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  1. Preferences for reforms
    endowments vs. beliefs
    Erschienen: 2022 FEB
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    Are preferences for reforms driven by individuals' own endowments or beliefs? To address this question, we conducted a cross-country survey on people's opinions on employment protection legislation-an area where reform has proven to be difficult and... mehr

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    Are preferences for reforms driven by individuals' own endowments or beliefs? To address this question, we conducted a cross-country survey on people's opinions on employment protection legislation-an area where reform has proven to be difficult and personal interests are at stake. We find that individuals' beliefs matter more than their own endowments and personal pay-offs. A randomized information treatment confirms that beliefs explain views about reform, but beliefs can change with new information. Our results are robust to several robustness tests, including to alternative estimation techniques and samples

     

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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9798400202414
    Weitere Identifier:
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / International Monetary Fund ; WP/22, 33
    Schlagworte: political opinions; preferences; political economy; regulation; reform; employment protection; beliefs; ideology; endowments; surveys; Analysis of Collective Decision-Making; Labor Economics Policies; Models of Political Processes; Plant Closings; Severance Pay; Unemployment Insurance
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. African Political Institutions and the Impact of Colonialism
    Erschienen: October 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Conventional wisdom proposes deep historical roots for authoritarianism in Africa: either colonial "decentralized despotism" or enduring structural features. We present a new theoretical perspective. Africans sought autonomous local communities,... mehr

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    Conventional wisdom proposes deep historical roots for authoritarianism in Africa: either colonial "decentralized despotism" or enduring structural features. We present a new theoretical perspective. Africans sought autonomous local communities, which constrained precolonial rulers. Colonizers largely left constrained institutions in place given budget limitations. Innovation, where it occurred, typically scaled up councils rather than invented despotic chiefs. To test these implications, we compiled two original datasets that measure precolonial institutions and British colonial administrations around 1950 in 463 local government units. Although colonial institutions were authoritarian at the national level, most Native Authorities were constrained by some type of council and many local institutions lacked a singular ruler entirely. The form of Native Authority institutions and the composition of councils are strongly correlated with precolonial institutional forms. The persistence of institutional constraints at the local level suggests alternative channels through which colonial rule fostered postcolonial authoritarian regimes

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30582
    Schlagworte: Postkolonialismus; Politisches System; Institutionelle Infrastruktur; Afrika; Analysis of Collective Decision-Making; Structure and Scope of Government; Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  3. Bargaining in the Shadow of Uncertainty
    Erschienen: September 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We experimentally study unanimity and majority voting rules in multilateral bargaining environments with stochastic future surplus. In these settings, reaching agreement when expected future surplus is sufficiently higher than the current surplus is... mehr

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    We experimentally study unanimity and majority voting rules in multilateral bargaining environments with stochastic future surplus. In these settings, reaching agreement when expected future surplus is sufficiently higher than the current surplus is inefficient. Theoretically, such inefficiencies never arise under unanimity rule but can arise under majority rule as players try to avoid endogenous risk of being excluded from the winning coalitions in the future. We find strong support for this prediction both when the unanimity rule is predicted to lead to more delays, and when both rules should lead to identical levels of delays. We also find that there are more delays than predicted under the majority rule. Using data from conversations among the bargainers and the type of proposals that are implemented, we find that these deviations arise as a result of more egalitarian sharing than predicted by theory, and therefore, lower risk of being excluded from the winning coalitions in the future

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30434
    Schlagworte: Gruppenentscheidung; Entscheidung unter Unsicherheit; Verhandlungstheorie; Verhaltensökonomik; Game Theory and Bargaining Theory; Laboratory, Group Behavior; General; Analysis of Collective Decision-Making
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers

  4. Liquid Democracy
    Two Experiments on Delegation in Voting
    Erschienen: December 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Under Liquid Democracy (LD), decisions are taken by referendum, but voters are allowed to delegate their votes to other voters. Theory shows that in common interest problems where experts are correctly identified, the outcome can be superior to... mehr

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    Under Liquid Democracy (LD), decisions are taken by referendum, but voters are allowed to delegate their votes to other voters. Theory shows that in common interest problems where experts are correctly identified, the outcome can be superior to simple majority voting. However, even when experts are correctly identified, delegation must be used sparely because it reduces the variety of independent information sources. We report the results of two experiments, each studying two treatments: in one treatment, participants have the option of delegating to better informed individuals; in the second, participants can choose to abstain. The first experiment follows a tightly controlled design planned for the lab; the second is a perceptual task run online where information about signals' precision is ambiguous. The two designs are very different, but the experiments reach the same result: in both, delegation rates are unexpectedly high and higher than abstention rates, and LD underperforms relative to both universal voting and abstention

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30794
    Schlagworte: Gruppenentscheidung; Experiment; Wahlverhalten; Laboratory, Group Behavior; Analysis of Collective Decision-Making; Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  5. The Economic Approach to Political Borders
    Erschienen: December 2022
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    This paper overviews theoretical and empirical studies of political borders from an economic perspective. It reviews theories of the number and size of nations focused on the trade-off between economies of scale in public-good provision and... mehr

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    This paper overviews theoretical and empirical studies of political borders from an economic perspective. It reviews theories of the number and size of nations focused on the trade-off between economies of scale in public-good provision and heterogeneity of preferences over public policies as well as on the factors affecting this trade-off, such as democratization, international openness, and conflict. It also reviews theories of political integration and disintegration focused on economic inequality, redistribution policies, and the geographical distribution of resources. Finally, the paper discusses recent empirical studies that shed light on the relations among heterogeneity, conflict, and borders. This line of research is part of a growing literature on the interplay between cultural variables and economic and political outcomes

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w30800
    Schlagworte: Analysis of Collective Decision-Making; International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy; International Institutional Arrangements; General; General; Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession; General
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  6. Exporting Ideology
    The Right and Left of Foreign Influence
    Erschienen: June 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We present an economic rationale for countries resorting to foreign influence to export their ideology to other nations. Our model incorporates two fundamental elements: redistribution of the tax burden between capital owners and workers, and... mehr

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    We present an economic rationale for countries resorting to foreign influence to export their ideology to other nations. Our model incorporates two fundamental elements: redistribution of the tax burden between capital owners and workers, and international capital mobility. The model highlights the role of ideology in shaping both the taxes implemented by governments and the cross-border externalities of these policy choices. Pro-capital governments set lower capital taxes than pro-labor governments. Importantly, pro-capital governments benefit from other countries setting low capital taxes, while pro-labor governments' efforts to shift the tax burden onto capital owners are facilitated by higher capital taxes abroad. These cross-border externalities create strong incentives for engaging in foreign influence activities. We solve for a political equilibrium in which incumbent governments may exert costly actions that probabilistically affect the electoral outcome in other countries. In equilibrium, pro-capital parties exert influence aimed at promoting pro-capital parties and policies worldwide, while pro-labor governments carry out foreign influence activities aimed at boosting pro-labor parties and policies in other countries

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w31399
    Schlagworte: Ideologie; Internationale Beziehungen; Internationale Wirtschaft; Kapitalmobilität; Steuerpolitik; Analysis of Collective Decision-Making; International Factor Movements and International Business; International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy; Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession; International Trade, Finance, Investment, Relations, and Aid
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  7. What Drives Tax Policy? Political, Institutional and Economic Determinants of State Tax Policy
    Erschienen: May 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    We collect detailed data on U.S. state personal income, corporate, sales, cigarette, gasoline, and alcohol taxes over the past 70 years to shed light on the determinants of state tax policies. We provide a comprehensive summary of how tax policy has... mehr

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    We collect detailed data on U.S. state personal income, corporate, sales, cigarette, gasoline, and alcohol taxes over the past 70 years to shed light on the determinants of state tax policies. We provide a comprehensive summary of how tax policy has changed over time, within and across states. We then use permutation analysis, variance decomposition, and machine learning techniques to show that the timing and magnitude of tax changes are not driven by economic needs, state politics, institutional rules, neighbor competition, or demographics. Altogether, these factors explain less than 20% of observed tax variation

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w31268
    Schlagworte: Steuertarif; Teilstaat; Ländersteuer; Steuerpolitik; Alkoholsteuer; Mineralölsteuer; Einkommensteuer; USA; Analysis of Collective Decision-Making; Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue; State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  8. Preferences for reforms
    endowments vs. beliefs
    Erschienen: 2022 FEB
    Verlag:  International Monetary Fund, [Washington, D.C.]

    Are preferences for reforms driven by individuals' own endowments or beliefs? To address this question, we conducted a cross-country survey on people's opinions on employment protection legislation-an area where reform has proven to be difficult and... mehr

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    Are preferences for reforms driven by individuals' own endowments or beliefs? To address this question, we conducted a cross-country survey on people's opinions on employment protection legislation-an area where reform has proven to be difficult and personal interests are at stake. We find that individuals' beliefs matter more than their own endowments and personal pay-offs. A randomized information treatment confirms that beliefs explain views about reform, but beliefs can change with new information. Our results are robust to several robustness tests, including to alternative estimation techniques and samples

     

    Export in Literaturverwaltung   RIS-Format
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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9798400202414
    Weitere Identifier:
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / International Monetary Fund ; WP/22, 33
    Schlagworte: political opinions; preferences; political economy; regulation; reform; employment protection; beliefs; ideology; endowments; surveys; Analysis of Collective Decision-Making; Labor Economics Policies; Models of Political Processes; Plant Closings; Severance Pay; Unemployment Insurance
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Why is Trade Not Free?
    A Revealed Preference Approach
    Erschienen: October 2023
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    A prominent explanation for why trade is not free is politicians' desire to protect some of their constituents at the expense of others. In this paper we develop a methodology that can be used to reveal the welfare weights that a nation's import... mehr

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    A prominent explanation for why trade is not free is politicians' desire to protect some of their constituents at the expense of others. In this paper we develop a methodology that can be used to reveal the welfare weights that a nation's import tariffs implicitly place on different groups of society. Applied in the context of the United States in 2017, this method implies that redistributive trade protection accounts for a significant fraction of US tariff variation and causes large monetary transfers between US individuals, mostly driven by differences in welfare weights across sectors of employment. Perhaps surprisingly, differences in welfare weights across US states play a much smaller role

     

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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w31798
    Schlagworte: Außenhandel; Außenwirtschaftspolitik; Importbeschränkung; Politiker; Wohlfahrtsanalyse; Offenbarte Präferenzen; USA; General; Analysis of Collective Decision-Making; General; General; General
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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  10. Campaigning Against Populism Emotions and Information in Real Election Campaigns
    Erschienen: February 2024
    Verlag:  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass

    Populist politicians have leveraged direct connections with voters to win elections worldwide, often using emotional rather than policy appeals. Do these forms of campaigning work for programmatic politicians as well? We partner with a mainstream... mehr

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    Populist politicians have leveraged direct connections with voters to win elections worldwide, often using emotional rather than policy appeals. Do these forms of campaigning work for programmatic politicians as well? We partner with a mainstream opposition political party to implement a field experiment during the 2019 Philippine Senatorial election to test the effectiveness of: (i) direct in-person appeals providing policy information; (ii) the addition of an activity designed to engender positive emotion. We show that direct engagement providing policy information increases vote share for the party, even in a clientelistic context. Additionally, while the emotional activity increases engagement with the campaign in the short term, the information-only treatment was more effective. Last, we present evidence that the treatments operated through learning and persuasion channels: treated voters were more likely to know the party, more certain about their knowledge, and gave higher ratings to the party's quality and proposed policies

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Schriftenreihe: NBER working paper series ; no. w32112
    Schlagworte: Wahlkampf; Emotion; Wahlverhalten; Experiment; Entscheidungstheorie; Philippinen; Analysis of Collective Decision-Making; Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption; General
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, illustrations (black and white)
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    Hardcopy version available to institutional subscribers