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  1. What's in the (r)-stars for Korea?
    Autor*in: Rafiq, Sohrab
    Erschienen: March 2021
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    Korea's stars tell of an economy saddled with a real neutral rate (r-star) that has declined significantly in recent decades and is currently below zero. This reflects a significant decline in trend growth, and two large financial crises that... mehr

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    Korea's stars tell of an economy saddled with a real neutral rate (r-star) that has declined significantly in recent decades and is currently below zero. This reflects a significant decline in trend growth, and two large financial crises that triggered significant shifts in the saving-investment balance. Larger fiscal deficits and frothy financial conditions since 2012 have helped offset rising demand for safer assets, preventing the neutral rate from falling further. Nonetheless, the fall in the neutral rate, coupled with its effects on asset returns, has complicated the task of monetary policy stabilization. Korea's neutral rate is likely to remain low over the medium-term and could fall further, reflecting a structural savings-investment imbalance owing to declining productivity and a rotation in demographics increasing the demand for precautionary saving and convenience yield, and widening the capital risk premia. The COVID pandemic risks magnifying these trends

     

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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
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    ISBN: 9781513575223
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    Schriftenreihe: IMF working paper ; WP/21, 93
    Schlagworte: Neutral Rate; Risk Premia; Covenience; Demographics; Savings; Convenience; Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and The Supply Of Money; Money and Interest Rates; Neutral Rate; Risk Premia
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. An extended quarterly projection model
    credit cycle, macrofinancial linkages and macroprudential measures : the case of the Philippines
    Erschienen: October 2021
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    We extend a modern practical Quarterly Projection Model to study credit cycle dynamics and risks, focusing on macrofinancial linkages and the role of macroprudential policy in achieving economic and financial stability. We tailor the model to the... mehr

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    We extend a modern practical Quarterly Projection Model to study credit cycle dynamics and risks, focusing on macrofinancial linkages and the role of macroprudential policy in achieving economic and financial stability. We tailor the model to the Philippines and evaluate the model's properties along several dimensions. The model produces plausible dynamics and sensible forecasts. This along with its simplicity makes it useful for policy analysis. In particular, it should help policymakers understand the quantitative implications of responding to changes in domestic financial conditions, along with other shocks, through the joint use of macroprudential and monetary policies

     

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    ISBN: 9781589068711
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    Schriftenreihe: IMF working paper ; WP/21, 256
    Schlagworte: Philippines; Forecasting and Policy Analysis; Quarterly Projection Model; Monetary Policy; Macroprudential Policy; Credit Cycle; Leverage Ratio; Credit Cycle Dynamics; Monetary Policy; Money and Interest Rates; Philippines, Forecasting and Policy Analysis; Policy Analysis; Quantitative Policy Modeling
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Morocco's monetary policy transmission in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic
    Erschienen: October 2021
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    This paper finds that the neutral interest rate has been on a downward trajectory in Morocco since the global financial crisis and may have fallen in the wake of the pandemic. In that context, monetary policy transmission to output and prices appears... mehr

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    This paper finds that the neutral interest rate has been on a downward trajectory in Morocco since the global financial crisis and may have fallen in the wake of the pandemic. In that context, monetary policy transmission to output and prices appears relatively muted given limited exchange rate flexibility until recently. Also, monetary policy transmission to some market rates has somewhat weakened in the wake of the pandemic. A lower natural rate and low policy rates raise the question of whether further rate reductions would impair the banking system. We find that the sensitivity of cash demand to deposit rates is low, implying limited risks that banks would lose funding with further reductions. A reliance on checking and savings accounts for funding may impair monetary pass-through, however. If monetary policy reaches its effective lower bound, limited and credible recourse to an asset purchase program could usefully complement conventional measures and strengthen monetary policy transmission under an inflation-targeting regime with a flexible exchange rate

     

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    ISBN: 9781589067264
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    Schriftenreihe: IMF working paper ; WP/21, 249
    Schlagworte: Monetary policy; neutral interest rate; unconventional monetary policy; IMF Working Papers; Monetary Policy Transmission; Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money; Monetary Policy, Neutral Interest Rate and Unconventional Monetary Policy; Money and Interest Rates
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. The Subjective Inflation Expectations of Households and Firms
    Measurement, Determinants, and Implications
    Erschienen: May 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Households' and firms' subjective inflation expectations play a central role in macroeconomic and intertemporal microeconomic models. We discuss how subjective inflation expectations are measured, the patterns they display, their determinants, and... mehr

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    Households' and firms' subjective inflation expectations play a central role in macroeconomic and intertemporal microeconomic models. We discuss how subjective inflation expectations are measured, the patterns they display, their determinants, and how they shape households' and firms' economic choices in the data and help us make sense of the observed heterogeneous reactions to business-cycle shocks and policy interventions. We conclude by highlighting the relevant open questions and why tackling them is important for academic research and policy making

     

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  5. The Macroeconomic Consequences of Natural Rate Shocks
    An Empirical Investigation
    Erschienen: August 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Much of the empirical literature on the natural rate of interest has focused on estimating its path. This paper addresses the question of how exogenous movements in the natural rate of interest affect aggregate activity and inflation in the short... mehr

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    Much of the empirical literature on the natural rate of interest has focused on estimating its path. This paper addresses the question of how exogenous movements in the natural rate of interest affect aggregate activity and inflation in the short and long runs. To this end it proposes a semi-structural model of output, inflation, and the policy interest rate inspired by the DSGE literature but with fewer identification and cross-equation restrictions. It then estimates it on U.S. data over the period 1900 to 2021. We find that a permanent decline in the natural rate of interest has a large negative effect on the trend of output and is contractionary and deflationary in the short run. When the economy is constrained by the zero lower bound (ZLB), these results are consistent with the secular stagnation hypothesis. However, we find that negative natural rate shocks depress the trend of output even when the economy is away from the ZLB. Thus, the results of this paper call for a more general theory of the trend effects of natural rate shocks

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30337
    Schlagworte: Natürlicher Zins; Schock; Wirkungsanalyse; Schätzung; USA; General; Money and Interest Rates
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  6. Expectations and the Neutrality of Interest Rates
    Erschienen: September 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Lucas (1972) is the pathbreaking analysis of the neutrality and temporary non-neutrality of money. But our central banks set interest rate targets, and do not even pretend to control money supplies. How is inflation determined under an interest rate... mehr

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    Lucas (1972) is the pathbreaking analysis of the neutrality and temporary non-neutrality of money. But our central banks set interest rate targets, and do not even pretend to control money supplies. How is inflation determined under an interest rate target? We finally have a complete theory of inflation under interest rate targets, that mirrors the long-run neutrality and frictionless limit of monetary theory: Inflation can be stable and determinate under interest rate targets, including a k percent rule, i.e. a peg. The zero bound era is confirmatory evidence. Uncomfortably, long-run neutrality means that higher interest rates eventually produce higher inflation, other things (and fiscal policy in particular) constant With a Phillips curve, we have some non-neutrality as well: Higher nominal interest rates raise real rates and lower output. A good model in which higher interest rates temporarily lower inflation is a harder task. I exhibit one such model. It has the Lucas property that only unexpected interest rate rises can lower inflation. A better model, and empirical understanding, is as crucial to today's agenda as Lucas (1972) was in its day Much of this is contentious. The issues are crucial for policy: Can the Fed contain inflation without dramatically raising interest rates? Given the state of knowledge, a bit of humility is in order

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30468
    Schlagworte: Neutralität des Geldes; Zentralbank; Inflationssteuerung; Zinspolitik; Geldpolitik; Geldtheorie; USA; Money and Interest Rates; Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
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  7. Long-Run Trends in Long-Maturity Real Rates 1311-2021
    Erschienen: September 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Taking advantage of key recent advances in long-run financial and economic data, this paper analyzes the statistical properties of global long-maturity real interest rates over the past seven centuries. In contrast to existing consensus, which has... mehr

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    Taking advantage of key recent advances in long-run financial and economic data, this paper analyzes the statistical properties of global long-maturity real interest rates over the past seven centuries. In contrast to existing consensus, which has overwhelmingly concentrated on short samples for short-maturity rates, we find that long-maturity real interest rates across advanced economies are in fact trend stationary, and exhibit a persistent downward trend since the Renaissance. We investigate structural breaks in real interest rates over time using multiple statistical approaches, and find that only the Black Death and the "Trinity default" of 1557 appear as consistent inflection points in capital markets on both global and country levels. While a 1914 break is also suggested in multiple series (though less robust than existing literature would lead one to expect), the evidence for an inflection point in 1981 appears much weaker. We further examine trends in persistence, as well as commonly-invoked drivers of global real rates: exploiting significant data advances, we argue that historically, demographic and productivity factors appear to show no promising causal role, and in fact diverge from real interest rates over the long run

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30475
    Schlagworte: Zins; Realzins; Wirtschaftsgeschichte; Money and Interest Rates; International Finance; General, International, or Comparative
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  8. Dollar Reserves and U.S. Yields
    Identifying the Price Impact of Official Flows
    Erschienen: September 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This paper shows that the price impact of foreign official (FO) purchases or sales of U.S. Treasuries (USTs) is about twice as large as previously reported in the literature once critical sources of endogeneity are addressed. We also show that... mehr

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    This paper shows that the price impact of foreign official (FO) purchases or sales of U.S. Treasuries (USTs) is about twice as large as previously reported in the literature once critical sources of endogeneity are addressed. We also show that prevailing estimates of this price impact suffer from omitted variable bias when foreign government bond yields and Federal Reserve policies are not controlled for. By exploiting changes in the volatility of FO flows and U.S. yields after the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, we identify a FO flow shock via heteroskedasticity in a structural VAR. We estimate that a $100B flow shock moves the 5-year, 10-year, and 30-year yields by more than 100 basis points on impact, compared to the 19-44 basis points range that we estimate by assuming FO flows are price inelastic and without controlling for foreign yields and Fed actions. Our findings suggest that FO sales of USTs played a critical role during the March 2020 episode of Treasury market turmoil and that even a small reduction in the Dollar's share of China's reserves could have a significant impact on U.S. long-term interest rates

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30476
    Schlagworte: Internationaler Finanzmarkt; Kapitalmobilität; Währungsreserven; US-Dollar; Staatspapier; Money and Interest Rates; International Factor Movements and International Business; General; General Financial Markets
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  9. Perceptions about Monetary Policy
    Erschienen: September 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We estimate perceptions about the Fed's monetary policy rule from micro data on professional forecasters. The perceived rule varies significantly over time, with important consequences for monetary policy and bond markets. Over the monetary policy... mehr

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    We estimate perceptions about the Fed's monetary policy rule from micro data on professional forecasters. The perceived rule varies significantly over time, with important consequences for monetary policy and bond markets. Over the monetary policy cycle, easings are perceived to be quick and surprising, while tightenings are perceived to be gradual and data-dependent. Consistent with the idea that forecasters learn about the policy rule from policy decisions, the perceived monetary policy rule responds to high-frequency monetary policy surprises. Variation in the perceived rule impacts financial markets, explaining changes in the sensitivity of interest rates to macroeconomic announcements and affecting risk premia on long-term Treasury bonds. It also helps explain forecast errors for the future federal funds rate. We interpret these findings through the lens of a model with forecaster heterogeneity and learning from observed policy decisions

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30480
    Schlagworte: Geldpolitik; Geldpolitische Transmission; Wirtschaftsprognose; Behavioral Macroeconomics; Money and Interest Rates; Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment Systems; Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy; Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates
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  10. Bank funding risk, reference rates, and credit supply
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), Stanford, CA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR) ; no. 23, 12 (February, 2023)
    NBER working paper series ; 30907
    Schlagworte: Kreditgeschäft; Interbankenmarkt; Kreditrisiko; Kreditwürdigkeit; Bankrisiko; Geldmarkt; Finanzkrise; Zins; Zinsstruktur; bank funding risk; credit supply; reference rates; credit lines; London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR); Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR); Money and Interest Rates; Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects; General; Financial Crises; Behavioral Finance: Underlying Principles; General; Banks; Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Tracing the International Transmission of a Crisis Through Multinational Firms
    Erschienen: March 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We show that multinational firms transmit shocks across countries through their internal capital markets. We study a credit supply shock to parent firms in Germany. International affiliates outside Germany supported their parents through internal... mehr

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    We show that multinational firms transmit shocks across countries through their internal capital markets. We study a credit supply shock to parent firms in Germany. International affiliates outside Germany supported their parents through internal lending, became financially constrained themselves, and experienced lower real growth. We find that managers were "Darwinist" with respect to international affiliates but "Socialist" in the home country, that internal capital markets transmitted the credit shock more strongly than a non-financial shock, and that access to developed credit markets attenuated the real effects. The total real impact of shock transmission through multinationals on foreign economies was large

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w31061
    Schlagworte: Multinationales Unternehmen; Interner Kapitalmarkt; Kapitalmobilität; Unternehmensfinanzierung; Fremdkapital; Finanzkrise; Betriebliche Finanzwirtschaft; Deutschland; Money and Interest Rates; International Factor Movements and International Business; International Finance; Financial Crises; Financial Institutions and Services; Corporate Finance and Governance
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  12. Bank Funding Risk, Reference Rates, and Credit Supply
    Erschienen: February 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Corporate credit lines are drawn more heavily when funding markets are more stressed. This covariance elevates expected bank funding costs. We show that credit supply is dampened by the associated debt-overhang cost to bank shareholders. Until 2022,... mehr

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    Corporate credit lines are drawn more heavily when funding markets are more stressed. This covariance elevates expected bank funding costs. We show that credit supply is dampened by the associated debt-overhang cost to bank shareholders. Until 2022, this impact was reduced by linking the interest paid on lines to credit-sensitive reference rates such as LIBOR. We show that transition to risk-free reference rates may exacerbate this friction. The adverse impact on credit supply is offset if drawdowns are expected to be left on deposit at the same bank, which happened at some of the largest banks during the COVID recession

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30907
    Schlagworte: Kreditgeschäft; Interbankenmarkt; Kreditrisiko; Kreditwürdigkeit; Bankrisiko; Geldmarkt; Finanzkrise; Zins; Zinsstruktur; Money and Interest Rates; Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects; General; Financial Crises; Behavioral Finance: Underlying Principles; General; Banks; Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  13. Successful transitions from public to private-sector led growth
    lessons for Benin
    Erschienen: December 2021
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    Many Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, like Benin, have scaled up public investment during the last decade. Such a strategy contributed to the improvement of infrastructure, but also to a build-up of debt vulnerabilities. Looking forward, the... mehr

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    Many Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, like Benin, have scaled up public investment during the last decade. Such a strategy contributed to the improvement of infrastructure, but also to a build-up of debt vulnerabilities. Looking forward, the planned fiscal consolidation will result in some restraint of public spending, and, in particular, public investment. In this context, maintaining or even raising the region's economic growth will require an offset by the private sector. The analysis draws lessons from countries that have successfully transitioned from public investment to private investment-led growth using a global sample starting in the mid-1980s. These lessons highlight policies that have been crucial in fostering a rebound of private investment in the wake of a contraction of public investment. The analytical framework proposed by Hausman, Rodrik and Velasco (2005) is used to identify and classify such policies. Finally, the paper analyses how the identified policies could help Benin achieving a smooth transition from public to private sector-led growth

     

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  14. Connected Lending of Last Resort
    Erschienen: January 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Because of secrecy, little is known about the political economy of central bank lending. Utilizing a novel, hand-collected historical daily dataset on loans to commercial banks, we analyze how personal connections matter for lending of last resort,... mehr

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    Because of secrecy, little is known about the political economy of central bank lending. Utilizing a novel, hand-collected historical daily dataset on loans to commercial banks, we analyze how personal connections matter for lending of last resort, highlighting the importance of governance for this core function of central banks. We show that, when faced with a banking panic in November 1930, the Banque de France (BdF) lent selectively rather than broadly, providing substantially more liquidity to connected banks - those whose board members were BdF shareholders. The BdF's selective lending policy failed to internalize a negative externality - that lending would be insufficient to arrest the panic and that distress via contagion would spillover to connected banks. Connected lending of last resort fueled the worst banking crisis in French history, caused an unprecedented government bailout of the central bank, and resulted in loss of shareholder control over the central bank

     

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  15. Pareto Improving Fiscal and Monetary Policies
    Samuelson in the New Keynesian Model
    Erschienen: June 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This paper explores the positive and normative consequences of government bond issuances in a New Keynesian model with heterogeneous agents, focusing on how the stock of government bonds affects the cross-sectional allocation of resources in the... mehr

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    This paper explores the positive and normative consequences of government bond issuances in a New Keynesian model with heterogeneous agents, focusing on how the stock of government bonds affects the cross-sectional allocation of resources in the spirit of Samuelson (1958). We characterize the Pareto optimal levels of government bonds and the associated monetary policy adjustments that should accompany Pareto-improving bond issuances. The paper introduces a simple phase diagram to analyze the global equilibrium dynamics of inflation, interest rates, and labor earnings in response to changes in the stock of government debt. The framework also provides a tractable tool to explore the use of fiscal policy to escape the Effective Lower Bound (ELB) on nominal interest rates and the resolution of the "forward guidance puzzle." A common theme throughout is that following the monetary policy guidance from the standard Ricardian framework leads to excess fluctuations in income and inflation

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w31297
    Schlagworte: Öffentliche Anleihe; Finanzpolitik; Geldpolitik; Pareto-Optimum; Neoklassische Synthese; Money and Interest Rates; General
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  16. A Simple Model of a Central Bank Digital Currency
    Erschienen: April 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We develop a general equilibrium model that highlights the trade-offs between physical and digital forms of retail central bank money. The key differences between cash and central bank digital currency (CBDC) include transaction efficiency,... mehr

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    We develop a general equilibrium model that highlights the trade-offs between physical and digital forms of retail central bank money. The key differences between cash and central bank digital currency (CBDC) include transaction efficiency, possibilities for tax evasion, and, potentially, nominal rates of return. We establish conditions under which cash and CBDC can co-exist and show how government policies can influence relative holdings of cash, CBDC, and other assets. We illustrate how a CBDC can facilitate negative nominal interest rates and helicopter drops, and also how a CBDC can be structured to prevent capital flight from other assets

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w31198
    Schlagworte: Geld; Elektronisches Geld; Zentralbank; Virtuelle Währung; Geldpolitik; Allgemeines Gleichgewicht; Money and Interest Rates; Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit; Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  17. Do You Even Crypto, Bro?
    Cryptocurrencies in Household Finance
    Erschienen: May 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Using repeated large-scale surveys of U.S. households, we study the cryptocurrency investment decisions and motives of households relative to other financial assets. Cryptocurrency holders tend to be young, white, male and more libertarian relative... mehr

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    Using repeated large-scale surveys of U.S. households, we study the cryptocurrency investment decisions and motives of households relative to other financial assets. Cryptocurrency holders tend to be young, white, male and more libertarian relative to non-crypto holders. They expect much higher rates of returns for crypto and perceive it as relatively safer than do other households. They also view it as a better hedge against inflation. For those holding cryptocurrencies, changes in Bitcoin prices translate into their purchases of durable goods. Finally, exogenously-provided information about historical returns of cryptocurrencies leads individuals to increase their desired crypto holdings and makes them more likely to actually purchase cryptocurrency subsequently. We compare these views and behaviors to those of households toward other financial assets and argue that cryptocurrency is unique in many of these respects

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w31284
    Schlagworte: Privater Haushalt; Virtuelle Währung; Investitionsentscheidung; Haushaltsökonomik; USA; Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty; Money and Interest Rates; Household Finance
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  18. What's in the (r)-stars for Korea?
    Autor*in: Rafiq, Sohrab
    Erschienen: March 2021
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    Korea's stars tell of an economy saddled with a real neutral rate (r-star) that has declined significantly in recent decades and is currently below zero. This reflects a significant decline in trend growth, and two large financial crises that... mehr

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    Korea's stars tell of an economy saddled with a real neutral rate (r-star) that has declined significantly in recent decades and is currently below zero. This reflects a significant decline in trend growth, and two large financial crises that triggered significant shifts in the saving-investment balance. Larger fiscal deficits and frothy financial conditions since 2012 have helped offset rising demand for safer assets, preventing the neutral rate from falling further. Nonetheless, the fall in the neutral rate, coupled with its effects on asset returns, has complicated the task of monetary policy stabilization. Korea's neutral rate is likely to remain low over the medium-term and could fall further, reflecting a structural savings-investment imbalance owing to declining productivity and a rotation in demographics increasing the demand for precautionary saving and convenience yield, and widening the capital risk premia. The COVID pandemic risks magnifying these trends

     

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    ISBN: 9781513575223
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    Schriftenreihe: IMF working paper ; WP/21, 93
    Schlagworte: Neutral Rate; Risk Premia; Covenience; Demographics; Savings; Convenience; Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and The Supply Of Money; Money and Interest Rates; Neutral Rate; Risk Premia
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Successful transitions from public to private-sector led growth
    lessons for Benin
    Erschienen: December 2021
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    Many Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, like Benin, have scaled up public investment during the last decade. Such a strategy contributed to the improvement of infrastructure, but also to a build-up of debt vulnerabilities. Looking forward, the... mehr

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    Many Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, like Benin, have scaled up public investment during the last decade. Such a strategy contributed to the improvement of infrastructure, but also to a build-up of debt vulnerabilities. Looking forward, the planned fiscal consolidation will result in some restraint of public spending, and, in particular, public investment. In this context, maintaining or even raising the region's economic growth will require an offset by the private sector. The analysis draws lessons from countries that have successfully transitioned from public investment to private investment-led growth using a global sample starting in the mid-1980s. These lessons highlight policies that have been crucial in fostering a rebound of private investment in the wake of a contraction of public investment. The analytical framework proposed by Hausman, Rodrik and Velasco (2005) is used to identify and classify such policies. Finally, the paper analyses how the identified policies could help Benin achieving a smooth transition from public to private sector-led growth

     

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  20. An extended quarterly projection model
    credit cycle, macrofinancial linkages and macroprudential measures : the case of the Philippines
    Erschienen: October 2021
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    We extend a modern practical Quarterly Projection Model to study credit cycle dynamics and risks, focusing on macrofinancial linkages and the role of macroprudential policy in achieving economic and financial stability. We tailor the model to the... mehr

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    We extend a modern practical Quarterly Projection Model to study credit cycle dynamics and risks, focusing on macrofinancial linkages and the role of macroprudential policy in achieving economic and financial stability. We tailor the model to the Philippines and evaluate the model's properties along several dimensions. The model produces plausible dynamics and sensible forecasts. This along with its simplicity makes it useful for policy analysis. In particular, it should help policymakers understand the quantitative implications of responding to changes in domestic financial conditions, along with other shocks, through the joint use of macroprudential and monetary policies

     

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    ISBN: 9781589068711
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    Schriftenreihe: IMF working paper ; WP/21, 256
    Schlagworte: Philippines; Forecasting and Policy Analysis; Quarterly Projection Model; Monetary Policy; Macroprudential Policy; Credit Cycle; Leverage Ratio; Credit Cycle Dynamics; Monetary Policy; Money and Interest Rates; Philippines, Forecasting and Policy Analysis; Policy Analysis; Quantitative Policy Modeling
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Morocco's monetary policy transmission in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic
    Erschienen: October 2021
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    This paper finds that the neutral interest rate has been on a downward trajectory in Morocco since the global financial crisis and may have fallen in the wake of the pandemic. In that context, monetary policy transmission to output and prices appears... mehr

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    This paper finds that the neutral interest rate has been on a downward trajectory in Morocco since the global financial crisis and may have fallen in the wake of the pandemic. In that context, monetary policy transmission to output and prices appears relatively muted given limited exchange rate flexibility until recently. Also, monetary policy transmission to some market rates has somewhat weakened in the wake of the pandemic. A lower natural rate and low policy rates raise the question of whether further rate reductions would impair the banking system. We find that the sensitivity of cash demand to deposit rates is low, implying limited risks that banks would lose funding with further reductions. A reliance on checking and savings accounts for funding may impair monetary pass-through, however. If monetary policy reaches its effective lower bound, limited and credible recourse to an asset purchase program could usefully complement conventional measures and strengthen monetary policy transmission under an inflation-targeting regime with a flexible exchange rate

     

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    ISBN: 9781589067264
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    Schriftenreihe: IMF working paper ; WP/21, 249
    Schlagworte: Monetary policy; neutral interest rate; unconventional monetary policy; IMF Working Papers; Monetary Policy Transmission; Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money; Monetary Policy, Neutral Interest Rate and Unconventional Monetary Policy; Money and Interest Rates
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Mobile Money, Interoperability, and Financial Inclusion
    Erschienen: September 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This paper investigates the tradeoff between competition and financial inclusion resulting from the vertical integration between mobile network and money operators. Joining newly assembled data on mobile money fees through the WayBack machine, with... mehr

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    This paper investigates the tradeoff between competition and financial inclusion resulting from the vertical integration between mobile network and money operators. Joining newly assembled data on mobile money fees through the WayBack machine, with sources on network coverage and financials, we examine the staggering across African operators and countries of platform interoperability - a policy that promotes transactions and competition across mobile money operators. Our results show that interoperability benefits users by lowering mobile money fees and their dispersion across operators. However, these positive effects are offset by a decrease in mobile towers and network coverage, especially in rural and poor districts, which, in turn, leads to a lower financial inclusion. We note that combining interoperability with subsidies for rural telecommunications delivers lower fees without hurting coverage

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w31696
    Schlagworte: Mobilkommunikation; Electronic Banking; Elektronisches Geld; Finanzielle Inklusion; Afrika; Money and Interest Rates; Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance; General
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  23. US Monetary Policy and the Return to Price Stability
    Erschienen: August 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This paper assesses the proximate causes of the post pandemic surge in US inflation, the Federal Reserve's real time reaction to and interpretation of incoming data in 2021, and the pivot to raising rates and shrinking the balance sheet that... mehr

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    Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) / Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universitätsbibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    This paper assesses the proximate causes of the post pandemic surge in US inflation, the Federal Reserve's real time reaction to and interpretation of incoming data in 2021, and the pivot to raising rates and shrinking the balance sheet that commenced in 2022 and continues in 2023. Particular attention is devoted to the role, if any, that Fed's August 2020 revisions to its monetary policy framework may have played in delaying lift - off relative to counterfactuals informed by simple policy rules, including a framework - consistent "shortfalls" policy rule featured in its semi - annual Monetary Policy Reports

     

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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w31520
    Schlagworte: Inflation; Inflationsbekämpfung; Geldpolitik; Zentralbank; USA; General; Money and Interest Rates; Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  24. Strategic Money and Credit Ledgers
    Erschienen: August 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This paper studies strategic decision making by a private currency ledger operator, which faces competition from public money and/or other ledgers. A monopoly ledger operator can incentivize contract enforcement across the financial sector by... mehr

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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) / Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universitätsbibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    This paper studies strategic decision making by a private currency ledger operator, which faces competition from public money and/or other ledgers. A monopoly ledger operator can incentivize contract enforcement across the financial sector by threatening exclusion, but it can also impose markups through its pricing power. Currency competition limits rent extraction, but also makes coordinated contract enforcement more fragile. The emergent market structure bundles the provision of ledger and platform trading technologies. Regulation to ensure platform cooperation on contract enforcement and competition on markup setting is effective so long as agents can easily switch between platforms

     

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  25. The Zero-Beta Interest Rate
    Erschienen: August 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We use equity returns to construct a time-varying measure of the interest rate that we call the zero-beta rate: the expected return of a stock portfolio orthogonal to the stochastic discount factor. The zero-beta rate is high and volatile. In... mehr

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    Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) / Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universitätsbibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    We use equity returns to construct a time-varying measure of the interest rate that we call the zero-beta rate: the expected return of a stock portfolio orthogonal to the stochastic discount factor. The zero-beta rate is high and volatile. In contrast to safe rates, the zero-beta rate fits the aggregate consumption Euler equation remarkably well, both unconditionally and conditional on monetary shocks, and can explain the level and volatility of asset prices. We claim that the zero-beta rate is the correct intertemporal price

     

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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w31596
    Schlagworte: Zinsstruktur; Aktie; Zins; Theorie; General; Money and Interest Rates; Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
    Bemerkung(en):

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