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  1. The effect of education on geographic mobility: incidence, timing, and type of migration
    Autor*in: Aydemir, Abdurrahman; Kirdar, Murat G.; Torun, Huzeyfe
    Erschienen: January 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We take advantage of a major compulsory school reform in Turkey to provide novel evidence on the causal effect of education on both the incidence and timing of internal migration. In addition, for the first time in literature, we provide causal... mehr

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    We take advantage of a major compulsory school reform in Turkey to provide novel evidence on the causal effect of education on both the incidence and timing of internal migration. In addition, for the first time in literature, we provide causal effects of education on migration by reason for migration. We find that while education substantially increases the incidence of migration among men, there is no evidence of an effect among women. Women, however, become more likely to migrate at earlier ages and their migration reasons change. Revealing the empowering role of education, women become more likely to move for human capital investments and for employment purposes and less likely to be tied-movers.

     
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    hdl: 10419/232765
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14013
    Schlagworte: education; internal migration; incidence and timing of migration; reason for migration; 2SLS; regression discontinuity design
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 99 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. A practical guide to weak instruments
    Autor*in: Keane, Michael P.; Neal, Timothy
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  CEPAR, ARC Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research, [Kensington, NSW]

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / CEPAR, ARC Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research ; 2021, 24
    Schlagworte: Instrumental variables; weak instruments; 2SLS; endogeneity; F-test; size distortion; Anderson-Rubin test; conditional t-test; conditional LR test; Fuller; JIVE
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. 2SLS using weak instruments
    implications for estimating the Frisch labor supply elasticity
    Autor*in: Keane, Michael P.; Neal, Timothy
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  CEPAR, ARC Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research, [Kensington, NSW]

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / CEPAR, ARC Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research ; 2021, 25
    Schlagworte: Frisch elasticity; labor supply; weak instruments; 2SLS; Anderson-Rubin test
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 16 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. A new perspective on weak instruments
    Autor*in: Keane, Michael P.; Neal, Timothy
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  CEPAR, ARC Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research, [Kensington, NSW]

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / CEPAR, ARC Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research ; 2021, 14
    Schlagworte: Instrumental variables; weak instruments; 2SLS; endogeneity; F-test; size distortions of tests; Anderson-Rubin test; conditional t-test; Fuller; JIVE
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. The impact of financial inclusion on household health expenditures in Africa
    Autor*in: Edoh, Ofeh M.; Nchofoung, Tii Njivukuh; Anchi, Ofeh E.; Munna, Afzal S.
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  African Governance and Development Institute, [Yaoundé]

    This study examines the impact of financial inclusion on household health expenditure in 17 African countries. It argues that financial inclusion is an active influencer of individuals’ health demand and that Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita... mehr

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    This study examines the impact of financial inclusion on household health expenditure in 17 African countries. It argues that financial inclusion is an active influencer of individuals’ health demand and that Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and voluntary health insurance schemes tend to be active transmission channels through which financial inclusion affects household health expenditures. The study used an instrumental variable (2SLS) technique for the analysis over a period from 2008 to 2017.Results from the study show that being financially included leads to increase household health expenditures. Suggestions for policy emerging from this study to governments in Africa are on the aspect of fostering financial inclusion to a wider population alongside enhancing the Universal Health Coverage (UHC) plan to ease the burden of out-of-pocket payments on households.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250104
    Schriftenreihe: AGDI working paper ; WP/21, 080
    Schlagworte: Financial inclusion; Health expenditure; Out-of-pocket (OOP) payments; 2SLS
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten)
  6. Returns to education in China
    evidence from the great higher education expansion
    Autor*in: Huang, Bin; Tani, Massimiliano; Wei, Yi; Zhu, Yu
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    China experienced a near 5-fold increase in annual Higher Education (HE) enrolment in the decade starting in 1999. Using the China Household Finance Survey, we show that the Great HE Expansion has exacerbated a large pre-existing urban-rural gap in... mehr

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    China experienced a near 5-fold increase in annual Higher Education (HE) enrolment in the decade starting in 1999. Using the China Household Finance Survey, we show that the Great HE Expansion has exacerbated a large pre-existing urban-rural gap in educational attainment underpinned by the hukou (household registration) system. We instrument the years of schooling with the interaction between urban hukou status during childhood and the timing of the expansion - in essence a difference-in-differences estimator using rural students to control for common time trends. We find that the Great HE raised earnings by 17% for men and 12% for women respectively, allowing for county fixed-effects. These Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) estimates, which are robust to additional controls for hukou status at birth fully interacted with birth hukou province, can be interpreted as the Local Average Treatment Effect (LATE) of education on earnings for urban students who enrolled in HE only because of the Great HE Expansion. For the selected subsample of respondents with parental education information, we find that the 2SLS returns for students from more disadvantaged backgrounds are at least as high as their more advantaged counterparts, for both genders.

     
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    hdl: 10419/253731
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1092
    Schlagworte: returns to education; 2SLS; higher education expansion; China
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. An empirical evidence and proposal on the spillover effects of information and communication technology infrastructure in India
    Autor*in: Yoshino, Naoyuki; Siregar, Tifani Husna; Agarwal, Deepanshu; Ram, KE Seetha; Azhgaliyeva, Dina
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Asian Development Bank Institute, Tokyo, Japan

    The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of information and communications technology (ICT) not only for the economy but also for human well-being. However, the investment gap in ICT infrastructure has been growing and is expected to reach... mehr

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    The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of information and communications technology (ICT) not only for the economy but also for human well-being. However, the investment gap in ICT infrastructure has been growing and is expected to reach more than $30 billion by 2040. We argue that one of the ways to attract private sector involvement in ICT infrastructure is by creating a steady stream of income for the investors. We quantify the spillover effects of mobile network on tax revenues, using annual state-level data for 2005 to 2016 from India across all states. Using simple Fixed Effect (FE) as well as Fixed Effect (FE) Two-Stage Least-Squares (2SLS) estimations, we show that the rise in the number of mobile network subscribers is associated with an increase in the amount of regional tax revenues. On average, an increase in the number of The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) subscribers per capita by 1 percentage point is expected to raise annual state tax revenues per capita by ₹134 (3% of average annual state tax revenue per capita in 2016). The number of GSM subscribers affect tax revenues through increased economic activities, as shown by our 2SLS estimation results. The results of this study justify our proposal to share the increased tax revenues with the investors to create a steady stream of income for investors. The findings of this study also support the increased support for the development of digital and physical infrastructure in the national budget of India for 2022-2023.

     
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    hdl: 10419/267763
    Schriftenreihe: ADBI working paper series ; no. 1330 (July 2022)
    Schlagworte: infrastructure; spillover effect; information and communication technology; tax revenue; Difference-in-Difference (DiD) method; 2SLS
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. On the functional form of short-term electricity demand response - insights from high-price years in Germany
    Autor*in: Arnold, Fabian
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Cologne (EWI), Köln, Germany

    Demand response is crucial for balancing supply and demand in the presence of intermittent electricity generation, particularly during scarcity situations with high prices. In 2021/2022, wholesale power prices in Germany have been dramatically higher... mehr

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    Demand response is crucial for balancing supply and demand in the presence of intermittent electricity generation, particularly during scarcity situations with high prices. In 2021/2022, wholesale power prices in Germany have been dramatically higher than ever before, which offers the opportunity to investigate the demand response in high-price situations. This paper, thus, discusses the applicability of the two common functional forms of demand response under these circumstances, namely linear and log-log. Using a two-stage least squares approach, the short-term own-price elasticity of electricity demand in Germany is estimated for the period from 2015 to 2022, employing the two assumptions for the functional form of the demand function. The day-ahead forecast of wind power generation serves as an instrumental variable for the day-ahead price. The analysis shows that for low prices, the linear assumption tends to yield similar average elasticities to the constant elasticity obtained from the log-log specification. However, estimators based on linear functions exhibit significant variations depending on whether low or high prices are considered. This discrepancy arises from the observation that remaining demand at high prices tends to have limited flexibility, leading to distinct estimations. In contrast, the log-log approach provides smaller differences between estimates based on low and high prices. The exponential nature of the log-log function effectively captures the decrease in absolute demand response at high prices, resulting in more consistent estimations across the price range.

     
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    hdl: 10419/286380
    Schriftenreihe: EWI working paper ; no 23, 06 (July 2023)
    Schlagworte: Electricity demand; demand function; short-term elasticity; 2SLS
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global GDP growth
    Autor*in: Gagnon, Joseph E.; Kamin, Steven; Kearns, John
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  American Enterprise Institute, [Washington, DC]

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    hdl: 10419/280655
    Schriftenreihe: AEI economics working paper ; 2022,08 (June 2022)
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; coronavirus; economic growth; global GDP; 2SLS; two-stage least squares; international trade; health policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Does education affect religiosity?
    causal evidence from a conservative emerging economy
    Autor*in: Özer, Mustafa; Fidrmuc, Jan; Mentzakis, Emmanouil; Özkan, Özcan
    Erschienen: 22 February 2024
    Verlag:  BOFIT, the Bank of Finland Institute for Emerging Economies, Helsinki

    Does education make people more or less religious? The previous literature offers mixed findings on the relationship between education and religiosity. This may be due to endogeneity bias: education and religiosity can be caused by a third variable... mehr

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    Does education make people more or less religious? The previous literature offers mixed findings on the relationship between education and religiosity. This may be due to endogeneity bias: education and religiosity can be caused by a third variable such as culture or upbringing. We instrument education by exposure to the 1997 education reform in Türkiye which increased mandatory schooling from 5 to 8 years. The schooling reform increased the probability that young girls would complete 8 years of schooling and report lower religiosity later in life. The reform apparently did not influence such outcomes for boys. These effects are observed primarily for females growing up in strongly religious or poor areas.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: BOFIT discussion papers ; 2024, 2
    Schlagworte: Education; religiosity; 2SLS; gender; social norms; Türkiye
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Institutional versus noninstitutional credit to agricultural households in India
    evidence on impact from a national farmers' survey
    Autor*in: Kumar, Anjani; Mishra, Ashok K.; Saroj, Sunil; Joshi, Pramod Kumar
    Erschienen: March 2017
    Verlag:  International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA

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    Schriftenreihe: IFPRI discussion paper ; 01614
    Schlagworte: institutional credit; instrumental variable; 2SLS; net farm income; consumption expenditures; social safety net
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten)
  12. Testing for a threshold in models with endogenous regressors
    Autor*in: Rothfelder, Mario; Boldea, Otilia
    Erschienen: 3 August 2016
    Verlag:  CentER, Center for Economic Research, Tilburg

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / CentER, Center for Economic Research ; no. 2016-029
    Schlagworte: Momentenmethode; Statistischer Test; Bootstrap-Verfahren; Zeitreihenanalyse; 2SLS; wild bootstrap
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 74 Seiten), Illustrationen