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  1. Ibises and Egypt in the Animal Apocalypse
    A new identification
    Autor*in: Dugan, Elena
    Erschienen: 2023

    The allegorical quartet of birds which prey upon the sheep in 1 Enoch 90.2 have been variously identified by early-modern and modern scholars, with no solution reaching consensus. This article proposes the “hobay” should be translated as “ibises” and... mehr

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    Index theologicus der Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen
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    The allegorical quartet of birds which prey upon the sheep in 1 Enoch 90.2 have been variously identified by early-modern and modern scholars, with no solution reaching consensus. This article proposes the “hobay” should be translated as “ibises” and accordingly represent an Egyptian people-group. I first advance this argument with the help of a parallel usage of terminology in the Greek Testament of Judah. I next confirm the utility of this identification with a brief survey of roughly contemporary primary sources (textual and material) which connect ibises and Egypt. Finally, with these cultural discourses in mind, I re-integrate the ibises into the Animal Apocalypse, suggesting that the recasting of a graceful national bird as a carnivorous monster is a deviously clever imperial critique.

     
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    Übergeordneter Titel: Enthalten in: Journal for the study of the pseudepigrapha; London : Sage, 1987; 33(2023), 1, Seite 3-18; Online-Ressource

    Schlagworte: roman Egypt; pseudepigrapha; Egyptian Judaism; apocalyptic literature; Animal Apocalypse; 1 Enoch
  2. Surprise on the day of judgment in Matthew 25:31-46 and The Book of the Watchers
    Autor*in: Njeri, George
    Erschienen: [2020]

    In Matthew 25:31-46, Jesus describes the final judgment of humankind in apocalyptic terms, and as in other apocalyptic texts the righteous are rewarded and the wicked are punished. Yet in Matthew’s final judgment both the righteous and the wicked are... mehr

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    Index theologicus der Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen
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    In Matthew 25:31-46, Jesus describes the final judgment of humankind in apocalyptic terms, and as in other apocalyptic texts the righteous are rewarded and the wicked are punished. Yet in Matthew’s final judgment both the righteous and the wicked are surprised at their status and completely unaware of the criteria for judgment. Although “surprise” is usually noted with regard to the timing of the eschaton, it is an element that has otherwise been neglected in studies of apocalyptic. Are the wicked always unaware of their misdeeds? Are the righteous not usually self-righteous? Comparison with The Book of the Watchers (1 Enoch 1-36) demonstrates that for Enoch the Watchers know they did wrong, but they are nonetheless disappointed that Enoch cannot intervene to help them before God. Matthew plays much more on the idea of complete surprise in paradoxically encouraging his community to do good without realising it.

     
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    Übergeordneter Titel: Enthalten in: Neotestamentica; Pretoria : NTWSA, 1967; 54(2020), 1, Seite 87-104; Online-Ressource

    Schlagworte: 1 Enoch; Apocalyptic; Book of the Watchers; Judgment; Matthew 25; Surprise
  3. Apocalypticism in the Homiletic Text of Pesiqta Rabbati
    Catastrophic Events at the End of Time
    Autor*in: Ulmer, Rivka
    Erschienen: [2019]

    The rabbinic homiletic work Pesiqta Rabbati contains several apocalyptic topoi in its homilies that culminate in descriptions of divine intervention in history, total destruction followed by the messianic age at the end-of-time, and justice at the... mehr

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    Index theologicus der Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen
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    The rabbinic homiletic work Pesiqta Rabbati contains several apocalyptic topoi in its homilies that culminate in descriptions of divine intervention in history, total destruction followed by the messianic age at the end-of-time, and justice at the final judgment. Nevertheless, Pesiqta Rabbati does not present itself as an apocalypse, nor does it belong to the text-type "apocalypse." It contains midrashic apocalypticism by interpreting scriptural passages, and relied on the existing language of apocalyptic sources to augment the midrashic statements. Previous scholarship relating to the apocalypse in Pesiqta Rabbati focused mainly on the apocalypses of 2 Baruch, Paralipomena Jeremiou, and 4 Ezra. However, 1 Enoch (Similitudes) and Ascension of Isaiah should also be considered as possible sources. The Revelation to John contains numerous suggestive parallels to Pesiqita Rabbati. The apocalyptic topics address predicaments in Israel's past history and apply these to its present and future state.

     
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    Übergeordneter Titel: Enthalten in: Journal for the study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman period; Leiden : Brill, 1970; 50(2019), 1, Seite 101-139; Online-Ressource

    Schlagworte: 1 Enoch; 2 Baruch; 4 Ezra; Ascension of Isaiah; Midrash; Pesiqta Rabbati; Revelation to John; apocalyptic; rabbinic homilies
  4. The phallus in our stars
    Sexual violence in the Animal Apocalypse
    Autor*in: Remington, Megan R.; Smith, Julianna Kaye
    Erschienen: 2022

    The Animal Apocalypse (1 En. 85–90) provides some of the most vivid imagery in Second Temple literature. In reference to the descent of the Watchers allegorized as stars, the narrative invokes the simile “they let out their phalluses like stallions”... mehr

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    Index theologicus der Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen
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    The Animal Apocalypse (1 En. 85–90) provides some of the most vivid imagery in Second Temple literature. In reference to the descent of the Watchers allegorized as stars, the narrative invokes the simile “they let out their phalluses like stallions” three times. Beyond the simile’s allusion to the oracle in Ezek 23:20, the stallion phallus remains largely unexplored. Our investigation demonstrates the associations of stallions with “aggressive virility” and foreignness based on the Hebrew Bible and contemporary Hellenistic and early Jewish literature. Moreover, we show the Animal Apocalypse’s innovative emphasis on the violent nature of the sexual acts, a feature absent in Gen 6 and the Book of Watchers, and argue for the episode’s contextualization with other early Jewish texts in which sexual violence is present. By spotlighting the stallion-phallused stars with their foreign genitalia, the Animal Apocalypse highlights anxieties surrounding communal boundary crossing and its violent repercussions.

     
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    Übergeordneter Titel: Enthalten in: Journal for the study of the pseudepigrapha; London : Sage, 1987; 32(2022), 1, Seite 57-74; Online-Ressource

    Schlagworte: sexual violence; reception history; early Judaism; animal symbolism; 1 Enoch
  5. The Mesopotamian Background of the Enochic Giants and Evil Spirits
    Autor*in: Drawnel, Henryk
    Erschienen: 2014

    In the myth of the fallen Watchers (1 En. 6–11) the giants, illegitimate offspring of the fallen angels, are depicted as exceedingly violent beings that consume the labour of all the sons of men. They also kill men, devour them, and drink blood.... mehr

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    Index theologicus der Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen
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    In the myth of the fallen Watchers (1 En. 6–11) the giants, illegitimate offspring of the fallen angels, are depicted as exceedingly violent beings that consume the labour of all the sons of men. They also kill men, devour them, and drink blood. Finally, they sin against all the animals of the earth. The violent behaviour of the giants in 1 En. 7:2–5 continues in 1 En. 15:11 where the spirits of the giants attack humanity, thus it appears that the spirits behave in a manner similar to that of the giants. The present article argues that the description of the giants in 1 En. 7:2–5 and their spirits in 15:11 is modeled after the violent behaviour of the demons found in the Mesopotamian bilingual series Utukkū Lemnūtu. The giants, therefore, are not to be identified with the Mesopotamian warrior-kings, but their behaviour rather indicates that they actually are violent and evil demons.

     
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    Übergeordneter Titel: Enthalten in: Dead Sea discoveries; Leiden [u.a.] : Brill, 1994; 21(2014), 1, Seite 14-38; Online-Ressource

    Schlagworte: 1 Enoch
    Umfang: Online-Ressource
  6. The Chronology in the Animal Apocalypse of 1 Enoch 85-90
    Autor*in: Laato, Antti
    Erschienen: [2016]

    The chronology in the Animal Apocalypse (1 En. 89-90) is one of most enigmatic chronological systems in the Second Temple Jewish writings. Its aim is to date the decisive apocalyptic end-time period by using the system of 70 hours (corresponding to... mehr

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    Index theologicus der Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen
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    The chronology in the Animal Apocalypse (1 En. 89-90) is one of most enigmatic chronological systems in the Second Temple Jewish writings. Its aim is to date the decisive apocalyptic end-time period by using the system of 70 hours (corresponding to yearweeks). While scholars do not see any precise correlation between the chronology of the Animal Apocalypse and the historical periods of antiquity, arguments are presented in this article that the author of 1 Enoch 89-90 had a clear logic behind the numbers.

     
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    Übergeordneter Titel: Enthalten in: Journal for the study of the pseudepigrapha; London : Sage, 1987; 26(2016), 1, Seite 3-19; Online-Ressource

    Schlagworte: APOCALYPSE; CHRONOLOGY; 1 Enoch; 2 Baruch; 70 yearweeks; Animal Apocalypse; Apocalyptic Chronology; Damascus Document; Daniel; Demetrius; Josiah; Maccabean period; Manasseh; Onias III