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  1. Reflective willingness to pay
    preferences for sustainable consumption in a consumer welfare analysis
    Autor*in: Inderst, Roman; Thomas, Stefan
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  [Center for Advanced Studies on the Foundations of Law and Finance, House of Finance, Goethe University], [Frankfurt am Main, Germany]

    Our starting point is the following simple but potentially underappreciated observation: When assessing willingness to pay (WTP) for hedonic features of a product, the results of such measurement are influenced by the context in which the consumer... mehr

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    Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Universitätsbibliothek
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
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    Our starting point is the following simple but potentially underappreciated observation: When assessing willingness to pay (WTP) for hedonic features of a product, the results of such measurement are influenced by the context in which the consumer makes her real or hypothetical choice or in which the questions to which she replies are set (such as in a contingent valuation analysis). This observation is of particular relevance when WTP regards sustainability, the "non-use value" of which does not derive from a direct (physical) sensation and where perceived benefits depend heavily on available information and deliberations. The recognition of such context sensitivity paves the way for a broader conception of consumer welfare (CW), and our proposed standard of "reflective WTP" may materially change the scope for private market initiatives with regards to sustainability, while keeping the analytical framework within the realm of the CW paradigm. In terms of practical implications, we argue, for instance, that actual purchasing decisions may prove insufficient to measure consumer appreciation of sustainability, as they may rather echo learnt but unreflected heuristics and may be subject to the specific shopping context, such as heavy price promotions. Also, while it may reflect current social norm, the latter may change considerably over time as more consumers adopt their behavior.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/244694
    Auflage/Ausgabe: Version: 05 July 2021
    Schriftenreihe: LawFin working paper ; [no. 14]
    Schlagworte: Konsumentenverhalten; Zahlungsbereitschaftsanalyse; Nachhaltiger Konsum; Soziale Norm; Präferenztheorie; Antitrust; Consumer Welfare; Sustainability
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten)
  2. Discrupters and discontented incumbents: an antitrust story retold
    Autor*in: Elbittar, Alexander; González, Patricio; Guerrero, Rubén; Mariscal, Elisa V.; Tsuru, Kiyoshi
    Erschienen: noviembre 2019
    Verlag:  Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas A.C., Álvaro Obregón, Ciudad de México, México

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    hdl: 11651/3976
    Schriftenreihe: [Documentos de trabajo] / Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, División de Economía ; número 624
    Schlagworte: Net neutrality; OTTs; Convergence; Telecom; Antitrust; Technical change; Sham litigation; Copyright
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten)
  3. Fighting collusion
    an implementation theory approach
    Autor*in: Azacis, Helmuts; Vida, Péter
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

    A competition authority has an objective, which specifies what output profile firms need to produce as a function of production costs. These costs change over time and are only known by the firms. The objective is implementable if inequilibrium, the... mehr

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    A competition authority has an objective, which specifies what output profile firms need to produce as a function of production costs. These costs change over time and are only known by the firms. The objective is implementable if inequilibrium, the firms cannot collude on their reports to the competition authority.Assuming that the firms can only report prices and quantities, we characterize what objectives are one-shot and repeatedly implementable.We use this characterization to identify conditions when the competitive output is implementable. We extend the analysis to the cases when a buyer also knows the private information of firms and when the firms can supply hard evidence about their costs.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250343
    Schriftenreihe: Cardiff economics working papers ; no. E2021, 19
    Schlagworte: Collusion; Antitrust; (Repeated) Implementation; Monotonicity; Price-Quantity Mechanism; Hard Evidence
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. The inner workings of a hub-and-spoke cartel in the automotive fuel industry
    Autor*in: Chaves, Daniel; Duarte, Marco
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Department of Economics, Social Science Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada

    We analyze a hub-and-spoke cartel in the Brazilian automotive fuel industry. Using the court documents and detailed data on the supply chain we uncover three mechanisms beyond information sharing used by wholesalers (hub) to help retailers (spokes)... mehr

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    We analyze a hub-and-spoke cartel in the Brazilian automotive fuel industry. Using the court documents and detailed data on the supply chain we uncover three mechanisms beyond information sharing used by wholesalers (hub) to help retailers (spokes) solve the obstacles of price coordination: vertical transfers across asymmetric spokes; subsidies during punishment; and cost stabilization. We argue that wholesalers benefited from the cartel by being the exclusive supplier during the scheme. We use the synthetic control approach to quantify how successful the cartel was in increasing markups. We find that not only retailers, but wholesalers benefited from the cartel.

     
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    hdl: 10419/261277
    Schriftenreihe: Department of Economics research report series ; # 2021, 6 (December 2021)
    Schlagworte: Antitrust; Hub-and-Spoke Collusion; Vertical Restraints
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Vertical mergers with input substitution
    double marginalization, foreclosure and welfare
    Autor*in: Moresi, Serge; Schwartz, Marius
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Georgetown University, Department of Economics, Washington, DC

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    Schriftenreihe: Working papers / Georgetown University, Department of Economics ; 21, 03
    Schlagworte: Vertical Mergers; Foreclosure; Input Substitution; Antitrust
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten), Illustrationen
    Bemerkung(en):

    A shorter version of this paper is forthcoming in Economics Letters
  6. Because of monopolies, income inequality significantly understates economic inequality
    Autor*in: Schmitz, James Andrew
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis ; no. 777 (March 2021)
    Schlagworte: Inequality; Well-being; Income inequality; Consumption inequality; Monopoly; Antitrust; Housing crisis; Public education; Credit cards; Repair services; Sabotage
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Wettbewerb und Antitrust in Unterhaltungsmärkten
    Autor*in: Budzinski, Oliver; Gänßle, Sophia; Lindstädt-Dreusicke, Nadine
    Erschienen: Januar 2021
    Verlag:  Technische Universität Ilmenau, Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Ilmenau ; Universitätsbibliothek

    Dieser Beitrag fasst die ökonomischen Besonderheiten von Unterhaltungsmärkten zusammen und legt dabei einen besonderen Fokus auf Digitalisierungseffekte. Dabei werden die Aspekte Erfahrungsgüter und Qualität, Fixkostendegression & Güterheterogenität,... mehr

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    Universitätsbibliothek Ilmenau
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    Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek
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    Dieser Beitrag fasst die ökonomischen Besonderheiten von Unterhaltungsmärkten zusammen und legt dabei einen besonderen Fokus auf Digitalisierungseffekte. Dabei werden die Aspekte Erfahrungsgüter und Qualität, Fixkostendegression & Güterheterogenität, Super-stareffekte, die Rolle (digitaler) Medien, sowie Preis- und Geschäftsmodelle diskutiert. Ein wesentliches Ergebnis der Betrachtung ist, dass Unterhaltungsmärkte im digitalen Zeitalter anfällig werden für typische Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen in digitalen Ökosystemen. Die Autoren unterstreichen diesen Befund mit einer Auswahl an relevanten und aktuellen Wettbewerbsproblemen und -fällen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass (i) die prowettbewerbliche Wirkung der Digitalisierung auf Medienmärkte fragil ist und des aktiven wettbewerbspolitischen Schutzes bedarf, (ii) nicht-horizontale Verflechtungen in digitalen Ökosystemen erhebliche Anreize zu behinderungswettbewerblichen Strategien wie Selbstbevorzugung, Monopolisierung und Raising Rivals Costs mit sich bringen und (iii) bisher funktionierende Abhilfemaßnahmen unter den Rahmenbedingungen digitalisierter Medien- und Unterhaltungsmärkte wohlfahrtssenkende Wirkungen entfalten können. Daher bedarf es einer Modernisierung der Wettbewerbsordnung für die Unterhaltungsindustrien.

     
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    hdl: 10419/228751
    Schriftenreihe: Diskussionspapier / Technische Universität Ilmenau, Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre ; Nr. 147
    Schlagworte: Wettbewerb; Antitrust; Unterhaltungsindustrien; Entertainment; Wettbewerbsordnung; digitale Medienmärkte; Medienökonomik; Kulturökonomik; Streaming; Sport und Medien
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (46 Seiten)
  8. Price effects of horizontal mergers: a retrospective on retrospectives
    Autor*in: Stöhr, Annika
    Erschienen: July 2021
    Verlag:  Ilmenau University of Technology, Institute of Economics, Ilmenau ; Universitätsbibliothek

    In this comprehensive review of ex-post merger studies price effects of horizontal transactions are evaluated. By combining and further analyzing the results of 52 retrospective studies on 82 mergers or merger-like transactions it can be shown that... mehr

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    In this comprehensive review of ex-post merger studies price effects of horizontal transactions are evaluated. By combining and further analyzing the results of 52 retrospective studies on 82 mergers or merger-like transactions it can be shown that the industry alone is no strong indication for the direction of price-related merger effects. However, the "size" or "importance" of a transaction as well as market concentration pre-merger and change in concentration due to the transaction seem to have an impact on post-transaction price development.

     
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    hdl: 10419/245947
    Schriftenreihe: Ilmenau economics discussion papers ; vol. 27, no. 151
    Schlagworte: Antitrust; Merger Control; Industrial Economics; Retrospective Studies; Ex-Post Studies; Competition Law Enforcement
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (56 Seiten), Diagramme, Illustrationen
  9. How do start-up acquisitions affect the direction of innovation?
    Autor*in: Dijk, Esmée; Moraga-González, José Luis; Motchenkova, Evgenia
    Erschienen: 15 July 2021
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP16362
    Schlagworte: start-ups; Acquisitions; mergers; innovation portfolios; competition policy; Antitrust
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Autonomous algorithmic collusion: economic research and policy implications
    Autor*in: Assad, Stephanie; Calvano, Emilio; Calzolari, Giacomo; Clark, Robert; Denicolò, Vincenzo; Ershov, Daniel; Johnson, Justin P.; Pastorello, Sergio; Rhodes, Andrew; Xu, Lei; Wildenbeest, Matthijs R.
    Erschienen: March 2021
    Verlag:  Toulouse School of Economics, [Toulouse]

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    Schriftenreihe: Working papers / Toulouse School of Economics ; no 1210
    Schlagworte: Algorithmic Pricing; Antitrust; Competition Policy; Artificial Intelligence; Collusion; Platforms
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Does common ownership influence the financial strategy of the French pharmaceutical firms?
    Autor*in: Estache, Antonio; Kieffer, Christophe
    Erschienen: April 2021
    Verlag:  ECARES, Brussels, Belgium

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    hdl: 2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/321968
    Schriftenreihe: ECARES working paper ; 2021, 09
    Schlagworte: Antitrust; Common Ownership; France; Index funds; Institutional Investors; Financial strategy; Market Power; Pharmaceuticals; Regulation; Shareholding
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Reduced demand uncertainty and the sustainability of collusion
    how AI could affect competition
    Autor*in: O'Connor, Jason; Wilson, Nathan
    Erschienen: June 10, 2019
    Verlag:  Bureau of Economics, Federal Trade Commission, Washington, DC

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    Schriftenreihe: Working papers / Bureau of Economics, Federal Trade Commission ; no. 341 (June 2019)
    Schlagworte: Artificial Intelligence; Uncertainty; Collusion; Price Discrimination; Antitrust
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Gender and collusion
    Autor*in: Haucap, Justus; Heldman, Christina; Rau, Holger A.
    Erschienen: March 2022
    Verlag:  Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE), Düsseldorf, Germany

    Many cartels are formed by individual managers of different firms, but not by firms as collectives. However, most of the literature in industrial economics neglects individuals' incentives to form cartels. Although oligopoly experiments reveal... mehr

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    Many cartels are formed by individual managers of different firms, but not by firms as collectives. However, most of the literature in industrial economics neglects individuals' incentives to form cartels. Although oligopoly experiments reveal important insights on individuals acting as firms, they largely ignore individual heterogeneity, such as gender differences. We experimentally analyze gender differences in prisoner's dilemmas, where collusive behavior harms a passive third party. In a control treatment, no externality exists. To study the influence of social distance, we compare subjects' collusive behavior in a within-subjects setting. In the first game, subjects have no information on other players, whereas they are informed about personal characteristics in the second game. Results show that guilt-averse women are significantly less inclined to collude than men when collusion harms a third party. No gender difference can be found in the absence of a negative externality. Interestingly, we find that women are not sensitive to the decision context, i.e., even when social distance is small they hardly behave collusively when collusion harms a third party.

     
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    ISBN: 9783863043797
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    hdl: 10419/250877
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE) ; no 380
    Schlagworte: Collusion; Cartels; Competition Policy; Antitrust; Gender Differences
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Direito brasileiro da concorrência e acesso à saúde no Brasil
    preços exploratórios no setor de medicamentos
    Autor*in: Castro, Bruno Braz de
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  South Centre, Genebra, Suíça

    This paper aims to analyze the interfaces between Brazilian Competition Law and the issue of access to medicines, with special focus on abuses of industrial property rights in their exclusionary and exploitative effects. The paper analyzes the case... mehr

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    This paper aims to analyze the interfaces between Brazilian Competition Law and the issue of access to medicines, with special focus on abuses of industrial property rights in their exclusionary and exploitative effects. The paper analyzes the case law of the Brazilian Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) in the medicines sector and discusses the abuses aiming at the illegitimate imposition of non-existent or invalid intellectual property rights with anticompetitive purposes. It then addresses the abuses in the exercise of industrial property rights that are, in themselves, valid: exclusionary practices aimed at artificially raising barriers to entry, and exploitative practices, directly translated into the exercise of market power to the detriment of the consumer. The latter are turned into exploitative excessive prices, contractual degradations, quality or privacy degradations, as well as restrictions on supply such as hoarding/impediment to the exploitation of industrial property rights. The paper concludes that the prohibition of exploitative pricing under the current competition law is legally valid and effective, with certain methodological concerns in order to minimize the risk of wrongful convictions (such as the construction of “screening” tests of markets that are candidates for intervention). In view of such guidelines, the pharmaceutical industry appears to be an important candidate for antitrust attention, given the magnitude of the damages potentially derived from the non-intervention on the practice. Remedies in this area, importantly, should focus on identifying and solving the sector’s structural competitive problems. In the case of drugs subject to price regulation by the Drugs Market Regulation Chamber (CMED), the technical expertise of the competition authority may be of great value in competition advocacy, which is demonstrated in light of the recent discussions about extraordinary price adjustments due to competitive problems in a given market.

     
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    hdl: 10419/262116
    Schriftenreihe: Research paper / South Centre ; 143 (11 de janeiro de 2022)
    Schlagworte: Access to Healthcare; Access to Medicines; Antitrust; Brazil; Competition; Competition Law; Competition Policy; Competition Regulation; COVID-19; Health; Industrial Property; Industrial Property Rights; Intellectual Property; Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Pandemic; Pharmaceuticals
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten)
  15. Prospective welfare analysis
    extending willingness-to-pay assessment to embrace sustainability
    Autor*in: Inderst, Roman; Thomas, Stefan
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  DFG Center for Advanced Studies on the Foundations of Law and Finance, House of Finance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    In this paper we outline how a future change in consumers' willingness-to-pay can be accounted for in a consumer welfare effects analysis in antitrust. Key to our solution is the prediction of preferences of new consumers and changing preferences of... mehr

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    In this paper we outline how a future change in consumers' willingness-to-pay can be accounted for in a consumer welfare effects analysis in antitrust. Key to our solution is the prediction of preferences of new consumers and changing preferences of existing consumers in the future. The dimension of time is inextricably linked with that of sustainability. Taking into account the welfare of future cohorts of consumers, concerns for sustainability can therefore be integrated into the consumer welfare paradigm to a greater extent. As we argue in this paper, it is expedient to consider changes in consumers' willingness-to-pay, in particular if society undergoes profound changes in such preferences, e.g., caused by an increase in generally available information on environmental effects of consumption, and a rising societal awareness about how consumption can have irreversible impacts on the environment. We offer suggestions on how to conceptionalize and operationalize the projection of such consumers' changing preferences in a "prospective welfare analysis". This increases the scope of the consumer welfare paradigm and can help to solve conceptual issues regarding the integration of sustainability into antitrust enforcement while keeping consumer surplus as a quantitative gauge.

     
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    hdl: 10419/249310
    Auflage/Ausgabe: This Version: 09/02/2021 - 1
    Schriftenreihe: LawFin working paper ; no. 29
    Schlagworte: Antitrust; Consumer Welfare; Sustainability
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Prospective welfare analysis
    extending willingness-to-pay assessment to embrace sustainability
    Autor*in: Inderst, Roman; Thomas, Stefan
    Erschienen: 17 January 2022
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP16916
    Schlagworte: Antitrust; consumer welfare; sustainability
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten)
  17. Reflective willingness to pay
    preferences for sustainable consumption in a consumer welfare analysis
    Autor*in: Inderst, Roman; Thomas, Stefan
    Erschienen: 17 January 2022
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP16917
    Schlagworte: Konsumentenverhalten; Zahlungsbereitschaftsanalyse; Nachhaltiger Konsum; Soziale Norm; Präferenztheorie; Antitrust; consumer welfare; sustainability
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa Seiten)
  18. Measuring consumer sustainability benefits
    Autor*in: Inderst, Roman; Thomas, Stefan
    Erschienen: 15 January 2022
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schlagworte: Antitrust; consumer welfare; sustainability
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 12 Seiten)
  19. Paying off the competition
    market power and innovation incentives
    Autor*in: Li, Xuelin; Lo, Andrew W.; Thakor, Richard T.
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  MIT Sloan School of Management, [Cambridge, MA]

    How does a firm’s market power in existing products affect its incentives to innovate? We explore this fundamental question using granular project-level and firm-level data from the pharmaceutical industry, focusing on a particular mechanism through... mehr

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    How does a firm’s market power in existing products affect its incentives to innovate? We explore this fundamental question using granular project-level and firm-level data from the pharmaceutical industry, focusing on a particular mechanism through which incumbent firms maintain their market power: “reverse payment” or “pay-for-delay” agreements to delay the market entry of competitors. We first show that when firms are unfettered in their use of “pay-for-delay” agreements, they reduce their innovation activities in response to the potential entry of direct competitors. We then examine a legal ruling that subjected these agreements to antitrust litigation, thereby reducing the incentive to enter them. After the ruling, incumbent firms increased their net innovation activities in response to competitive entry. These effects center on firms with products that are more directly affected by competition. However, at the product therapeutic area level, we find a reduction in innovation by new entrants after the ruling in response to increased competition. Overall, these results are consistent with firms having reduced incentives to innovate when they are able to maintain their market power, highlighting a specific channel through which this occurs

     
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    Auflage/Ausgabe: This Draft: 19 June 2021
    Schriftenreihe: MIT Sloan School working paper ; 6040 (19)
    Schlagworte: Drug Development; Pharmaceutical Industry; Monopoly; Antitrust; Market Power; Competition; Innovation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. The sale of data
    learning synergies before M&As
    Autor*in: Legros, Patrick; Dubus, Antoine
    Erschienen: 23 June 2022
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schlagworte: synergies; mergers; sale of data; incomplete information; Antitrust; privacy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten)
  21. Brazilian competition law and access to health in Brazil
    exploitative pricing in the pharmaceutical sector
    Autor*in: Castro, Bruno Braz de
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  South Centre, Geneva

    This paper aims to analyze the interfaces between Brazilian Competition Law and the issue of access to medicines, with a special focus on abuse of industrial property rights and related exclusionary and exploitative effects. The paper analyzes the... mehr

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    This paper aims to analyze the interfaces between Brazilian Competition Law and the issue of access to medicines, with a special focus on abuse of industrial property rights and related exclusionary and exploitative effects. The paper analyzes the case law of Brazilian Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) in the pharmaceutical sector and discusses abusive practices such as illegitimately imposing non-existent or invalid intellectual property rights with anticompetitive purposes. It then addresses abusive strategies in the exercise of industrial property rights which are, in essence, valid: i.e., exclusionary practices, aimed at artificially raising barriers to entry; and exploitative practices, directly translated as the exercise of market power to the detriment of the consumer. The latter ultimately result in exploitative excessive prices; contractual, quality or privacy degradation; and restrictions on supply, such as by hoarding/preventing the exploitation of industrial property rights. The paper concludes that the prohibition of exploitative pricing under the current competition law is legally valid and effective, with certain methodological concerns towards reducing the risk of wrongful convictions (for instance, by applying screening tests to determine the markets that are candidates for intervention). In view of such guidelines, the pharmaceutical industry appears to be an important candidate for antitrust attention, given the magnitude of the harm potentially derived from non-intervention against the practice. Remedies in this area, importantly, should focus on identifying and solving the sector's structural competitive problems. In the case of medicines subject to price regulation by the Drug Market Regulation Chamber (CMED), the technical expertise of the competition authority may be of great value in terms of competition advocacy, a fact that is demonstrated in light of recent discussions on extraordinary price adjustments because of competitive problems in certain markets.

     
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    hdl: 10419/270388
    Schriftenreihe: Research paper / South Centre ; 143 (11 January 2022)
    Schlagworte: Access to Healthcare; Access to Medicines; Antitrust; Brazil; Competition; Competition Law; Competition Policy; Competition Regulation; COVID-19; Health; Industrial Property; Industrial Property Rights; Intellectual Property; Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Pandemic; Pharmaceuticals
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten)
  22. The breakup of the bell system and its impact on US innovation
    Autor*in: Watzinger, Martin; Schnitzer, Monika
    Erschienen: 02 November 2022
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP17635
    Schlagworte: Antitrust; Innovation; Diversity; Exclusionary practices
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 77 Seiten)
  23. The sociology of cartels
    Autor*in: Haucap, Justus; Heldman, Christina
    Erschienen: August 2022
    Verlag:  Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE), Düsseldorf, Germany

    Traditional economic theory of collusion assumed that cartels are inherently unstable, and yet some manage to operate for years or even decades. While the literature has presented several determinants of cartel stability, the vast majority focuses on... mehr

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    Traditional economic theory of collusion assumed that cartels are inherently unstable, and yet some manage to operate for years or even decades. While the literature has presented several determinants of cartel stability, the vast majority focuses on firms as entities, even though cartels are typically formed between individuals who need to develop structures that allow them to establish trust and ensure cooperation. We analyze 15 German cartels, focusing on the individual participants, the communication and internal structures within the cartels as well as their breakup. Our results indicate that cartel members are highly homogeneous and often rely on existing networks within the industry. Most impressively, only two of the 156 individuals involved in these 15 cartels were female, suggesting that gender also plays a role for cartel formation. We further identify various forms of communication and divisions of responsibilities and show that leniency programs are a powerful tool in breaking up cartels. Based on these results we discuss implications for competition policy and further research.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263134
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE) ; no 390
    Schlagworte: Cartels; Collusion; Social Networks; Trust; Antitrust
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  24. Competition in digital markets
    a review of expert reports
    Autor*in: Lancieri, Filippo Maria; Sakowski, Patricia Morita
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  Stigler Center for the Study of the Economy and the State, University of Chicago Booth School of Business, Chicago, IL

    Digital markets are at the forefront of competition policy. Over the past five years, antitrust regulators around the world have opened many investigations on digital platforms and issued and/or commissioned dozens of studies or expert reports that... mehr

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    Digital markets are at the forefront of competition policy. Over the past five years, antitrust regulators around the world have opened many investigations on digital platforms and issued and/or commissioned dozens of studies or expert reports that are focused on understanding the general competitive dynamics of markets such as online search, social media, e-commerce/marketplaces, and mobile operating systems. These studies and reports represent the forefront of our current understanding of how to adapt antitrust policy to the digital era. However, much of their wealth of knowledge is lost because these documents, which add up to thousands of pages of text, figures and tables, have been scattered around the websites of different competition agencies. This literature review consolidates the knowledge of twenty-two reports and studies on topics related to competition in digital markets issued by eighteen different authorities and expert panels around the world over the past five years. It addresses how these reports portray the general competitive dynamics of digital markets, the benefits generated by digitalization, the potential competitive shortcomings of digital markets in general and of well-defined relevant markets in particular, and the solutions that have been proposed to increase competition in the digital world. It also indicates areas where further academic research is needed. In doing so, it should serve as a guide to antitrust scholars, regulators, and practitioners, helping them understand the frontier of knowledge on the competitive dynamics of digital markets and the range of materials that are available for those who want to explore a certain topic more in-depth.

     
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    hdl: 10419/262705
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / Chicago Booth, Stigler Center for the Study of the Economy and the State ; no. 303 (October 2020)
    Schlagworte: Antitrust; Competition Policy; Digital Markets; Regulation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 107 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Competition and defaults in online search
    Autor*in: Decarolis, Francesco; Li, Muxin; Paternollo, Filippo
    Erschienen: 04 January 2023
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP17779
    Schlagworte: Online Advertising; Antitrust; Platform Competition
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 63 Seiten), Illustrationen