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  1. Towards the decarbonization of the power sector - a comparison of China, the EU and the US based on historical data
    Autor*in: Noussan, Michel; Hafner, Manfred; Campbell, Loyle; Lu, Xinqing; Raimondi, Pier Paolo; Zhu, Erpu
    Erschienen: October 2021
    Verlag:  Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Milano, Italia

    This work compares the different decarbonization strategies of the power sector in China, the European Union and the United States, by considering the historical evolution of electricity generation and the current situation. Such a comparison is... mehr

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    This work compares the different decarbonization strategies of the power sector in China, the European Union and the United States, by considering the historical evolution of electricity generation and the current situation. Such a comparison is gaining a broader significance when evaluated with an additional level of geographic detail, by comparing European countries, Chinese provinces, and US states. The differences among these geographies highlight the challenges and opportunities of pushing towards low-carbon technologies, by making clear that regional decarbonization will need to address very different local contexts. Moreover, multiple policy and planning levels are involved, and those mechanisms are different in the three blocs being compared. Our analysis shows that these three blocs, although moving towards similar decarbonization targets, are currently at different levels of carbon intensity. The zero-carbon pathway will need to be declined in different local goals, based on the availability of low-carbon resources and the electricity demand. Given the geographical differences between demand and supply, and the likely increase of electricity demand, an improvement of power transmission networks will be essential. This work is part of a series of papers on the geopolitics of the energy transition in China, the European Union and the United States of America.

     
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    hdl: 10419/246749
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei ; 2021, 024
    Schlagworte: Electricity; Power; Decarbonization; Energy Transition; China; EU; US
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Liberalization: the key to unlocking natural gas potential in Brazil?
    Autor*in: Diaz, Liliana
    Erschienen: December 2021
    Verlag:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    Brazil holds great promise for natural gas development: a large population underpinning rising energy demand; sizeable reserves, and a market hungry for diversification of energy sources. While great progress has been achieved in the last 30 years in... mehr

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    Brazil holds great promise for natural gas development: a large population underpinning rising energy demand; sizeable reserves, and a market hungry for diversification of energy sources. While great progress has been achieved in the last 30 years in the development of natural gas production, infrastructure and demand, the Brazilian gas market remains in its infancy with respect to its potential. After six years of attempting comprehensive reform, in April of 2021, a new gas law was enacted (2021 Gas Law). The expectation is that this law and its implementing regulation will not only cement the reform providing legal security to investors but will help address obstacles that so far have prevented market expansion. It is expected that the new regulatory framework, and accompanying market design, will pave the way to a liquid and competitive market. In light of this, two important questions come to mind: can liberalization single-handedly effect the required market transformation and can liberalization be implemented within the constrained window afforded by energy transition? This paper examines the challenges and opportunities the Brazilian natural gas reform and liberalization process brings. It starts with an overview of the gas market; it then briefly chronicles the reform efforts, covering their rationale as well as the main features of the recently approved 2021 Gas Law -and its expected benefits; the third section focuses on critical aspects in future market development such as offshore reserve gas monetization, transport and import infrastructure development and new demand outlets; the fourth section details the proposed market design and the focus of regulatory developments in the short term and the last section of the paper offers some concluding thoughts and points to relevant topics for a future research agenda.

     
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    ISBN: 9781784671884
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    hdl: 10419/253275
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 173
    Schlagworte: 2021 Gas Law; Brazil; Competition; Energy Transition; Gas Market; Liberalisation; Natural gas; Petrobras; Regulation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Software versus hardware: how China’s institutional setting helps and hinders the clean energy transition
    Autor*in: Hove, Anders; Meidan, Michal; Andrews-Speed, Philip
    Erschienen: December 2021
    Verlag:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    The global low-carbon energy transition will require major changes to institutional practices and energy industry paradigms with implications for society writ large. A country’s existing institutional pattern inevitably shapes the transition, and... mehr

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    The global low-carbon energy transition will require major changes to institutional practices and energy industry paradigms with implications for society writ large. A country’s existing institutional pattern inevitably shapes the transition, and helps or hinders its progress. This is perhaps especially so in state-dominated systems such as China, which have historically considered energy as a strategic field for reasons of both security and economic development. China has already taken steps to embrace clean energy, even as it remains the world’s largest consumer of fossil fuels: Indeed, it is the world’s leading producer and consumer of renewable energy in absolute terms today, and the country’s leaders speak of encouraging a revolution in energy consumption and production, in line with new targets announced in 2020 to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. But how successful will China be in introducing the sweeping changes required? At the technological level, such changes could include replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources, but they also require institutional shifts, which could entail major market reforms and changes to the structure of the Chinese energy sector, dominated now by SOEs and administrative planning. This paper examines how China’s institutional setting both contributes to and hinders the energy transition, with a particular emphasis on the energy sector. It also aims to dispel the binary view of China’s governance and the energy transition, in which central government commitment is portrayed as the sole determinant of success. Finally, it sets out a preliminary framework for analysing the areas where technological and institutional factors make change more likely to be lasting and transformative, versus areas in which resistance will likely remain strong. Historically, China has been better at building out energy supplies and adding the ‘hardware’ of energy infrastructure, while having greater difficulty adjusting the ‘software’ of institutional and societal change or practices related to energy demand and energy efficiency. We would argue that China is likely to continue to expand the hardware, given its strong institutions devoted to investing in supply. But China will struggle with the software as this relies on a demand pull, market incentives, and greater coordination among stakeholders and between sectors. When considering innovation for the energy transition, the paper makes a similar argument: China’s technology innovation system has enabled innovation in first generation technologies. But will China’s strong incumbent industries impede the transformational change required for the more modular technologies that are less capital intensive and require greater societal involvement and coordination? China has come to dominate global supplies in manufacturing-intensive technologies – solar photovoltaics and batteries – which have also seen the most rapid cost declines due to scale. For design-intensive technology – such as wind, concentrating solar power plants, or advanced coal plants – cost declines have not been as pronounced. For those technologies that are less modular and more design-intensive, state-owned enterprises may play a larger role and the potential for transformative technological change could be slower to emerge.

     
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    ISBN: 9781784671907
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    hdl: 10419/253276
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 2
    Schlagworte: China; Coal; energy security; Energy Transition; Gas; green financing; innovation; Institutions; Market reform; Oil; Prices; Renewables; Technology
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 95 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Voluntary markets for carbon offsets: evolution and lessons for the LNG market
    Autor*in: Bose, A.; Cohen, Jeff; Fattouh, Bassam; Johnson, O.; Spilker, G.
    Erschienen: October 2021
    Verlag:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

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    ISBN: 9781784671846
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    hdl: 10419/246581
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 03
    Schlagworte: Carbon Neutral LNG; Carbon offsets; Climate Change; Energy Transition; LNG; Net Zero Emissions; Voluntary Carbon Markets
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. The energy transition: key challenges for incumbent and new players in the global energy system
    Autor*in: Henderson, James; Sen, Anupama
    Erschienen: September 2021
    Verlag:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

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    ISBN: 9781784671815
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/246577
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 01
    Schlagworte: business models; Consumers; Electricity; Energy Transition; Gas; Geopolitics; Markets; Networks; Oil; Risks; Technology; Uncertainty
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. The role of CCUS in accelerating Canada's transition to net-zero
    Autor*in: Ihejirika, Nnaziri
    Erschienen: September 2021
    Verlag:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

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    ISBN: 9781784671846
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    hdl: 10419/246580
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 02
    Schlagworte: "blue" hydrogen; Canada; Carbon pricing; CCUS; decarbonization; Energy Transition; Oil and Gas
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Ring the alarm!
    electricity markets, renewables, and the pandemic
    Autor*in: Benatia, David
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  Center for Research in Economics and Statistics, [Palaiseau]

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    Schriftenreihe: Série des documents de travail / Center for Research in Economics and Statistics ; no. 2020, 22
    Schlagworte: Energy Transition; COVID-19; Demand; Electricity Markets
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Saudi oil policy: continuity and change in the era of the energy transition
    Autor*in: Fattouh, Bassam
    Erschienen: January 2021
    Verlag:  Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, Oxford

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    ISBN: 9781784671693
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/246567
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 81
    Schlagworte: Adaptation Strategies; Diversification; Energy Transition; Oil Policy; OPEC; Saudi Arabia; Spare Capacity
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten)
  9. Contrasting European hydrogen pathways
    an analysis of differing approaches in key markets
    Autor*in: Lambert, Martin; Schulte, Simon
    Erschienen: March 2021
    Verlag:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

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    ISBN: 9781784671556
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/246554
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 166
    Schlagworte: decarbonisation; electrolysis; Energy Transition; EU; Hydrogen
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. India's progress on its climate action plan
    an update in early 2022
    Autor*in: Mukherjee, Mohua
    Erschienen: March 2022
    Verlag:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

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    ISBN: 9781784671983
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    hdl: 10419/253285
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 11
    Schlagworte: Climate Action; decarbonization; Efficiency; Energy Transition; India; Renewables
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Central banks' "Green Shift" and the energy transition
    Autor*in: Eliet-Doillet, Alice; Maino, Andrea Giulio
    Erschienen: March 2022
    Verlag:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    Central banks worldwide are stepping up actions in relation to climate change and taking on an increasingly important role in supporting the energy transition. Given the prominent role that central banks play in the financial markets and in... mehr

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    Central banks worldwide are stepping up actions in relation to climate change and taking on an increasingly important role in supporting the energy transition. Given the prominent role that central banks play in the financial markets and in influencing financing conditions, they can act as a powerful catalyst in addressing climate change. But their involvement and the potential consequences need to be evaluated in light of the trade-offs that central banks face. In this paper, we first focus on the European Central Bank and the Bank of England, as they are among the first and more active institutions that have been implementing 'green' policies. We then turn to central banks in developing countries, which have also been active in supporting the development of local green finance markets. However, governance and country-specific risks can impair central banks' efforts, especially in developing countries where these risks remain high.

     
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    ISBN: 9781784671976
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    hdl: 10419/253284
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 10
    Schlagworte: Bank of England; Central Banks; Climate Change; Energy Transition; European Central Bank; green bonds; green financing; Green Policies; Monetary Policy; Net Zero Pathways
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Potential development of renewable hydrogen imports to European markets until 2030
    Autor*in: Lenivova, Veronika
    Erschienen: March 2022
    Verlag:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    This paper considers potential import routes for low-carbon and renewable hydrogen (H2) to main European markets like Germany. In particular, it analyses claims made by Hydrogen Europe and subsequently picked up by the European Commission in its... mehr

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    This paper considers potential import routes for low-carbon and renewable hydrogen (H2) to main European markets like Germany. In particular, it analyses claims made by Hydrogen Europe and subsequently picked up by the European Commission in its Hydrogen Strategy that there will be 40GW of electrolyser capacity in nearby countries providing hydrogen imports to Europe by 2030. The analysis shows that by 2030, potential demand for H2 could be high enough to initiate some limited international hydrogen trade, most likely between European countries initially, rather than from outside Europe. Geographically, a northern hydrogen cluster around Netherlands and NW Germany will be more significant for hydrogen demand, while southern Europe is more likely to have surplus low cost renewable power generation. The paper considers potential H2 exporters to Europe, including Ukraine and North African countries (in line with the proposal from Hydrogen Europe) as well as Norway and Russia. (The research pre-dates recent political and military tensions between Russia and Ukraine which are likely to influence future development pathways). The supply cost of hydrogen in 2030 is predicted to be in a reasonably (and perhaps surprisingly) narrow band around €3/kg from various sources and supply chains. The paper concludes that overall, while imports of hydrogen to Europe are certainly possible in the longer term, there are many challenges to be addressed. This conclusion supports the growing consensus that development of low carbon hydrogen, certainly within Europe, is likely to start within relatively local hydrogen clusters, with some limited bilateral trade.

     
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    ISBN: 9781784671952
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    hdl: 10419/253282
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 08
    Schlagworte: energy security; Energy Transition; Europe; Hydrogen
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. OIES paper
    20 / The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, SP
    Erschienen: January 2022
    Verlag:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    This paper contains 20 short articles which outline the views of OIES research fellows on some of the key themes for the global energy economy in 2022. Starting with views on the short-term outlook for oil, electricity and gas markets, the articles... mehr

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    This paper contains 20 short articles which outline the views of OIES research fellows on some of the key themes for the global energy economy in 2022. Starting with views on the short-term outlook for oil, electricity and gas markets, the articles move on to cover LNG supply and Russian export strategy as well as the future of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline. The majority of the articles, though, are on issues around the energy transition, looking at the key milestones ahead of COP27 but also considering many of the most important topics discussed at COP26 where action now needs to be taken. These include the Global Methane Pledge, the development of voluntary carbon markets, the prospects for hydrogen projects, the building of a business case for CCUS and the need to update country NDCs in the next 12 months. The paper also looks at regional developments in the EU, India and China, and considers a number of legislative and regulatory topics that are likely to dominate environmental policy making in the energy sector during 2022.

     
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    ISBN: 9781784671921
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    hdl: 10419/253280
    Übergeordneter Titel: OIES paper - Alle Bände anzeigen
    Schriftenreihe: Key themes for the global energy economy in ... ; 2022
    Schlagworte: CCUS; China; COP27; Electricity; Energy Transition; EU; Gas; Hydrogen; India; Methane; Oil
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Comparison between China, the EU and the US's climate and energy governance
    how policies are made and implemented at different levels
    Autor*in: Lu, Xinqing; Zhu, Erpu; Campbell, Loyle; Hafner, Manfred; Noussan, Michel; Raimondi, Pier Paolo
    Erschienen: December 2021
    Verlag:  Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Milano, Italia

    This paper compares the different multi-level climate and energy governance in China, the European Union and the United States. While many comparisons across these three economies exist, they concentrate on comparing the climate and energy "policy... mehr

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    This paper compares the different multi-level climate and energy governance in China, the European Union and the United States. While many comparisons across these three economies exist, they concentrate on comparing the climate and energy "policy instruments" and their results. This paper puts a focus on the importance of institutionalized multi-level governance processes, i.e., the "politics" - the actors and interaction processes inherent in a mode of governance, and the "polities" - the institutional setting. How are priorities and targets decided from both bottom-up and top-down processes? How do the central governments exert control over local authorities and ensure the implementation of their policies? How do the central governments enforce and evaluate the results of the policies? And finally, how do citizens play a role in the multi-level governance in these three blocs? Analysis of multilevel governance highlights the importance of target setting and cadre evaluation in China whereas legislation is the dominant process in the EU and the US.

     
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    hdl: 10419/249969
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei ; 2021, 034
    Schlagworte: Multi-level Governance; Climate Policy; Energy Policy; Energy Transition; China; the European Union; the United States
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Securing decarbonized road transport
    a comparison of how EV deployment has become a critical dimension of battery security strategies for China, the EU, and the USR
    Autor*in: Campbell, Loyle; Hafner, Manfred; Lu, Xinqing; Noussan, Michel; Raimondi, Pier Paolo; Zhu, Erpu
    Erschienen: December 2021
    Verlag:  Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Milano, Italia

    This paper compares how the pursuit of self-sufficient Lithium-ion battery production by the three main geo-economic players (China, the European Union, and the United States) is unfolding by looking at the electrification of the transport sector.... mehr

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    This paper compares how the pursuit of self-sufficient Lithium-ion battery production by the three main geo-economic players (China, the European Union, and the United States) is unfolding by looking at the electrification of the transport sector. The analysis of this paper uses the concept of energy security and the 4 As outlined by the Asia Pacific Energy Research Center (2007) to outline the availability, accessibility, affordability, and acceptability of Lithium-ion (Li-Ion) batteries for each respective actor. This paper aims to compare the dynamics of each geoeconomic player’s EV deployment along these four indicators. Most work in this field assesses the battery strategies of these three geo-economic players individually or focuses on EV deployment from a purely economics perspective. In contrast, this paper attempts to bridge this gap through the framework of energy security to compare how each of the three player’s battery strategy connects to broader EV deployment. Adopting this framework allows us to highlight how China’s strong industrial policies and generous incentives contrast to the government multilateral alliance-building done in the European Union and the overwhelmingly dominant role of private actors found in the United States. This paper is part of a series of working papers comparing the climate and energy policies of China, the European Union, and the United States to better understand the geopolitics surrounding global decarbonization.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei ; 2021, 035
    Schlagworte: Lithium-Ion Batteries; Electric Vehicles; Energy Transition; Energy Security; China; theEuropean Union; the United States
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Towards an inclusive energy transition beyond coal
    a comparison of just transition policies away from coal between China, the EU and the US
    Autor*in: Zhu, Erpu; Campbell, Loyle; Hafner, Manfred; Lu, Xinqing; Noussan, Michel; Raimondi, Pier Paolo
    Erschienen: December 2021
    Verlag:  Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Milano, Italia

    This paper compares different just transition pathways in China, the European Union and the United States of America by comparing the current state of the coal sector and just transition policies away from coal. How can social justice in the energy... mehr

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    This paper compares different just transition pathways in China, the European Union and the United States of America by comparing the current state of the coal sector and just transition policies away from coal. How can social justice in the energy transition be achieved under different models of energy governance? Since these three blocs have only made some progress on just transition policies and legislations for workers and communities impacted by the coal phase down or phase out in recent years, there have not been many studies comparing them to each other. The analysis in this paper shows that while all three blocs work towards ensuring the integration of coal workers and coal communities into the clean economy in the process of coal reduction, their approaches to achieving a just transition differ in terms of policy frameworks, financing resources, specific measures and public participation. This paper is part of a series of FEEM working papers of comparison studies of China, the EU and the US in the field of climate and energy.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei ; 2021, 036
    Schlagworte: Energy Transition; Just Transition; Coal Phase Out; Inclusiveness; China; the European Union; the United States
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Energy networks in the energy transition era
    Autor*in: Poudineh, Rahmatallah
    Erschienen: May 2022
    Verlag:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    As infrastructures that connect the energy source with the energy use, energy networks constitute a crucial element of national and global energy systems. They also play a key role in helping with balancing supply and demand, thus ensuring that... mehr

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    As infrastructures that connect the energy source with the energy use, energy networks constitute a crucial element of national and global energy systems. They also play a key role in helping with balancing supply and demand, thus ensuring that energy is not only available in the right places but also at the right time. Energy transition will have significant impacts, though not necessarily in the same way, on existing energy networks, for example, electricity and natural gas grids, and might lead to the growth of new energy carrier systems, such as district heating and cooling and the deployment of new infrastructures to support the use of hydrogen. Understanding the implications of energy transition for energy networks, and the ways in which these infrastructures should adapt to the challenges of decarbonization, is important to achieve net-zero carbon objectives. This paper explores some of the key issues faced by electricity transmission and distribution networks; natural gas networks; and future hydrogen, heating, and cooling networks in the transition of energy systems. Also, as future decarbonized energy systems are likely to exhibit significantly more interaction between different parts of the system, this paper explores possible approaches to utilizing the synergies between energy networks and benefiting from their integrated operation to lower the costs and challenges of decarbonization.

     
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    ISBN: 9781784671990
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    hdl: 10419/270517
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 48
    Schlagworte: Electricity distribution networks; electricity transmission networks; energy networks; Energy Transition; heating and cooling networks; hydrogen networks; integrated energy networks; natural gas networks
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. A review of challenges from increasing renewable generation in the Indian power system
    Autor*in: Debnath, Ramit; Mittal, Vibhor; Jindal, Abhinav
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  University of Cambridge, Faculty of Economics, Cambridge

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    Schriftenreihe: Cambridge working paper in economics ; 20106
    EPRG working paper ; 2031
    Schlagworte: Power System; Flexibility; Coal economy; Social disruption,; Energy Transition; Electricity Bill 2020
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Global trade of hydrogen
    what is the best way to transfer hydrogen over long distances?
    Autor*in: Patonia, Aliaksei; Poudineh, Rahmatallah
    Erschienen: September 2022
    Verlag:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    As a manufactured fuel, hydrogen can be produced in a decentralized way in most countries around the world. This means, even in a net zero economy, the global trade of hydrogen could look quite different to the current international trade in fossil... mehr

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    As a manufactured fuel, hydrogen can be produced in a decentralized way in most countries around the world. This means, even in a net zero economy, the global trade of hydrogen could look quite different to the current international trade in fossil fuels, including natural gas. With further declines in the costs of renewable electricity and electrolyzers, regions which have lower cost renewable electricity may develop an economic advantage in the production of low-cost hydrogen, but for hydrogen to become a globally traded commodity, the cost of imports needs to be lower than the cost of domestic production. Unlike oil or natural gas, transporting hydrogen over long distances is not an easy task. Hydrogen liquefaction is an extremely energy-intensive process, while maintaining the low temperature required for long-distance transportation and storage purposes results in additional energy losses and accompanying costs. The upside is that hydrogen can be converted into multiple carriers that have a higher energy density and higher transport capacity and can potentially be cheaper to transport over long distances. Among the substances currently identified as potential hydrogen carriers suitable for marine shipping, liquid ammonia, the so-called ‘liquid organic hydrogen carriers’ in general (toluene-methylcyclohexane (MCH) in particular), and methanol have received the most attention in recent years. This paper compares the key techno-economic characteristics of these potential carriers with that of liquified hydrogen in order to develop a better understanding of the ways in which hydrogen could be transported overseas in an efficient manner. The paper also discusses other factors, beyond techno-economic features, that may affect the choice of optimum hydrogen carrier for long distance transport, as well as the global trade, of hydrogen.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 16
    Schlagworte: ammonia; decarbonisation; Energy Transition; Hydrogen; hydrogen transport
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. How project finance can advance the clean energy transition in developing countries
    Autor*in: Baker, Robin; Benoit, Philippe
    Erschienen: September 2022
    Verlag:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    The global climate change imperative presents a particular challenge because of the scale and nature of the investment needed in developing countries, coupled with the difficulty of raising long term debt in many of them. Project finance can help to... mehr

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    The global climate change imperative presents a particular challenge because of the scale and nature of the investment needed in developing countries, coupled with the difficulty of raising long term debt in many of them. Project finance can help to address this challenge because it enables separation and allocation of different risks to different parties, which can help to attract different funders with different risk appetites. In particular, it is a vehicle to segregate green assets for funding and could assist in incorporating targeted credit enhancement products, such as those offered by the World Bank and other governmental agencies looking to promote clean energy investments. This international dimension is critical, as the challenge will require substantial outside support and innovation. The constraint is not the global availability of finance, but the risk profile of the projects (mostly local-currency generating projects with longer-term infrastructure-type returns) and the availability of the necessary skilled resources. Unless addressed, these constraints will continue to limit the availability of debt finance for clean energy projects in developing countries and thus the ability to achieve global climate change objectives.

     
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    ISBN: 9781784672065
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    hdl: 10419/270523
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 17
    Schlagworte: debt; developing world; Energy Transition; green finance; multilateral lending; project finance
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. The role of nuclear energy in the global energy transition
    Autor*in: Davis, Anna J.
    Erschienen: August 2022
    Verlag:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    The continuing increase in global greenhouse gas emissions and the likelihood that targets to limit the temperature increase to 1.5o above the level seen at the start of the industrial revolution will be missed has resulted in a growing focus on the... mehr

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    The continuing increase in global greenhouse gas emissions and the likelihood that targets to limit the temperature increase to 1.5o above the level seen at the start of the industrial revolution will be missed has resulted in a growing focus on the development of all forms of carbon-free energy. Solar and wind power have been the main beneficiaries in the power sector, but it is becoming clear that if climate goals are to be met by 2050 then other forms of low or zero emission electricity generation must be prioritised. This has led to something of a renaissance for the nuclear industry, the development of which has been rather stagnant since the Fukushima disaster in Japan in 2011. This OIES paper explores the key motivations for the development of nuclear energy in the current global energy economy. It considers climate change as a key driver, but also discusses energy security and foreign relationships as other important motivating forces. It also outlines the different drivers for countries exporting nuclear technology and those importing it to generate domestic electricity, and provides important detail on the current reactors under construction, the providers of key technologies and the methodologies which various exporters use to gain a competitive position in the nuclear market place.

     
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    ISBN: 9781784672027
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    hdl: 10419/270520
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 14
    Schlagworte: Electricity; energy security; Energy Transition; foreign relations; Nuclear
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. India's ongoing rooftop solar journey 2017-2022
    Autor*in: Mukherjee, Mohua
    Erschienen: November 2022
    Verlag:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    India is often taken as a microcosm for much of the developing world because people living in many different circumstances in the country are representative of what is found in large parts of the developing world. This is particularly relevant for... mehr

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    India is often taken as a microcosm for much of the developing world because people living in many different circumstances in the country are representative of what is found in large parts of the developing world. This is particularly relevant for clean technologies that are consumer-led and therefore require an upfront financial contribution from consumers, such as rooftop solar which is the subject of this paper. India’s early experience with its nascent rooftop solar market has revealed two significant barriers to market growth that are directly linked to (i) equity and political economy factors and (ii) institutional factors in the electricity distribution sector. Unlike ground-mounted solar, rooftop photovoltaic (PV) requires individual consumers to make an investment in the hardware. The affordability of clean technologies is still a major issue in India, even though global rooftop PV prices have been tumbling over the past decade and rooftop PV is one of the most mature technologies. As a result, only the richest commercial and industrial (C&I) consumers have access to rooftop solar under the initial support schemes. In addition to equity, the institutional role of the electricity distribution sector in the growth of the rooftop sector is another barrier. The electricity distribution tariffs in Indian states are used as an income redistribution tool. The political economy of this aspect is very sensitive, and the central government’s role is limited since the electricity distribution sector is controlled by the elected governments in each of the 28 states. Furthermore, distribution companies (discoms) are bundled meaning that in addition to owning and operating distribution grids, they are retailers responsible for customer service delivery and payment collection. As the growth of grid-connected solar rooftops could affect the financial viability of these companies, they have a tendency to resist or slow down penetration of rooftop solar PV, unless incentives are provided, enabling discoms also to benefit from the deployment of these resources. The best solution to reforming the distribution sector and possibly privatizing discoms is unlikely to happen in the near future. Therefore, second-best solutions must be identified in order to move ahead with rooftop installations and achieve targets for deploying these resources in order to advance the clean energy transition.

     
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    ISBN: 9781784672102
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    hdl: 10419/270526
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 18
    Schlagworte: Electricity Distribution Companies; Electricity Distribution Sector; Energy Transition; India; Rooftop Photovoltaic (PV)
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
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  23. The EU hydrogen and gas decarbonisation package
    help or hindrance for the development of a European hydrogen market?
    Autor*in: Barnes, Alex
    Erschienen: March 2023
    Verlag:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    The European Commission has identified hydrogen as a key part of its decarbonisation strategy. The 2022 REPowerEU Strategy set a target of 20MT consumption of renewable hydrogen by 2030. The Commission is keen to promote a single European market in... mehr

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    The European Commission has identified hydrogen as a key part of its decarbonisation strategy. The 2022 REPowerEU Strategy set a target of 20MT consumption of renewable hydrogen by 2030. The Commission is keen to promote a single European market in hydrogen, similar to the current one for natural gas. To this end it has published proposals on the regulation of future European hydrogen infrastructure (pipelines, storage facilities and import terminals). The European Council (representing Member States) and the European Parliament are finalising their amendments to the Commission proposals, prior to ’trilogue’ negotiations and final agreement later this year. The paper ‘The EU Hydrogen and Gas Decarbonisation Package: help or hindrance for the development of a European hydrogen market?’ examines the European Commission proposals and their suitability for a developing hydrogen market.

     
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    ISBN: 9781784672201
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    hdl: 10419/270536
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 22
    Schlagworte: decarbonisation; Energy Transition; European Commission; Hydrogen; REPowerEU
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. China's hydrogen development
    a tale of three cities
    Autor*in: Miller-Wang, Arabella
    Erschienen: March 2023
    Verlag:  The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, [Oxford]

    China is the world’s largest producer and consumer of hydrogen. The country has adopted a domestic strategy that targets significant growth in hydrogen consumption and production. Given the importance of hydrogen in the low-carbon energy transition,... mehr

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    China is the world’s largest producer and consumer of hydrogen. The country has adopted a domestic strategy that targets significant growth in hydrogen consumption and production. Given the importance of hydrogen in the low-carbon energy transition, it is critical to understand China’s hydrogen policies and their implementation, as well as the extent to which these contribute to the country’s low-carbon goals. Existing research has focused on understanding policies and regulations in China and their implications for the country’s hydrogen prospects. This study aims to improve our understanding of central-government initiatives and look at how China’s hydrogen policies are implemented at the local level. The paper examines the three cities of Zhangjiakou (in China’s renewable-rich Hebei province), Datong (in the country’s coal-heartland of Shanxi province), and Chengdu, which is rich in hydropower and natural gas. To be sure, the three cities analysed in this paper do not cover all regional plans and initiatives, but they offer a useful window into local hydrogen policy implementation. They also illustrate the major challenges facing green hydrogen as it moves beyond the narrow, highly subsidized field of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). Indeed, costs as well as water, land availability, and technology continue to be constraints. The hydrogen policies and road maps reviewed in this paper offer numerous targets—often setting quantitative goals for FCVs, hydrogen refuelling stations, hydrogen supply chain revenue, and new hydrogen technology companies—aligning with the view that hydrogen development is currently more of an industrial policy than a decarbonisation strategy. Indeed, hydrogen’s potential to decarbonise sectors such as manufacturing and chemicals is of secondary importance, if mentioned at all. But as the cities analysed here view hydrogen as part of their industrial programmes, economic development, and climate strategies, support is likely to remain significant, even as the specific incentive schemes will likely evolve. Given this local hydrogen development model, rising demand for hydrogen in China could ultimately increase rather than decrease CO₂ emissions from fossil fuels in the short run. At the same time, even though the central government’s hydrogen targets (as laid out in its 2022 policy documents) seem relatively conservative, Chinese cities’ appetite for new sources of growth and the ability to fund various business models are worth watching.

     
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    hdl: 10419/270538
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 5
    Schlagworte: CCUS; China; Coal; Emissions; Energy Transition; Hydrogen; net-zero; Renewable hydrogen
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Digitalization in the extractive sector
    a comparative analysis of the Andean region
    Autor*in: Rentería Palomares, Zaira; Gutiérrez García, Jorge; Perdomo Rodríguez, Daniel
    Erschienen: December 2022
    Verlag:  Inter-American Development Bank, [Washington, DC]

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    hdl: 11159/15904
    Schriftenreihe: IDB monograph ; 1065
    Schlagworte: Science and Technology; Digital Technology; Extractive Industry; Energy Transition; Mining; Automation; ESG; Blockchain; Social Impact
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 84 Seiten), Illustrationen