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  1. The wage effects of offshoring to the East and West: evidence from Germany
    Autor*in: Koerner, Konstantin
    Erschienen: 29 October 2021
    Verlag:  Institute for Employment Research of the Federal Employment Agency, Nürnberg

    This paper analyzes the labor market effects of offshoring in a high-wage home country and how these effects crucially depend on (1) job complexity and (2) the characteristics of the destination country. It thereby links several sources: rich... mehr

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    This paper analyzes the labor market effects of offshoring in a high-wage home country and how these effects crucially depend on (1) job complexity and (2) the characteristics of the destination country. It thereby links several sources: rich administrative data on individuals and plants in the German manufacturing sector, information on a job's task bundle, and the evolution of imported inputs from low- or high-wage destinations, which are represented by Eastern and Western Europe, respectively. Offshoring to these origins has opposing effects on German wages with respect to the relative task complexity of jobs: While offshoring to the West puts pressure on the wages of complex jobs and increases the wages of simple jobs, offshoring to the East entails the opposite effect. The overall effect adds up to a 4.2 percent increase in wages for jobs with high complexity, while low-complexity jobs see a 3.9 percent decrease in wages. In dieser Arbeit werden die heimischen Lohneffekte von Offshoring untersucht. Dabei wird der Produktionsfaktor Arbeit nach der Komplexität seines Aufgabenspektrums unterschieden und Offshoring je nach Lohnniveau des Ziellandes eingeteilt. Letzteres geschieht am Beispiel Westeuropas für Hochlohnländer und am Beispiel der Visegard-Länder bzw. Osteuropa für Niedriglohnländer. In den Lohnregressionen nach Mincer können so die heterogenen Effekte von Offshoring geschätzt werden. Die dafür notwendigen Daten stammen aus verschiedenen Quellen, wie Input-Output-Tabellen (zu mehreren Ländern), Arbeitsmarktdaten der Bundesagentur für Arbeit sowie Umfragedaten zu den Aufgaben im Job. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass Offshoring nach Westeuropa zu relativen Lohngewinnen für eher wenig komplexe Jobs in Deutschland führt, während der Lohn komplexer Jobs negativ beeinflusst wird. Offshoring nach Osteuropa hingegen hat genau die entgegengesetzten Lohneffekte. Zudem wird in diesem Kapitel gezeigt, dass Offshoring nach Westeuropa zu einer arbeitsintensiveren Produktion und Offshoring nach Osteuropa zu einer kapitalintensiveren Produktion führt.

     
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    hdl: 10419/246265
    Schriftenreihe: IAB-discussion paper ; 2021, 15
    Schlagworte: Offshoring; Tasks; Trade; Fragmentation; Wages; Globalization
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 67 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. The professional lens
    what online job advertisements can say about occupational task profiles
    Autor*in: Sostero, Matteo; Fernández-Macías, Enrique
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  European Commission, Seville

    Data from online job advertisements are increasingly used in the emerging area of "skills intelli-gence" to describe labour market dynamics and the demand for skills in different occupations. Col-lecting this data involves gathering unstructured... mehr

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    Data from online job advertisements are increasingly used in the emerging area of "skills intelli-gence" to describe labour market dynamics and the demand for skills in different occupations. Col-lecting this data involves gathering unstructured information from the internet and processing it into structured datasets, which may provide a biased description of the labour market. We present a framework for these different sources of bias, in terms of representativeness of occupations and their task content. We analyse the Nova UK dataset of online job advertisements from Burning Glass Technologies, containing over 60m individual job ads for the United Kingdom from 2012-2020. We compare the occupation task profiles embedded in this data with the JRC-Eurofound Task Database, through a new Skill-Task Dictionary. The dictionary classifies the rich but unstructured information on "skills" describing individual occupations into the hierarchical Task Taxonomy devel-oped by the JRC and Eurofound, and measured through occupation surveys. In general, we find that the task profile implied in job advertisements is relatively consistent with the EU Task Database across most occupations, especially for intellectual and social tasks, and for tools of work. However, online job advertisements in general (and Nova UK in particular) tend to focus especially on profes-sional occupations, which are relatively better represented in their numbers and in their variety of skills and tasks, relative to less qualified occupations. We enumerate several types of bias that can occur with this data, and discuss possible future applications.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: JRC working papers series on labour, education and technology ; 2021, 13
    Schlagworte: Skills; Tasks; Online Job Advertisements; Job Vacancies
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. A unified conceptual framework of tasks, skills and competences
    Autor*in: Rodrigues, Margarida; Fernández-Macías, Enrique; Sostero, Matteo
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  European Commission, Seville

    Skills and competences are frequently invoked by policy-makers in reference to labour market developments and education objectives. However, these concepts have different meanings across academic disciplines such as sociology, economics, and... mehr

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    Skills and competences are frequently invoked by policy-makers in reference to labour market developments and education objectives. However, these concepts have different meanings across academic disciplines such as sociology, economics, and education. This paper proposes a unified conceptual framework for tasks, skills and competences. We start from the concept of task, as the smallest unit of work involved in an economic process. Skills are defined as the ability to perform tasks. Similar tasks are grouped into task domains, which are bundled by employers into jobs. Likewise, similar skills make up skill domains, while competence is the ability to master skills across domains. This framework has two major advantages. First, it provides distinct definitions of relevant concepts and the relations between them. Second, it bridges the socio-economic concepts of skills and tasks, which relate to the labour market, with the education and training literature, which focuses on skill and competence development as learning objectives. We also propose a way to measure the different concepts empirically.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: JRC working papers series on labour, education and technology ; 2021, 02
    Schlagworte: Tasks; skills; competences; framework
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Stop worrying and love the robot
    an activity-based approach to assess the impact of robotization on employment dynamics
    Autor*in: Caselli, Mauro; Fracasso, Andrea; Scicchitano, Sergio; Traverso, Silvio; Tundis, Enrico
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    This work investigates the impact that the change in the exposure to robots had on the Italian local employment dynamics over the period 2011-2018. A novel empirical strategy focusing on a match between occupations' activities and robots'... mehr

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    This work investigates the impact that the change in the exposure to robots had on the Italian local employment dynamics over the period 2011-2018. A novel empirical strategy focusing on a match between occupations' activities and robots' applications at a high level of disaggregation makes it possible to assess the impact of robotization on the shares of workers employed as robot operators and in occupations deemed exposed to robots. In a framework consistently centered on workers' and robots' activities, rather than on their industries of employment, the analysis reveals for the first time reinstatement effects among robot operators and heterogeneous results among exposed occupations.

     
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    hdl: 10419/232010
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 802
    Schlagworte: Robots; Employment; Activities; Tasks; Robot applications
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Employment protection, workforce mix and firm performance
    Autor*in: Ardito, Chiara; Berton, Fabio; Pacelli, Lia; Passerini, Filippo
    Erschienen: July, 2021
    Verlag:  Laboratorio R. Revelli, Collegio Carlo Alberto, Torino, Italy

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Labor, Laboratorio Riccardo Revelli ; no. 177
    Schlagworte: Employment Protection; Human Capital; Productivity; Tenure; Tasks
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. COVID-induced economic uncertainty, tasks, and occupational demand
    Autor*in: Blanas, Sotiris; Oikonomou, Rigas
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Institut de recherche économiques et sociales, UC Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve

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    hdl: 2078.1/258577
    Schriftenreihe: LIDAM discussion paper IRES ; 2022, 02
    Schlagworte: Occupational demand; Occupational characteristics; Tasks; Online Job Postings; Covid-induced economic uncertainty; Covid-19; Pandemic
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Stop worrying and love the robot
    an activity-based approach to assess the impact of robotization on employment dynamics
    Autor*in: Caselli, Mauro; Fracasso, Andrea; Scicchitano, Sergio; Traverso, Silvio; Tundis, Enrico
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Università degli studi di Trento, Dipartimento di economia e management, [Trento]

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    Schriftenreihe: DEM working papers ; n. 2021, 6
    Schlagworte: Robots; Employment; Activities; Tasks; Robot applications
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Is there job polarization in developing economies?
    a review and outlook
    Autor*in: Martins Neto, Antonio Soares; Mathew, Nanditha; Mohnen, Pierre A.; Treibich, Tania
    Erschienen: 23 November 2021
    Verlag:  Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, The Netherlands

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / United Nations University, UNU-MERIT ; #2021, 045
    Schlagworte: Job polarization; Technology adoption; Tasks; Developing countries
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. The empirics of technology, employment and occupations
    lessons learned and challenges ahead
    Autor*in: Montobbio, Fabio; Staccioli, Jacopo; Virgillito, Maria Enrica; Vivarelli, Marco
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    What have we learned, from the most recent years of debate and analysis, of the future of work being threatened by technology? This paper presents a critical review of the empirical literature and outlines both lessons learned and challenges ahead.... mehr

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    What have we learned, from the most recent years of debate and analysis, of the future of work being threatened by technology? This paper presents a critical review of the empirical literature and outlines both lessons learned and challenges ahead. Far from being fully exhaustive, the review intends to highlight common findings and main differences across economic studies. According to our reading of the literature, a few challenges-and also the common factors affecting heterogeneous outcomes across studies-still stand, including (i) the variable used as a proxy for technology, (ii) the level of aggregation of the analyses, (iii) the deep heterogeneity of different types of technologies and their adopted mix, (iv) the structural differences across adopters, and (v) the actual combination of the organisational practices in place at the establishment level in affecting net job creation/destruction and work reorganisation.

     
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    hdl: 10419/266429
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1202
    Schlagworte: Technology; Employment; Skills; Occupations; Tasks; Future of Work
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten)
  10. The empirics of technology, employment and occupations
    lessons learned and challenges ahead
    Autor*in: Montobbio, Fabio; Staccioli, Jacopo; Virgillito, Maria Enrica; Vivarelli, Marco
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    What have we learned, from the most recent years of debate and analysis, of the future of work being threatened by technology? This paper presents a critical review of the empirical literature and outlines both lessons learned and challenges ahead.... mehr

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    What have we learned, from the most recent years of debate and analysis, of the future of work being threatened by technology? This paper presents a critical review of the empirical literature and outlines both lessons learned and challenges ahead. Far from being fully exhaustive, the review intends to highlight common findings and main differences across economic studies. According to our reading of the literature, a few challenges - and also the common factors affecting heterogeneous outcomes across studies - still stand, including (i) the variable used as a proxy for technology, (ii) the level of aggregation of the analyses, (iii) the deep heterogeneity of different types of technologies and their adopted mix, (iv) the structural differences across adopters, and (v) the actual combination of the organisational practices in place at the establishment level in affecting net job creation/destruction and work reorganisation.

     
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    hdl: 10419/273637
    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2022, 35 (November 2022)
    Schlagworte: Technology; Employment; Skills; Occupations; Tasks; Future of Work
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten)
  11. Routinization within-occupation task changes and long-run employment dynamics
    Autor*in: Consoli, Davide; Marin, Giovanni; Rentocchini, Francesco; Vona, Francesco
    Erschienen: November 2022
    Verlag:  Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Milano, Italia

    The present study adds to the literature on routinization and employment by capturing within-occupation task changes over the period 1980-2010. The main contributions are the measurement of such changes and the combination of two data sources on... mehr

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    The present study adds to the literature on routinization and employment by capturing within-occupation task changes over the period 1980-2010. The main contributions are the measurement of such changes and the combination of two data sources on occupational task content for the United States: the Dictionary of Occupational Titles and the Occupational Information Network. We show that within-occupation reorientation away from routine tasks: i) accounts for 1/3 of the decline in routine-task use; ii) accelerates in the 1990s, decelerates in the 2000s but with significant convergence across occupations; iii) allows workers to escape the employment and wage decline, conditional on the initial level of routine-task intensity. The latter finding suggests that task reorientation is a key channel through which labour markets adapt to various forms of labour-saving technological change.

     
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    hdl: 10419/267498
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei ; 2022, 33
    Schlagworte: Tasks; Routinization; Technological Change; Employment Dynamics; Race between Technology and Education
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. The empirics of technology, employment and occupations
    lessons learned and challenges ahead
    Autor*in: Montobbio, Fabio; Staccioli, Jacopo; Virgillito, Maria Enrica; Vivarelli, Marco
    Erschienen: 17 November 2022
    Verlag:  Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, The Netherlands

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / United Nations University, UNU-MERIT ; #2022, 037
    Schlagworte: Technology; Employment; Skills; Occupations; Tasks; Future of Work
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. The dynamics of labour market polarization in Chile
    an analysis of the link between technical change and informality
    Autor*in: Delaporte, Isaure; Peña, Werner
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    In spite of the growing literature on polarization, relatively little is known about the individual-level patterns underlying the decline of routine occupations and its link with informal employment in a middle-income country context. To shed light... mehr

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    In spite of the growing literature on polarization, relatively little is known about the individual-level patterns underlying the decline of routine occupations and its link with informal employment in a middle-income country context. To shed light on this, we examine the ows of formal and informal workers into and out of routine and non-routine occupations over the period 1980-2015 in Chile. Using rich longitudinal data from the Social Protection Survey of Chile, we first reconstruct individuals' occupational trajectories by classifying individuals into different states at a monthly frequency. We then use a series of multilevel competing risk event history models and a decomposition ow approach to study the ows underlying the decline of routine occupations over time. Our results suggest a process of displacement and occupational downgrading for routine manual workers: workers in routine manual formal employment become increasingly unemployed or use informality as a buffer against job loss, and workers in routine manual informal employment become unemployed or transit to non-routine manual informal occupations. By contrast, workers in routine cognitive occupations seem to be relatively more protected against job displacement and occupational downgrading. Lastly, we find that the decrease in the share of routine occupations in Chile is mostly due to a decrease in the in ow transition rate from unemployment as well as an increase in the out ow transition rates to unemployment and informality.

     
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    hdl: 10419/270891
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1262
    Schlagworte: Occupations; Tasks; Routinization; Labour Market Displacement; Unemploy-ment; Informality
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Markets and the Internal Organization of Firms
    Autor*in: Kohlhepp, Jacob Matthew
    Erschienen: 2023

    All three chapters of this dissertation study different aspects of internal organization, and two of the chapters go a step further to understand how decisions within the firm impact markets outside the firm.The first chapter of this dissertation... mehr

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    All three chapters of this dissertation study different aspects of internal organization, and two of the chapters go a step further to understand how decisions within the firm impact markets outside the firm.The first chapter of this dissertation studies empirically how worker task assignments within firms interact with labor and product markets. Using data from a software company, I observe millions of task assignments within hundreds of hair salons, many of which are competitors. I develop a measure of organization complexity, which is the amount of information required to implement a given task assignment, to provide evidence of firm-specific organization costs, which grant complex salons a comparative advantage in producing high-quality products.Based on these facts, I develop a model where oligopolistic firms with different organization costs choose their internal structure. Complexity is costly, but it allows firms to improve product quality by better matching workers with multidimensional skills to tasks. I characterize the profit-maximizing organization, and use results from the literature on rational inattention and information theory to identify and estimate the model for Manhattan hair salons. Counterfactuals reveal that allowing internal organization to be heterogeneous and endogenous changes the equilibrium effects of policy. A sales tax cut increases specialization and therefore the productivity of all workers, while a minimum wage increase generates new types of wage spillovers.The second chapter of this dissertation studies empirically how voluntary labor supply decisions within an organization impact workplace injury rates using novel data on the payroll and workers' compensation claims of Los Angeles traffic officers. I use the leave taken by coworkers as an instrument to estimate the causal effect of daily labor supply decisions on workplace injury. Self-selection via voluntary labor supply reduces injuries by 48 percent compared to the underlying injury rate. The majority of the effect is driven by private factors, implying decentralized overtime assignment mechanisms like shift auctions can be used to reduce injury rates.The third chapter of this dissertation (joint with Stepan Aleksenko) studies theoretically how the use of recruiters impacts the types of workers hired. The chapter considers a model where a firm delegates search for a worker to a recruiter. Productivity is uncertain prior to hire with recruiter beliefs characterized by an expectation and variance. Delegation occurs using a refund contract which is common in the industry. We analyze how delegation in this setting shapes search behavior and the composition of hires. We demonstrate that delegation is theoretically equivalent to making the search technology less accurate. This generates inefficiency: search effort and social surplus are lower under delegation than in the first-best benchmark. We show this inefficiency is driven by moral hazard with a multitasking flavor. The recruiter wastes search effort finding low variance workers at the expense of high expectation workers. As a result, as workers become more homogeneous with respect to productivity variance, delegation becomes more efficient. Our model provides a microfoundation for variance-based statistical discrimination.

     
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    Medientyp: Dissertation
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    ISBN: 9798379578213
    Schriftenreihe: Dissertations Abstracts International
    Schlagworte: Internal organization; Minimum wage; Personnel economics; Recruiters; Tasks
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (269 p.)
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    Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 84-11, Section: A. - Advisor: Mazzocco, Maurizio;Board, Simon Adrian

    Dissertation (Ph.D.), University of California, Los Angeles, 2023
  15. Monopoly power upon the world of work
    a workplace analysis in the logistic segment under automation
    Autor*in: Cirillo, Valeria; Massimo, Francesco; Rinaldini, Matteo; Staccioli, Jacopo; Virgillito, Maria Enrica
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  LEM, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy

    This paper aims to investigate the impact of monopoly power on the world of work within the logistics sector, particularly in the context of automation processes. We conduct a fieldwork analysis of three workplaces situated in Italy, each owned by... mehr

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    This paper aims to investigate the impact of monopoly power on the world of work within the logistics sector, particularly in the context of automation processes. We conduct a fieldwork analysis of three workplaces situated in Italy, each owned by distinct types of monopolies: a conventional monopoly, Phillip Morris, the global leader in tobacco and cigarette production; a state-owned monopoly, Poste Italiane, the exclusive public provider of mail services within the national borders; and a novel form of digital monopoly that holds control over intangibles and exhibits monopsonistic control over labour - Amazon. Through a comparative examination of these three diverse forms of monopolies, utilising corporate-level metrics and patent data, we scrutinise the impact on the labour process of individuals employed in the logistics sector and affected by the implementation of automation technology, such as Automated Guided Vehicles. Employing a qualitative analysis that includes semi-structured interviews with HR professionals, IT specialists, and workers, we underscore that powerful monopolies play a crucial role in shaping the trajectory of technological development, adoption, and utilisation. Despite notable distinctions observed among the three cases, we underscore a common trend of standardisation and codification of human activities when interfacing with automated machines.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: LEM working paper series ; 2023, 44 (December 2023)
    Schlagworte: Automation; Intangibles; Monopoly Power; Labour process; Case studies; Tasks; Organization of Work
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource
  16. COVID-19 and wage polarization
    a task-based approach
    Autor*in: Schettino, Francesco; Scicchitano, Sergio; Suppa, Domenico
    Erschienen: [2024]
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    The aim of this paper is to estimate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the wage polarization in Italy, combining individual characteristics with their task content in terms of physical proximity within the workplace. We use an innovative... mehr

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    The aim of this paper is to estimate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the wage polarization in Italy, combining individual characteristics with their task content in terms of physical proximity within the workplace. We use an innovative dataset which combines data from two sample surveys, the Italian Labor Force Survey and Italian Survey of Professions, which provides information on nature and content of the tasks. First, by employing a non-parametric method (the Relative Distribution) we detect a general increasing wage polarization in the sub-period 2020-2019, driven by lowest deciles, after a reduction in the previous one (2019-10). Different groups have been also isolated. Workers with low education, high proximity to customers job, such as the migrant, younger and female ones are the categories that more suffered the general downgrading of the Italian wages happened during the COVID-19 crisis.

     
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/283883
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1398
    Schlagworte: Covid19; Income Polarization; Relative Distribution; Social Conflicts; Tasks
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen