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  1. Joined by Water (JbW)
    IDB's Transboundary Waters Program
    Autor*in: Muñoz Castillo, Raul; Hearns, Glen; Trejo, Denea Larissa; Pabon Zamora, Luis
    Erschienen: April 2021
    Verlag:  IDB, Inter-American Development Bank, [Washington, DC]

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / IDB, Inter-American Development Bank ; no IDB-DP-00860
    Schlagworte: Water and Sanitation; Water security; Transboundary waters; Latin America and the Caribbean
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Can fintech foster competition in the banking system in Latin America and the Caribbean?
    Autor*in: Suchanan Tambunlertchai; Bejar, Pablo; Ishi, Kotaro; Komatsuzaki, Takuji; Shibata, Ippei; Sin, Jasmin
    Erschienen: April 2021
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    This paper revisits the competitive environment of the banking system in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and investigates the early impact of fintech development in the region thus far. Against the backdrop of high net interest margins (NIMs)... mehr

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    This paper revisits the competitive environment of the banking system in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and investigates the early impact of fintech development in the region thus far. Against the backdrop of high net interest margins (NIMs) and limited financial depth in the region, panel regressions broadly confirm results of existing literature on the association of NIMs with the changes in the financial sector structure, including market concentration, administrative costs, and foreign banks, although differences between domestic and foreign banks narrowed after the 2008-09 Global Financial Crisis. Difference-in-difference regressions and case studies on Brazil and Mexico suggest that fintech is associated with a reduction in NIMs and defensive responses by incumbent banks that benefit consumers. The case studies also shed light on regulatory approaches and prudential considerations in fostering financial innovation and banking sector competition

     
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    ISBN: 9781513573823
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    Schriftenreihe: IMF working paper ; WP/21, 114
    Schlagworte: Banking; Competition; Fintech; Latin America and the Caribbean; Foreign Exchange; Informal Economy; Monetary Systems; Standards; Underground Econom
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Chinese investment in Latin America
    sectoral complementarity and the impact of China's rebalancing
    Autor*in: Ding, Ding; Di Vittorio, Fabio; Lariau, Ana; Zhou, Yue
    Erschienen: June 2021
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    Over the last decade China's investment in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has increased substantially in volume and become more diversified from natural resources to other industries. Using cross-border mergers and acquisitions data, we... mehr

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    Over the last decade China's investment in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has increased substantially in volume and become more diversified from natural resources to other industries. Using cross-border mergers and acquisitions data, we demonstrate that since mid-2010s China's overseas investment has tilted toward sectors where China has a comparative advantage in the global markets, a trend similar to that of other major foreign direct investment (FDI) source countries. Moreover, China's rising overseas investment can be linked to the rebalancing of Chinese economy, and LAC stands to benefit from its complementarity vis-a-vis China in sectors where the rising Chinese overseas investment can be met with LAC's own investment gaps. The COVID-19 pandemic could have a long-lasting impact on global value chains and FDI flows, which poses both challenges and opportunities to LAC in attracting FDI, including from China, to support the region's long-run economic development

     
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    ISBN: 9781513573342
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    Schriftenreihe: IMF working paper ; WP/21, 160
    Schlagworte: Foreign Direct Investment; Mergers and Acquisitions; China’s Rebalancing; Latin America and the Caribbean; Foreign Exchange; Informal Economy; International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements; Underground Econom
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Monitoring progress in multi-dimensional poverty reduction: a person-focused and inequality-sensitive approach with evidence from Nicaragua
    Autor*in: Espinoza-Delgado, José
    Erschienen: July 2020
    Verlag:  Courant Research Centre, Goettingen, Germany

    In this paper, considering the overarching concern of the 2030 sustainable development agenda, "leaving no one behind", and targets 1.2 and 10.1 of the SDGs, we stress that the mainstream approach to multidimensional poverty measurement in developing... mehr

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    In this paper, considering the overarching concern of the 2030 sustainable development agenda, "leaving no one behind", and targets 1.2 and 10.1 of the SDGs, we stress that the mainstream approach to multidimensional poverty measurement in developing countries faces some deficiencies to properly monitor progress in multidimensional poverty reduction, mainly because it uses the household as the unit of identification, ignoring thus intra-household inequalities, and is totally insensitive to inequality among the multi-dimensionally poor individuals, a serious defect of any poverty measure. Consequently, we propose to depart somewhat from the mainstream approach and to adopt a person-focused and inequality-sensitive framework, which is applied to the case of Nicaragua. Overall, we find that in this country, multidimensional poverty decreased between 2001 and 2014, but inequality among the multi-dimensionally poor individuals, an issue that has been ignored by the mainstream approach, increased substantially during that period; in other words, people's deprivation scores were less unequally distributed in 2001 than in 2014. These findings suggest that progress in multidimensional poverty reduction in Nicaragua seems to be leaving behind the poorest of the poor, challenging thus the overarching concern of the SDGs agenda.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion papers / Courant Research Centre ; no. 277
    Schlagworte: multi-dimensional poverty; individual-based measures; inequality-sensitive measures; Nicaragua; Latin America and the Caribbean
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Tax policy for inclusive growth in Latin America and the Caribbean
    Autor*in: Acosta Ormaechea, Santiago Leonardo Enrique; Pienknagura, Samuel; Pizzinelli, Carlo
    Erschienen: 2022 JAN
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    This study provides an overview of tax structures in LAC before the COVID-19 pandemic, compares it to OECD countries, and provides recommendations for growth-friendly and inclusive tax policy reforms. LAC countries collect significantly lower tax... mehr

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    This study provides an overview of tax structures in LAC before the COVID-19 pandemic, compares it to OECD countries, and provides recommendations for growth-friendly and inclusive tax policy reforms. LAC countries collect significantly lower tax revenue relative to OECD countries and have tax structures that rely excessively on corporate-income taxes (CIT) while personal-income taxes (PIT) remain largely underutilized. LAC countries could strengthen their PIT to mobilize revenue and improve progressivity by addressing critical design flaws. Possible adverse growth effects could be mitigated by providing incentives to labor force participation and formalization (e.g., through earned-income tax credits). The ongoing global corporate income tax reforms present a great opportunity to reassess thoroughly the CIT in LAC. Specifically, reforms would need to focus on aligning CIT statutory rates with those of other regions-when assessed to be relatively high-to attract investment and alleviate profit shifting, and on broadening the corporate tax base. Value-added taxes (VAT) could be improved by tackling exemptions and reduced rates. Furthermore, while estimates of additional revenue from levying the VAT on the digital economy appear modest, taxing this sector as others in the economy is critical to avoid further tax base erosion

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / International Monetary Fund ; WP/22, 8
    Schlagworte: Taxation; Progressivity; Inclusive Growth; Latin America and the Caribbean; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence; Fiscal Policy; Measurement of Economic Growth; Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Social protection and response to COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean
    innovations in registration and payment systems
    Autor*in: Palomo, Nurth; Faulbaum, Luis Vargas; Machado, Anna Carolina; Rolon, Camila; Soares, Fabio Veras; Rubio, Mónica; Alejandre, Florencia; Escaroz, Gerardo
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG), Brasília/DF, Brazil

    The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has hit the foundations of the economy and provoked devastating social effects in all the countries in the world, being Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) one of the most affected regions. This report updates... mehr

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    The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has hit the foundations of the economy and provoked devastating social effects in all the countries in the world, being Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) one of the most affected regions. This report updates the regional overview of the response measures to the pandemic, details cash transfer programmes and analyses their coverage and discusses the challenges in adopting these innovations during the response to the first outbreak of the virus in Latin America and the Caribbean.

     
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    hdl: 10419/265324
    Schriftenreihe: Research report / International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth ; no. 63
    Schlagworte: Coronavirus; Soziale Sicherheit; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen; Lateinamerika; Karibischer Raum; COVID-19; pandemic response; social protection; Latin America and the Caribbean
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 76 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. The Finance-growth nexus in Latin America and the Caribbean
    a meta-analytic perspective
    Autor*in: Iwasaki, Ichirō
    Erschienen: October 2021
    Verlag:  Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan

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    hdl: 10086/72451
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / Center for Economic Institutions ; no. 2021, 4
    Schlagworte: financial development and liberalization; economic growth; meta-analysis; publication selection bias; Latin America and the Caribbean
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten)
  8. Sustainable financing of economic and social infrastructure in Latin America and the Caribbean
    trends, key agents, and instruments
    Autor*in: Alvarez Pagliuca, Claudia; Martínez Álvarez, Juan; Santos, Pablo Pereira dos; Serebrisky, Tomás; Suárez-Alemán, Ancor
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Inter-American Development Bank, [Washington, DC]

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    Schriftenreihe: IDB working paper series ; 1036
    Schlagworte: Infrastructure; Financing; Sustainable Development; Latin America and the Caribbean; Economic Infrastructure; Social Infrastructure
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 72 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Reforms to foster sustainable and inclusive infrastructure in Latin America and the Caribbean
    Autor*in: Yépez-García, Ariel; Balza, Lenin H.; Serebrisky, Tomás
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Inter-American Development Bank, [Washington, DC]

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    Schriftenreihe: IDB monograph ; 1025
    Schlagworte: Infrastructure; Sustainable Development; Latin America and the Caribbean
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Shockwaves
    Latin America and the Caribbean facing global trade turmoil
    Autor*in: Campos, Rosario; Michalczewsky, Kathia
    Erschienen: November 2022
    Verlag:  Inter-American Development Bank, [Washington, DC]

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    Beteiligt: Giordano, Paolo (HerausgeberIn, VerfasserIn)
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    hdl: 11159/15905
    Schriftenreihe: Trade and integration monitor ; 2022
    IDB monograph ; 1048
    Schlagworte: Trade; Integration; Exports; Services; Latin America and the Caribbean; Science and Technology; Digital Technology; Extractive Industry; Energy Transition; Mining; Automation; ESG; Blockchain; Social Impact
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 107 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Iniciativa cinturão e rota na América Latina
    entre adesões e hesitações
    Autor*in: Ungaretti, Carlos Renato; Nunes, Ticiana Gabrielle Amaral; Di Marco, Giulia Marianna Rodrigues; Mendonça, Marco Aurélio Alves de
    Erschienen: novembro de 2022
    Verlag:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília

    The present article analyzes the recent expansion of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The study is justified by the noticeable increase and diversification of economic relations between the region and China... mehr

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    The present article analyzes the recent expansion of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The study is justified by the noticeable increase and diversification of economic relations between the region and China in recent years. The advance of the BRI in Latin America is interpreted in line with the theoretical and conceptual contributions of the field of International Cooperation for Development (ICD). Specific cases of Latin American countries have been analyzed and their particularities highlighted. It is argued that these countries' decision to join the initiative is not a homogeneous phenomenon, but endowed with multiple potentials and challenges.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2818
    Schlagworte: China; Latin America and the Caribbean; Belt and Road Initiative; foreign direct investment; infrastructure
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten)
  12. Iniciativa cinturão e rota na América Latina
    perspectiva geoeconômica
    Autor*in: Lopes Filho, Carlos Renato da Fonseca Ungaretti; Nunes, Ticiana Gabrielle Amaral; Di Marco, Giulia Marianna Rodrigues; Mendonça, Marco Aurélio Alves de
    Erschienen: novembro de 2022
    Verlag:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília

    The article follows concepts from the field of International Political Economy (IPE). Its objective is to analyze the evolution of economic relations between China and countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), especially in the context of... mehr

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    The article follows concepts from the field of International Political Economy (IPE). Its objective is to analyze the evolution of economic relations between China and countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), especially in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), or New Silk Road. Economic interactions have increased in the last decade, especially through trade, investments, loans and infrastructure projects.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2819
    Schlagworte: China; Latin America and the Caribbean; Belt and Road Initiative; foreign direct investment; infrastructure
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 73 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Can fintech foster competition in the banking system in Latin America and the Caribbean?
    Autor*in: Suchanan Tambunlertchai; Bejar, Pablo; Ishi, Kotaro; Komatsuzaki, Takuji; Shibata, Ippei; Sin, Jasmin
    Erschienen: April 2021
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    This paper revisits the competitive environment of the banking system in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and investigates the early impact of fintech development in the region thus far. Against the backdrop of high net interest margins (NIMs)... mehr

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    This paper revisits the competitive environment of the banking system in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and investigates the early impact of fintech development in the region thus far. Against the backdrop of high net interest margins (NIMs) and limited financial depth in the region, panel regressions broadly confirm results of existing literature on the association of NIMs with the changes in the financial sector structure, including market concentration, administrative costs, and foreign banks, although differences between domestic and foreign banks narrowed after the 2008-09 Global Financial Crisis. Difference-in-difference regressions and case studies on Brazil and Mexico suggest that fintech is associated with a reduction in NIMs and defensive responses by incumbent banks that benefit consumers. The case studies also shed light on regulatory approaches and prudential considerations in fostering financial innovation and banking sector competition

     
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    ISBN: 9781513573823
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    Schriftenreihe: IMF working paper ; WP/21, 114
    Schlagworte: Banking; Competition; Fintech; Latin America and the Caribbean; Foreign Exchange; Informal Economy; Monetary Systems; Standards; Underground Econom
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Tax policy for inclusive growth in Latin America and the Caribbean
    Autor*in: Acosta Ormaechea, Santiago Leonardo Enrique; Pienknagura, Samuel; Pizzinelli, Carlo
    Erschienen: 2022 JAN
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    This study provides an overview of tax structures in LAC before the COVID-19 pandemic, compares it to OECD countries, and provides recommendations for growth-friendly and inclusive tax policy reforms. LAC countries collect significantly lower tax... mehr

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    This study provides an overview of tax structures in LAC before the COVID-19 pandemic, compares it to OECD countries, and provides recommendations for growth-friendly and inclusive tax policy reforms. LAC countries collect significantly lower tax revenue relative to OECD countries and have tax structures that rely excessively on corporate-income taxes (CIT) while personal-income taxes (PIT) remain largely underutilized. LAC countries could strengthen their PIT to mobilize revenue and improve progressivity by addressing critical design flaws. Possible adverse growth effects could be mitigated by providing incentives to labor force participation and formalization (e.g., through earned-income tax credits). The ongoing global corporate income tax reforms present a great opportunity to reassess thoroughly the CIT in LAC. Specifically, reforms would need to focus on aligning CIT statutory rates with those of other regions-when assessed to be relatively high-to attract investment and alleviate profit shifting, and on broadening the corporate tax base. Value-added taxes (VAT) could be improved by tackling exemptions and reduced rates. Furthermore, while estimates of additional revenue from levying the VAT on the digital economy appear modest, taxing this sector as others in the economy is critical to avoid further tax base erosion

     
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    ISBN: 9781616358297
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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / International Monetary Fund ; WP/22, 8
    Schlagworte: Taxation; Progressivity; Inclusive Growth; Latin America and the Caribbean; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence; Fiscal Policy; Measurement of Economic Growth; Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Chinese investment in Latin America
    sectoral complementarity and the impact of China's rebalancing
    Autor*in: Ding, Ding; Di Vittorio, Fabio; Lariau, Ana; Zhou, Yue
    Erschienen: June 2021
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    Over the last decade China's investment in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has increased substantially in volume and become more diversified from natural resources to other industries. Using cross-border mergers and acquisitions data, we... mehr

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    Over the last decade China's investment in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has increased substantially in volume and become more diversified from natural resources to other industries. Using cross-border mergers and acquisitions data, we demonstrate that since mid-2010s China's overseas investment has tilted toward sectors where China has a comparative advantage in the global markets, a trend similar to that of other major foreign direct investment (FDI) source countries. Moreover, China's rising overseas investment can be linked to the rebalancing of Chinese economy, and LAC stands to benefit from its complementarity vis-a-vis China in sectors where the rising Chinese overseas investment can be met with LAC's own investment gaps. The COVID-19 pandemic could have a long-lasting impact on global value chains and FDI flows, which poses both challenges and opportunities to LAC in attracting FDI, including from China, to support the region's long-run economic development

     
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    ISBN: 9781513573342
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    Schriftenreihe: IMF working paper ; WP/21, 160
    Schlagworte: Foreign Direct Investment; Mergers and Acquisitions; China’s Rebalancing; Latin America and the Caribbean; Foreign Exchange; Informal Economy; International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements; Underground Econom
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Inequality bands
    seventy-five years of measuring income inequality in Latin America
    Autor*in: Alvaredo, Facundo; Bourguignon, François; Ferreira, Francisco H. G.; Lustig, Nora
    Erschienen: 21 February 2024
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

    Drawing on a comprehensive compilation of quantile shares and inequality measures for 34 countries, including over 5,600 estimated Gini coefficients, we review the measurement of income inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean over the last... mehr

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    Drawing on a comprehensive compilation of quantile shares and inequality measures for 34 countries, including over 5,600 estimated Gini coefficients, we review the measurement of income inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean over the last seven decades. Although the evidence from the first quarter century – roughly until the 1970s – is too fragmentary and difficult to compare, clearer patterns emerge for the last fifty years. The central feature of these patterns is a broad inverted U curve, with inequality rising in most countries prior to the 1990s, and falling during the early 21st Century, at least until the mid-2010s, when trends appear to diverge across countries. This broad pattern is modified by country specificities, with considerable variation in timing and magnitude. Whereas this broad picture emerges for the dynamics, there is much more uncertainty about the exact levels of inequality in the region. The uncertainty arises from the disparity in estimates for the same country/year combinations, depending on whether they come from household surveys exclusively; from some combination of surveys and administrative tax data; and on whether they attempt to scale income aggregates to achieve consistency with National Accounts estimates. Since no single method is fully convincing at present, we are left with (often wide) ranges, or bands, of inequality as our best summaries of inequality levels. Reassuringly, however, the dynamic patterns are generally robust across the bands.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP18852
    Schlagworte: income inequality; measurement; Latin America and the Caribbean
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Speaking of integrity in water and sanitation
    recent evolution of the integrity and transparency conversation in the water and sanitation sector in Latin America and the Caribbean
    Autor*in: Ortiz, Raphaëlle; Núñez, Anamaría; Basani, Marcello; Gamba, Jacopo; Calderón, Claudia; Núñez, Patricia
    Erschienen: April, 2022
    Verlag:  IDB, Inter-American Development Bank, [Washington, DC]

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / IDB, Inter-American Development Bank ; no IDB-DP-00942
    Schlagworte: water; transparency; integrity; corruption; sanitation; hygiene; sustainable development goals; Latin America and the Caribbean; digital conversation; social media
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. What have we learned from the design and delivery of remote and hybrid early childhood development services during the pandemic?
    Autor*in: Rubio-Codina, Marta; López Bóo, Florencia
    Erschienen: August 2022
    Verlag:  IDB, Inter-American Development Bank, [Washington, DC]

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / IDB, Inter-American Development Bank ; no IDB-DP-963
    Schlagworte: remote services; virtual services; hybrid modalities; COVID-19; early childhood services; Latin America and the Caribbean; child development; parenting practices
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Seventy-five years of measuring income inequality in Latin America
    Autor*in: Alvaredo, Facundo; Bourguignon, François; Ferreira, Francisco H. G.; Lustig, Nora
    Erschienen: September 2023
    Verlag:  International Inequalities Institute, The London School of Economics and Political Science, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / LSE International Inequalities Institute ; 111
    LACIR series
    Schlagworte: income inequality; measurement; Latin America and the Caribbean
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Cash transfers, poverty, and inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean
    Autor*in: Stampini, Marco; Medellín, Nadin; Ibarrarán, Pablo
    Erschienen: November 2023
    Verlag:  International Inequalities Institute, The London School of Economics and Political Science, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / LSE International Inequalities Institute ; 116
    LACIR series
    Schlagworte: cash transfer programs; conditional cash transfers; non-contributory pensions; coverage; leakage; targeting; social protection; Latin America and the Caribbean
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Inequality and market power in Latin America and the Caribbean
    Autor*in: Eslava, Marcela; García Marín, Alvaro; Messina, Julián
    Erschienen: November 2023
    Verlag:  International Inequalities Institute, The London School of Economics and Political Science, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / LSE International Inequalities Institute ; 119
    LACIR series
    Schlagworte: Labor market power; product market power; markups; markdowns; Latin America and the Caribbean
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Labor market gender gaps in the time of COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean
    Autor*in: Acevedo, Ivonne; Castellani, Francesca; Lotti, Giulia; Székely, Miguel
    Erschienen: November 2022
    Verlag:  Inter-American Development Bank, Department of Research and Chief Economist, [Washington, DC]

    This study shows that the trend of declining gender gaps in labor market indicators in Latin America in previous decades did not change significantly in most countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, a closer look at the dynamics during the... mehr

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    This study shows that the trend of declining gender gaps in labor market indicators in Latin America in previous decades did not change significantly in most countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, a closer look at the dynamics during the 2019-2021 period shows that (i) women were harder hit in terms of employment losses during the 2020 economic shock; (ii) despite the labor market recovery, women in 2021 often remained less likely to work than they did in 2019; nevertheless, (iii) in a subset of countries the gender gap in employment rates widened. However, relative to the value of their 2019 wages, the accumulated income losses were considerably greater for women than for men in most cases. This can create scarring effects for the future through greater vulnerability, lower incomes, and reduced probabilities of job insertion. The groups of women hit hardest by the shock were those with less than a tertiary education, those in the 14- 24 year-old age group, those living in urban areas, and those working in the tertiary sector.

     
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    hdl: 10419/289992
    Schriftenreihe: IDB working paper series ; no IDB-WP-01402
    Schlagworte: gender gaps; labor markets; COVID-19; Latin America and the Caribbean
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Inequality bands
    seventy-five years of measuring income inequality in Latin America
    Autor*in: Alvaredo, Facundo; Bourguignon, François; Ferreira, Francisco H. G.; Lustig, Nora
    Erschienen: 21 February 2024
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

    Drawing on a comprehensive compilation of quantile shares and inequality measures for 34 countries, including over 5,600 estimated Gini coefficients, we review the measurement of income inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean over the last... mehr

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    Drawing on a comprehensive compilation of quantile shares and inequality measures for 34 countries, including over 5,600 estimated Gini coefficients, we review the measurement of income inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean over the last seven decades. Although the evidence from the first quarter century – roughly until the 1970s – is too fragmentary and difficult to compare, clearer patterns emerge for the last fifty years. The central feature of these patterns is a broad inverted U curve, with inequality rising in most countries prior to the 1990s, and falling during the early 21st Century, at least until the mid-2010s, when trends appear to diverge across countries. This broad pattern is modified by country specificities, with considerable variation in timing and magnitude. Whereas this broad picture emerges for the dynamics, there is much more uncertainty about the exact levels of inequality in the region. The uncertainty arises from the disparity in estimates for the same country/year combinations, depending on whether they come from household surveys exclusively; from some combination of surveys and administrative tax data; and on whether they attempt to scale income aggregates to achieve consistency with National Accounts estimates. Since no single method is fully convincing at present, we are left with (often wide) ranges, or bands, of inequality as our best summaries of inequality levels. Reassuringly, however, the dynamic patterns are generally robust across the bands.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP18852
    Schlagworte: income inequality; measurement; Latin America and the Caribbean
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Water affordability measures under multiple and non-exclusive sources in Latin America and the Caribbean
    Autor*in: Martínez-Espiñeira, Roberto; P´erez-Urdiales, María
    Erschienen: January 2024
    Verlag:  Inter-American Development Bank, Water and Sanitation Division, [Washington, DC]

    Standard water affordability measures that only account for expenditure on piped water are unlikely to adequately capture the situation of all consumers in developing countries, who often experience water service quality issues and must rely on... mehr

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    Standard water affordability measures that only account for expenditure on piped water are unlikely to adequately capture the situation of all consumers in developing countries, who often experience water service quality issues and must rely on coping strategies. We construct and compare a series of water affordability ratios including coping costs, and we also adjust these ratios by normative judgements about the need for coping strategies. We use nationally representative household-level data from 18 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, providing, for the first time, a regional perspective on water affordability. We show that the share of income devoted to water expenses substantially increases when we consider coping costs, particularly affecting the bottom 20% of the income distribution. These findings should be of interest to policymakers aiming at promoting access to safe and affordable water as we also identify the characteristics associated with water affordability issues.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / [Inter-American Development Bank] ; no IDB-WP-01571
    Schlagworte: water affordability; water quality issues; regulation; Latin America and the Caribbean
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Sudden stops in Latin America and the Caribbean during COVID-19
    Autor*in: Cavallo, Eduardo A.; González, María José; Hernández, Juan; Powell, Andrew
    Erschienen: February 2022
    Verlag:  Inter-American Development Bank, Department of Research and Chief Economist, [Washington, DC]

    External capital accounts suffered during the COVID-19 crisis in Latin America and the Caribbean, but perhaps surprisingly the impacts were less severe than in previous crises. Gross capital inflows offset the outflows of residents, in sharp contrast... mehr

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    External capital accounts suffered during the COVID-19 crisis in Latin America and the Caribbean, but perhaps surprisingly the impacts were less severe than in previous crises. Gross capital inflows offset the outflows of residents, in sharp contrast to the global financial crisis of 2008/09 when residents' repatriation of capital countered withdrawals from non-residents. In general, the result was relatively stable net capital inflows and modest current account adjustments. Still, some countries that had seen inflows fall prior to the crisis, reflecting weaker fundamentals, suffered Sudden Stops in net capital flows. Given accommodating global monetary policy, sound fundamentals ensured access to liquid international capital markets, reducing the impacts of Sudden Stops during the pandemic.

     
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    hdl: 10419/290072
    Schriftenreihe: IDB working paper series ; no IDB-WP-1313
    Schlagworte: Sudden stops; Gross and net capital flows; External accounts; COVID19; Latin America and the Caribbean
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen