an average recent immigrant with less than high school education, whose presence causes a present-value subsidy of at least $128,000 to all other taxpayers collectively.

     
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    hdl: 10419/249009
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9464 (2021)
    Schlagworte: Einwanderung; Arbeitsmigranten; Wirkungsanalyse; Steuereinnahmen; Schätzung; USA; immigration; fiscal; budget; budgetary; tax revenue; benefits; taxes; deficit; surplus; gain; contribution; welfare; social security
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Redistributive effect and the progressivity of taxes and benefits: evidence for the UK, 1977-2018
    Autor*in: Hérault, Nicolas; Jenkins, Stephen
    Erschienen: October 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We apply the Kakwani approach to decomposing redistributive effect into average rate, progressivity, and reranking components using yearly UK data covering 1977-2018. We examine cash and in-kind benefits, and direct and indirect taxes. In addition,... mehr

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    We apply the Kakwani approach to decomposing redistributive effect into average rate, progressivity, and reranking components using yearly UK data covering 1977-2018. We examine cash and in-kind benefits, and direct and indirect taxes. In addition, we highlight an empirical implementation issue - the definition of the reference ('pre-fisc') distribution. Drawing on an innovative counterfactual approach, our empirical analysis shows that trends in the redistributive effect of cash benefits are largely associated with cyclical changes in average benefit rates. In contrast, trends in the redistributive effects of direct and indirect taxes are mostly associated with changes in progressivity. For in-kind benefits, changes in the average benefit rate and progressivity each played the major roles at different times.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250480
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14819
    Schlagworte: Kakwani decomposition; inequality; redistributive effect; progressivity; reranking; benefits; taxes
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Redistributive effect and the progressivity of taxes and benefits
    evidence for the UK, 1977–2018
    Autor*in: Hérault, Nicolas; Jenkins, Stephen
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  International Inequalities Institute, The London School of Economics and Political Science, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / LSE International Inequalities Institute ; 72 (November 2021)
    Schlagworte: Kakwani decomposition; inequality; redistributive effect; progressivity; reranking; benefits; taxes
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. A time of need
    exploring the changing poverty risk facing larger families in the UK
    Autor*in: Stewart, Kitty; Reeves, Aaron; Patrick, Ruth
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, London School of Economics, London

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    Schriftenreihe: CASEpaper ; 224 (February 2021)
    Schlagworte: child poverty; family size; social security; benefits
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Redistributive effect and the progressivity of taxes and benefits
    evidence for the UK, 1977-2018
    Autor*in: Hérault, Nicolas; Jenkins, Stephen
    Erschienen: 2021 October
    Verlag:  ECINEQ, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, [Verona]

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / ECINEQ, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality ; 592 (2021)
    Schlagworte: Kakwani decomposition; inequality; redistributive effect; progressivity; reranking; benefits; taxes
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. The economic and fiscal effects on the United States from reduced numbers of refugees and asylum seekers
    Autor*in: Clemens, Michael A.
    Erschienen: May 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    International migrants who seek protection also participate in the economy. Thus the policy of the United States to drastically reduce refugee and asylum-seeker arrivals from 2017 to 2020 might have substantial and ongoing economic consequences. This... mehr

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    International migrants who seek protection also participate in the economy. Thus the policy of the United States to drastically reduce refugee and asylum-seeker arrivals from 2017 to 2020 might have substantial and ongoing economic consequences. This paper places conservative bounds on those effects by critically reviewing the research literature. It goes beyond prior estimates by including ripple effects beyond the wages earned or taxes paid directly by migrants. The sharp reduction in U.S. refugee admissions starting in 2017 costs the overall U.S. economy today over $9.1 billion per year ($30,962 per missing refugee per year, on average) and costs public coffers at all levels of government over $2.0 billion per year ($6,844 per missing refugee per year, on average) net of public expenses. Large reductions in the presence of asylum seekers during the same period likewise carry ongoing costs in the billions of dollars per year. These estimates imply that barriers to migrants seeking protection, beyond humanitarian policy concerns, carry substantial economic costs.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263533
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15317
    Schlagworte: immigration; immigrant; migrant; refugee; asylum; asylee,costs; wages; employment; labor; market; fiscal; public; coffers,welfare; benefits; GDP; growth
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten)
  10. EUROMOD baseline report
    Autor*in: Maier, Sofía; Ricci, Mattia
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  European Commission, Seville

    This paper presents baseline results from the latest public version (I4.0+) of EUROMOD, the tax-benefit microsimulation model for the EU. We begin by briefly discussing the process of updating EUROMOD. We then present indicators for income inequality... mehr

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    This paper presents baseline results from the latest public version (I4.0+) of EUROMOD, the tax-benefit microsimulation model for the EU. We begin by briefly discussing the process of updating EUROMOD. We then present indicators for income inequality and at-risk-of-poverty using EUROMOD and discuss the main reasons for the differences between these and their correspondent from the EU Statistics on Incomes and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). We further compare EUROMOD distributional indicators across all EU 27 countries and over time between 2018 and 2021. Finally, we provide estimates of marginal effective tax rates (METR), an indicator which captures the effect of tax-benefit systems on work incentives at the intensive margin. Throughout the paper, we highlight both the potential of EUROMOD as a tool for policy analysis and the caveats that should be borne in mind when using it and interpreting results.

     
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    hdl: 10419/280864
    Schriftenreihe: JRC working papers on taxation and strucutral reforms ; no 2022, 1
    Schlagworte: taxes; benefits; inequality; poverty; EUROMOD
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Living standards of working-age disability benefits recipients in the UK
    Autor*in: Cribb, Jonathan; Karjalainen, Heidi; Waters, Tom
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, [London]

    We examine the living standards and health of working-age disabled people and disability benefits recipients over time in the UK. The UK’s disability benefits system (which is non-means-tested and in which receipt is unrelated to work status) has... mehr

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    We examine the living standards and health of working-age disabled people and disability benefits recipients over time in the UK. The UK’s disability benefits system (which is non-means-tested and in which receipt is unrelated to work status) has gone through a significant transformation since 2013 with the gradual replacement of the disability living allowance (DLA) with the personal independence payment (PIP). We establish four key facts. First, 6% of working-age individuals are now on disability benefits, up from 2% in 1992–93. This rise has been driven by claims for mental health and other psychiatric conditions, which are now the main disabling condition for 44% of claimants (27% back in 2002–03). Second, almost half of those in the most materially deprived tenth of the population are disabled, but most of that group do not receive disability benefits. Third, over the period that DLA has been replaced by PIP, a larger fraction of those with the poorest health have started to receive disability benefits, suggesting that the targeting of the benefits has improved on this margin. Fourth, simple event studies examining employment in the years around the reduction of disability benefits (following a government health reassessment) find no change before but a sharp (4 percentage point) rise immediately after loss of benefits, which grows to 10ppts four years after. This is not enough to offset the loss in income on average, and income poverty rises 10ppts in the year following the reduction. Nonetheless, we find limited evidence of claimants’ own assessment of their financial situation changing, suggesting that the benefits are removed at a time when they are less needed.

     
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    hdl: 10419/267955
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / lnstitute for Fiscal Studies ; 22, 24
    Schlagworte: disability; benefits; welfare; living standards; material deprivation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. The role of tax-benefit systems in protecting household incomes in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic
    Autor*in: Rodriguez, David; Jara, H. Xavier; Dondo, Mariana; Arancibia Romero, Cristina; Macas Romero, David; Riella, Rebeca; Urraburu, Joana; Llamas, Linda; Huesca Reynoso, Luis; Torres, Javier; Chang, Rodrigo
    Erschienen: November 2022
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    The COVID-19 pandemic drastically affected household incomes around the world. In developed economies, pre-pandemic tax-benefit policies and emergency transfers mitigated to a large extent the negative income shock. However, less is known about the... mehr

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    The COVID-19 pandemic drastically affected household incomes around the world. In developed economies, pre-pandemic tax-benefit policies and emergency transfers mitigated to a large extent the negative income shock. However, less is known about the effect of government intervention on household incomes in developing countries. The aim of this paper is to assess in a comparative way the role of tax-benefit policies in protecting household incomes during the pandemic in seven Latin American countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay. Departing from previous studies, we assess the effects both of expanded social assistance programmes and of automatic stabilizers (i.e. pre-pandemic taxes and benefits). We find an important cushioning effect of emergency policies at the bottom of the pre-pandemic income distribution, whereas automatic stabilizers are mostly present at the top of the distribution as a result of reduced social insurance and tax payments during the pandemic.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292672584
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    hdl: 10419/273922
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2022, 125
    Schlagworte: taxes; benefits; COVID-19; Latin America; automatic stabilizers
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Tax-benefit responses in Uruguay during the COVID-19 pandemic
    Autor*in: Amarante, Verónica; Scalese, Federico
    Erschienen: December 2022
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    We analyse the social protection policy response to COVID-19 and its impact on household incomes in Uruguay during 2020 and 2021, based on static microsimulation methods. From the onset of the crisis, the Uruguayan government implemented adjustments... mehr

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    We analyse the social protection policy response to COVID-19 and its impact on household incomes in Uruguay during 2020 and 2021, based on static microsimulation methods. From the onset of the crisis, the Uruguayan government implemented adjustments to existing social protection policies as well as a new transfer and an emergency tax. The configuration of precrisis social protection facilitated the setting-up of rapid support for the vulnerable and for formal workers. The responses adopted by the Uruguayan government were an increase in the amount of existing cash transfers, the introduction of a new cash transfer programme to reach informal workers, and simplification of the requirements for unemployment insurance benefit. On the tax side, a temporary income tax (COVID-19 Emergency Tax) for public workers (excluding health workers) and pensioners receiving an income above a certain threshold was implemented during two months in 2020 and two months in 2021. Our results indicate that the modifications in the social protection system introduced in the face of COVID-19 allowed a reduction in the incidence of poverty by 1.3 and 1.6 percentage points in 2020 and 2021,respectively. The effects were bigger among households with children: if no modifications had been undertaken in social protection as a response to COVID-19, poverty would have been 1.8 or 2.4 percentage points higher for these households in 2020 and 2021, respectively. The most important instruments were unemployment insurance in 2020 and the conditional cash transfer directed at households with children in 2021. Taken together, thesemodifications to the social protection system prevented the Gini Index from increasing by 0.6/0.7 additional percentage points.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
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    ISBN: 9789292672942
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/273946
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2022, 161
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; taxes; benefits; poverty; inequality; Uruguay
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Reducing poverty and social disparities in Lithuania
    Autor*in: Koutsogeorgopoulou, Vassiliki
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  OECD, Paris, France

    Reducing poverty remains an important challenge, and the COVID-19-crisis may further reinforce social vulnerabilities. Although it has declined lately, relative poverty remains high in international comparison and is distributed unevenly across... mehr

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    Reducing poverty remains an important challenge, and the COVID-19-crisis may further reinforce social vulnerabilities. Although it has declined lately, relative poverty remains high in international comparison and is distributed unevenly across population groups with the elderly, people with disabilities, lone parents, the low-educated and the unemployed being particularly affected. A comprehensive approach is required to ensure an effective transition out of poverty and social exclusion. Reforms should strengthen income protection by ensuring that cash benefits provide adequate and tailored support to those in need. An individual-based approach is also essential for the provision of social services to reduce deficits in important areas such as social housing and long-term care for the elderly. Equity in educational opportunity and outcomes could be strengthened further, starting at the early school years, as not all children benefit from early childhood education and care services. Progress in this domain is also crucial for striking a better work-family balance and improving work incentives. More and better quality jobs in the formal sector, especially for the low-skilled, are crucial for reducing poverty. Enlarged participation in life-long learning programmes can help re-skilling and up-skilling towards higher incomes. Increased spending on well-designed labour market activation policies is also important for tackling poverty effectively.

     
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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD Economics Department working papers ; no. 1649
    Schlagworte: active labour market policies; benefits; education; healthcare; long-term care; pensions; poverty; social services; transfer system; work incentives; Lithuania; Economics
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Psychological barriers to take-up of healthcare and child support benefits in the Netherlands
    Autor*in: Simonse, Olaf; Knoef, Marike; Dillen, Lotte F. van; Van Dijk, Wilco W.; Dijk, Eric van
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Netspar, Network for Studies on Pensions, Aging and Retirement, [Tilburg]

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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 2023, 044 (10)
    Schlagworte: benefits; welfare; take-up; psychology; behavior; barriers; Netherlands; non-take-up; social security
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Benefit ‘myths’?
    the accuracy and inaccuracy of public beliefs about the benefits system
    Autor*in: Geiger, Ben Baumberg
    Erschienen: 2016
    Verlag:  Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, London School of Economics, London

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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Schriftenreihe: [CASE papers] ; CASE/199 (October 2016)
    Schlagworte: benefits; social security; public attitudes; myths
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen