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  1. The Privacy Elasticity of Behavior
    Conceptualization and Application
    Autor*in: Dekel, Inbal; Cummings, Rachel; Heffetz, Ori; Ligett, Katrina
    Erschienen: July 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We propose and initiate the study of privacy elasticity--the responsiveness of economic variables to small changes in the level of privacy given to participants in an economic system. Individuals rarely experience either full privacy or a complete... mehr

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    Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden
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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    We propose and initiate the study of privacy elasticity--the responsiveness of economic variables to small changes in the level of privacy given to participants in an economic system. Individuals rarely experience either full privacy or a complete lack of privacy; we propose to use differential privacy--a computer-science theory increasingly adopted by industry and government--as a standardized means of quantifying continuous privacy changes. The resulting privacy measure implies a privacy-elasticity notion that is portable and comparable across contexts. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach by estimating the privacy elasticity of public-good contributions in a lab experiment

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30215
    Schlagworte: Asymmetrische Information; Experiment; Verhaltensökonomik; Laboratory, Individual Behavior; Asymmetric and Private Information; Mechanism Design; General
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  2. Age and the labor market for Hispanics in the United States
    Autor*in: Lahey, Joanna; Mosquera, Roberto M.
    Erschienen: June 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We explore the labor market for Hispanic high school graduates in the United States by age using information from the US Census, American Community Survey, Current Population Survey, and three laboratory experiments. We find, in general, that the... mehr

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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) / Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universitätsbibliothek
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    We explore the labor market for Hispanic high school graduates in the United States by age using information from the US Census, American Community Survey, Current Population Survey, and three laboratory experiments. We find, in general, that the differences in outcomes for Hispanic and non-Hispanic high school graduates do not change across the lifecycle. Moving to a laboratory setting, we provided participants with randomized resumes for a clerical position that are on average equivalent except for name and age (as indicated by date of high school graduation). In all three experiments, hypothetical applicants with Hispanic and non-Hispanic names were generally treated the same across the lifecycle by a student population, a population of human resources managers, and a more general population from mTurk. These results stand in contrast to earlier results that find strong differences by age in how resumes with Black and White names are treated

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30171
    Schlagworte: Hispano-Amerikaner; Weiße; Absolventen; Arbeitsuche; Vergleich; Experiment; USA; Laboratory, Individual Behavior; Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped; Non-Labor Market Discrimination; Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination; Public Policy; Labor Discrimination; Personnel Economics
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  3. Cognitive Imprecision and Stake-Dependent Risk Attitudes
    Autor*in: Khaw, Mel Win; Li, Ziang; Woodford, Michael
    Erschienen: September 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    In an experiment that elicits subjects' willingness to pay (WTP) for the outcome of a lottery, we confirm the fourfold pattern of risk attitudes described by Kahneman and Tversky. In addition, we document a systematic effect of stake sizes on the... mehr

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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    In an experiment that elicits subjects' willingness to pay (WTP) for the outcome of a lottery, we confirm the fourfold pattern of risk attitudes described by Kahneman and Tversky. In addition, we document a systematic effect of stake sizes on the magnitude and sign of the relative risk premium, holding fixed both the probability that a lottery pays off and the sign of its payoff (gain vs. loss). We further show that in our data, there is a log-linear relationship between the monetary payoff of the lottery and WTP, conditional on the probability of the payoff and its sign. We account quantitatively for this relationship, and the way in which it varies with both the probability and sign of the lottery payoff, in a model in which all departures from risk-neutral bidding are attributed to an optimal adaptation of bidding behavior to the presence of cognitive noise. Moreover, the cognitive noise required by our hypothesis is consistent with patterns of bias and variability in judgments about numerical magnitudes and probabilities that have been observed in other contexts

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30417
    Schlagworte: Zahlungsbereitschaftsanalyse; Risikopräferenz; Experiment; Laboratory, Individual Behavior; Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles; Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty; Neuroeconomics
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  4. Team Incentives and Lower Ability Workers
    An Experimental Study on Real-Effort Tasks
    Autor*in: Freeman, Richard B.; Pan, Xiaofei; Yang, Xiaolan; Ye, Maoliang
    Erschienen: September 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Team incentives are important in many compensation systems that pay workers according to the output of their team as well as to their own output, with team bonuses often depending on whether the team meets or exceeds specified thresholds. Yet little... mehr

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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Team incentives are important in many compensation systems that pay workers according to the output of their team as well as to their own output, with team bonuses often depending on whether the team meets or exceeds specified thresholds. Yet little is known about how team members with different abilities respond to compensation rules and thresholds. We contrast the performance of lower ability participants and higher ability participants in an experiment with three distribution schemes - equal sharing, piece rate sharing, and tournament style winner-takes-all - in settings with and without a team threshold. Workers randomly assigned to equal sharing had higher productivity than those assigned to winner-takes-all and had similar productivity to workers in individual piece-rate scheme with no team element. Output under equal sharing was boosted by the higher productivity of less able workers, possibly motivated by a desire to avoid guilt feelings about letting down their partners, per models of guilt aversion. Given a choice of distribution schemes, participants selected piece rate sharing over equal sharing and favored both of those over winner-takes-all, with persons facing a team threshold evincing greater preference for equal sharing and concern about cooperation in chatting about the teams' compensation system than others. The findings suggest that organizations with teams of workers with varying abilities are likely to do better if the organization can fully consider lower ability workers' responsiveness to sharing in rewards, e.g., to have an equal sharing component in its compensation system when they are strongly guilt averse

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30427
    Schlagworte: Arbeitsgruppe; Arbeitsleistung; Leistungsanreiz; Leistungsentgelt; Laboratory, Individual Behavior; Laboratory, Group Behavior; Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights; Compensation Packages; Payment Methods
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  5. Multiple Price Lists for Willingness to Pay Elicitation
    Autor*in: Jack, B. Kelsey; McDermott, Kathryn; Sautmann, Anja
    Erschienen: September 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Multiple price lists are a convenient tool to elicit willingness to pay (WTP) in surveys and experiments, but choice patterns such as "multiple switching" and "never switching" indicate high error rates. Existing measurement approaches often do not... mehr

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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Multiple price lists are a convenient tool to elicit willingness to pay (WTP) in surveys and experiments, but choice patterns such as "multiple switching" and "never switching" indicate high error rates. Existing measurement approaches often do not provide accurate standard errors and cannot correct for bias due to framing and order effects. We propose to combine a randomization approach with a random-effects latent utility model to detect bias and account for error. Data from a choice experiment in South Africa shows that significant order effects exist which, if uncorrected, would lead to distorted conclusions about subjects' preferences. We provide templates to create a multiple price list survey instrument in SurveyCTO and analyze the resulting data using our proposed methods

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30433
    Schlagworte: Zahlungsbereitschaftsanalyse; Preis; Experiment; Werttheorie; Laboratory, Individual Behavior; Field Experiments; Value Theory; Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development; Valuation of Environmental Effects
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  6. Using Machine Learning for Efficient Flexible Regression Adjustment in Economic Experiments
    Autor*in: List, John A.; Muir, Ian; Sun, Gregory K.
    Erschienen: December 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This study investigates how to use regression adjustment to reduce variance in experimental data. We show that the estimators recommended in the literature satisfy an orthogonality property with respect to the parameters of the adjustment. This... mehr

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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    This study investigates how to use regression adjustment to reduce variance in experimental data. We show that the estimators recommended in the literature satisfy an orthogonality property with respect to the parameters of the adjustment. This observation greatly simplifies the derivation of the asymptotic variance of these estimators and allows us to solve for the efficient regression adjustment in a large class of adjustments. Our efficiency results generalize a number of previous results known in the literature. We then discuss how this efficient regression adjustment can be feasibly implemented. We show the practical relevance of our theory in two ways. First, we use our efficiency results to improve common practices currently employed in field experiments. Second, we show how our theory allows researchers to robustly incorporate machine learning techniques into their experimental estimators to minimize variance

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30756
    Schlagworte: Versuchsplanung; Künstliche Intelligenz; Feldforschung; Schätztheorie; Design of Experiments; General; Laboratory, Individual Behavior; Field Experiments
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  7. A Cognitive View of Policing
    Autor*in: Dube, Oeindrila; MacArthur, Sandy Jo; Shah, Anuj K.
    Erschienen: September 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    What causes adverse policing outcomes, such as excessive uses of force and unnecessary arrests? Prevailing explanations focus on problematic officers or deficient regulations and oversight. Here, we introduce a new, overlooked perspective. We suggest... mehr

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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    What causes adverse policing outcomes, such as excessive uses of force and unnecessary arrests? Prevailing explanations focus on problematic officers or deficient regulations and oversight. Here, we introduce a new, overlooked perspective. We suggest that the cognitive demands inherent in policing can undermine officer decision-making. Unless officers are prepared for these demands, they may jump to conclusions too quickly without fully considering alternative ways of seeing a situation. This can lead to adverse policing outcomes. To test this perspective, we created a new training that teaches officers to more deliberately consider different ways of interpreting the situations they encounter. We evaluated this training using a randomized controlled trial with 2,070 officers from the Chicago Police Department. In a series of lab assessments, we find that treated officers were significantly more likely to consider a wider range of evidence and develop more explanations for subjects' actions. Critically, we also find that training affected officer performance in the field, leading to reductions in uses of force, discretionary arrests, and arrests of Black civilians. Meanwhile, officer activity levels remained unchanged, and trained officers were less likely to be injured on duty. Our results highlight the value of considering the cognitive aspects of policing and demonstrate the power of using behaviorally informed approaches to improve officer decision-making and policing outcomes

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w31651
    Schlagworte: Rechtsdurchsetzung; Polizei; Weiterbildung; Kognition; Projektbewertung; Chicago (Ill.); USA; Laboratory, Individual Behavior; Field Experiments; Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles; Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making; Labor Economics Policies; General; Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
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  8. The Gender Minority Gaps in Confidence and Self-Evaluation
    Autor*in: Aksoy, Billur; Exley, Christine L.; Kessler, Judd B.
    Erschienen: January 2024
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    A rich literature explores gender differences between men and women, but an increasing share of the population identifies their gender in some other way. Analyzing data on roughly 10,000 students and 1,500 adults, we find that such gender minorities... mehr

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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    A rich literature explores gender differences between men and women, but an increasing share of the population identifies their gender in some other way. Analyzing data on roughly 10,000 students and 1,500 adults, we find that such gender minorities are less confident and provide less favorable self-evaluations than equally performing men on a math and science test. We find that these "gender minority gaps" are robust, are as large as--or larger than--gender gaps between men and women, and are domain specific. Administrative data reveals that our confidence and self-evaluation measures are highly predictive of academic performance

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w32061
    Schlagworte: LGBTQ; Geschlechterunterschiede; Selbstevaluation; Experiment; Bildungsniveau; Studium; Persönlichkeitspsychologie; Entscheidungstheorie; Laboratory, Individual Behavior; Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making; Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
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  9. Ends versus Means
    Kantians, Utilitarians, and Moral Decisions
    Autor*in: Bénabou, Roland; Falk, Armin; Henkel, Luca
    Erschienen: January 2024
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Choosing what is morally right can be based on the consequences (ends) resulting from the decision - the Consequentialist view - or on the conformity of the means involved with some overarching notion of duty - the Deontological view. Using a series... mehr

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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    Choosing what is morally right can be based on the consequences (ends) resulting from the decision - the Consequentialist view - or on the conformity of the means involved with some overarching notion of duty - the Deontological view. Using a series of experiments, we investigate the overall prevalence and the consistency of consequentialist and deontological decision-making, when these two moral principles come into conflict. Our design includes a real-stakes version of the classical trolley dilemma, four novel games that induce ends-versus-means tradeoffs, and a rule-following task. These six main games are supplemented with six classical self-versus-other choice tasks, allowing us to relate consequential/deontological behavior to standard measures of prosociality. Across the six main games, we find a sizeable prevalence (20 to 44%) of nonconsequentialist choices by subjects, but no evidence of stable individual preference types across situations. In particular, trolley behavior predicts no other ends-versus-means choices. Instead, which moral principle prevails appears to be context-dependent. In contrast, we find a substantial level of consistency across self-versus-other decisions, but individuals' degree of prosociality is unrelated to how they choose in ends-versus-means tradeoffs

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w32073
    Schlagworte: Utilitarismus; Wirtschaftsethik; Entscheidungstheorie; Spieltheorie; Laboratory, Individual Behavior; Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles; Altruism; Philanthropy; Intergenerational Transfers
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  10. Eliciting Willingness-to-Pay to Decompose Beliefs and Preferences that Determine Selection into Competition in Lab Experiments
    Autor*in: Chen, Yvonne Jie; Dutz, Deniz; Li, Li; Moon, Sarah; Vytlacil, Edward; Zhong, Songfa
    Erschienen: December 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This paper develops a partial-identification methodology for analyzing self-selection into alternative compensation schemes in a laboratory environment. We formulate a model of self-selection in which individuals select the compensation scheme with... mehr

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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    This paper develops a partial-identification methodology for analyzing self-selection into alternative compensation schemes in a laboratory environment. We formulate a model of self-selection in which individuals select the compensation scheme with the largest expected valuation, which depends on individual- and scheme-specific beliefs and non-monetary preferences. We characterize the resulting sharp identified sets for individual-specific willingness-to-pay, subjective beliefs, and preferences, and develop conditions on the experimental design under which these identified sets are informative. We apply our methods to examine gender differences in preference for winner-take-all compensation schemes. We find that what has commonly been attributed to a gender difference in preference for performing in a competition is instead explained by men being more confident than women in their probability of winning a future (though not necessarily a past) competition

     
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w31930
    Schlagworte: Zahlungsbereitschaftsanalyse; Präferenztheorie; Regressionsanalyse; Experiment; Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors; Proportions; Probabilities; Laboratory, Individual Behavior; Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination; Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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