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  1. Fighting Communism Supporting Collusion
    Autor*in: Galiani, Sebastián; Paz y Miño, José Manuel; Torrens, Gustavo
    Erschienen: June 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We develop a simple model to explain why a powerful importer country like the United States may provide political support for international collusive agreements concerning certain commodities (e.g., coffee). This behavior raises questions due to the... mehr

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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    We develop a simple model to explain why a powerful importer country like the United States may provide political support for international collusive agreements concerning certain commodities (e.g., coffee). This behavior raises questions due to the fact that an importer country should have strong economic incentives to avoid the cartelization of its suppliers. We show that an importer country sometimes helps producer countries organize and enforce collusion to advance important geopolitical goals, e.g., by reducing the chances that the producer countries will align with a rival global power (e.g., the Soviet Union). Moreover, using this practice, a powerful importer country can immediately share the cost of collusion with other importers (including allies). Thus, a powerful importer country may see collusion as a superior strategy to foreign aid (a priori a more direct and efficient instrument), which is riddled with free riding problems. The model sheds light on why the United States supported (or failed to support) international commodity agreements for coffee, sugar, and oil during and immediately after the Cold War period

     
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30166
    Schlagworte: Internationale Handelspolitik; Außenpolitik; Kaffee; Zucker; Erdöl; Kartell; USA; International Economic Order and Integration; Trade; International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy; Antitrust Issues and Policies
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  2. The Economic Approach to Political Borders
    Autor*in: Spolaore, Enrico
    Erschienen: December 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This paper overviews theoretical and empirical studies of political borders from an economic perspective. It reviews theories of the number and size of nations focused on the trade-off between economies of scale in public-good provision and... mehr

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    This paper overviews theoretical and empirical studies of political borders from an economic perspective. It reviews theories of the number and size of nations focused on the trade-off between economies of scale in public-good provision and heterogeneity of preferences over public policies as well as on the factors affecting this trade-off, such as democratization, international openness, and conflict. It also reviews theories of political integration and disintegration focused on economic inequality, redistribution policies, and the geographical distribution of resources. Finally, the paper discusses recent empirical studies that shed light on the relations among heterogeneity, conflict, and borders. This line of research is part of a growing literature on the interplay between cultural variables and economic and political outcomes

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30800
    Schlagworte: Analysis of Collective Decision-Making; International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy; International Institutional Arrangements; General; General; Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession; General
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  3. Exporting Ideology
    The Right and Left of Foreign Influence
    Autor*in: Antràs, Pol; Padró i Miquel, Gerard
    Erschienen: June 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We present an economic rationale for countries resorting to foreign influence to export their ideology to other nations. Our model incorporates two fundamental elements: redistribution of the tax burden between capital owners and workers, and... mehr

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    We present an economic rationale for countries resorting to foreign influence to export their ideology to other nations. Our model incorporates two fundamental elements: redistribution of the tax burden between capital owners and workers, and international capital mobility. The model highlights the role of ideology in shaping both the taxes implemented by governments and the cross-border externalities of these policy choices. Pro-capital governments set lower capital taxes than pro-labor governments. Importantly, pro-capital governments benefit from other countries setting low capital taxes, while pro-labor governments' efforts to shift the tax burden onto capital owners are facilitated by higher capital taxes abroad. These cross-border externalities create strong incentives for engaging in foreign influence activities. We solve for a political equilibrium in which incumbent governments may exert costly actions that probabilistically affect the electoral outcome in other countries. In equilibrium, pro-capital parties exert influence aimed at promoting pro-capital parties and policies worldwide, while pro-labor governments carry out foreign influence activities aimed at boosting pro-labor parties and policies in other countries

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w31399
    Schlagworte: Ideologie; Internationale Beziehungen; Internationale Wirtschaft; Kapitalmobilität; Steuerpolitik; Analysis of Collective Decision-Making; International Factor Movements and International Business; International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy; Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession; International Trade, Finance, Investment, Relations, and Aid
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  4. Why Does the Folk Theorem Do Not Seem to Work When It Is Mostly Needed?
    Autor*in: Caro-Burnett, Johann; Galiani, Sebastián; Torrens, Gustavo
    Erschienen: June 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    In International Relations the canonical model of inter-estate interactions is a one-shot security competition game. The model has the structure of a prisoners dilemma, which results in an equilibrium with two sources of inefficiency: excessive... mehr

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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    In International Relations the canonical model of inter-estate interactions is a one-shot security competition game. The model has the structure of a prisoners dilemma, which results in an equilibrium with two sources of inefficiency: excessive arming and possibly the destruction associated with open conflict. Standard arguments in game theory suggest that more cooperative outcomes should emerge given that states often engage in repeated interactions. Historical record, on the contrary, shows cycles of peace, arms races, and serious instances of open conflict. Long-lasting disarmed peace is rarely observed. The paper develops a unified model of conflict that reveals possible theoretical mechanisms to produce such historical outcomes

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w31343
    Schlagworte: Internationale Beziehungen; Konflikt; Folk-Theorem; Spieltheorie; International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy
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  5. A Framework for Geoeconomics
    Autor*in: Clayton, Christopher; Maggiori, Matteo; Schreger, Jesse
    Erschienen: November 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Governments use their countries' economic strength from existing financial and trade relationships to achieve geopolitical and economic goals. We refer to this practice as geoeconomics. We build a framework based on three core ingredients: input... mehr

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    Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg
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    Governments use their countries' economic strength from existing financial and trade relationships to achieve geopolitical and economic goals. We refer to this practice as geoeconomics. We build a framework based on three core ingredients: input output linkages, limited contract enforceability, and externalities. Geoeconomic power arises from the ability to jointly exercise threats arising from separate economic activities. Being able to retaliate against a deviating country across multiple arenas, often involving indirect threats from third parties also being pressured, increases the off equilibrium threats and, thus, helps in equilibrium to increase enforceability. A world hegemon, like the United States, exerts its power on firms and governments in its economic network by asking these entities to take costly actions that benefit the hegemon. We characterize the optimal actions and show that they take the form of mark-ups on goods or higher rates on lending, but also import restrictions and tariffs. The input-output amplification makes controlling some sectors more valuable for the hegemon since changes in the allocation of these strategic sectors have a larger influence on the world economy. This formalizes the idea of economic coercion as a combination of strategic pressure and costly actions. We apply the framework to two leading examples: national security externalities and the Belt and Road Initiative

     
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w31852
    Schlagworte: Internationale Wirtschaft; Internationale Wirtschaftspolitik; Geoökonomie; International Economic Order and Integration; General; International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  6. A framework for geoeconomics
    Autor*in: Clayton, Christopher; Maggiori, Matteo; Schreger, Jesse
    Erschienen: [2024]
    Verlag:  Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), Stanford, CA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR) ; no. 24, 01 (January, 2024)
    Schlagworte: Internationale Wirtschaft; Internationale Wirtschaftspolitik; Geoökonomie; Geopolitics; Economic Coercion; Economic Statecraft; Input-Output Networks; Belt and Road Initiative; Dollar Diplomacy; National Security; International Economic Order and Integration; General; International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten), Illustrationen