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  1. Forest commons, vertical integration and smallholder’s saving, and investment responses
    evidence from a quasiexperiment
    Autor*in: Gelo Kutela, Dambala
    Erschienen: August 2020
    Verlag:  Economic Research Southern Africa, [Cape Town]

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    Schriftenreihe: ERSA working paper ; 828
    Schlagworte: Forest commons; vertical integration; transaction cost; treatment effects; precautionary saving
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. In whom we trust more?
    heterogeneous effects of government assistance on trust in local officials in the Philippines
    Autor*in: Capuno, Joseph J.
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  [University of the Philippines School of Economics], [Diliman, Quezon City]

    Given the instrumental value of trust to development, knowing what builds trust in government officials is relevant to policy. Also, establishing empirically whether satisfaction with their performances is related to public assistance could guide... mehr

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    Given the instrumental value of trust to development, knowing what builds trust in government officials is relevant to policy. Also, establishing empirically whether satisfaction with their performances is related to public assistance could guide accountability measures to improve public service delivery. Using two rounds of nationally-representative surveys on local governance in the Philippines, we examine for the possible effects of the receipt of public assistance, which can be in cash or in kind, on trust in and satisfaction with the performances of governors, mayors, vice mayors and barangays (village) captains. To control for various sources of bias in the selection of aid recipients, we estimate treatment effects models that allow the treatment (receipt of assistance) to be exogenous or endogenous. Heterogeneous impacts are found. The receipt of assistance from any government source or a local government increases the probability of trust in the mayor, but has no effect on the probability trust in any other official. Such assistance, however, reduces the probability of satisfaction with the performance of the vice mayor. Assistance from municipal government has same negative effects for barangay captains. Public assistances do not affect the probability of trust in the governor or satisfaction with the performance of governor or mayor. The heterogeneous effects are attributed to the officials' relative reach and resources: relative to governors, mayors are more accessible to their constituents, though control less government resources; while vice mayors, barangay captains and mayors are all easily reached, the latter have greater fiscal authority and means. More than other officials, mayors draw in and provide for people who seek help or favors. The placebo test shows no impacts on the probability of satisfaction with the performance of the Department of the Interior and Local Government or of the Department Secretary, as expected.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / UP School of Economics ; no. 2021, 04 (August 2021)
    Schlagworte: Government assistance; trust in officials; satisfaction with performance; treatment effects; Philippines
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Instrument validity tests with causal forests
    Autor*in: Farbmacher, Helmut; Guber, Raphael; Klaaßen, Sven
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  mea - Munich Center for the Economics of Aging, Munich

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    Schriftenreihe: MEA discussion papers ; 2020, 13
    Schlagworte: Specification tests; causal forest; LATE; treatment effects; instrument validity
    Umfang: 35 Seiten, 30 cm
  4. Measuring the effect of health events in the labour market
    Autor*in: Duguet, Emmanuel
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Equipe de recherche sur l'utilisation des données individuelles en lien avec la théorie économique, [Marne-la-Vallée]

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    Schriftenreihe: Series of ERUDITE working papers ; no 2021, 01
    Schlagworte: labour; health; matching; differencing; treatment effects; panel data
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten)
  5. The effects of Vietnam-era military service on the long-term health of veterans: a bounds analysis
    Autor*in: Wang, Xintong; Flores, Carlos; Flores-Lagunes, Alfonso
    Erschienen: January 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We analyze the short- and long-term effects of the U.S. Vietnam-era military service on veterans' health outcomes using a restricted version of the National Health Interview Survey 1974-2013 and employing the draft lotteries as an instrumental... mehr

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    We analyze the short- and long-term effects of the U.S. Vietnam-era military service on veterans' health outcomes using a restricted version of the National Health Interview Survey 1974-2013 and employing the draft lotteries as an instrumental variable (IV). We start by assessing whether the draft lotteries, which have been used as an IV in prior literature, satisfy the exclusion restriction by placing bounds on its net or direct effect on the health outcomes of individuals who are non-veterans regardless of their draft eligibility (the "never takers"). Since we do not find evidence against the validity of the IV, we assume its validity in conducting inference on the health effects of military service for individuals who comply with the draft-lotteries assignment (the "compliers"), as well as for those who volunteer for enlistment (the "always takers"). The causal analysis for volunteers, who represent over 75% of veterans, is novel in this literature that typically focuses on the compliers. Since the effect for volunteers is not point-identified, we employ bounds that rely on a mild mean weak monotonicity assumption. We examine a large array of health outcomes and behaviors, including mortality, up to 40 years after the end of the Vietnam War. We do not find consistent evidence of detrimental health effects on compliers, in line with prior literature. For volunteers, however, we document that their estimated bounds show statistically significant detrimental health effects that appear 20 years after the end of the conflict. As a group, veterans experience similar statistically significant detrimental health effects from military service. These findings have implications for policies regarding compensation and health care of veterans after service.

     
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    hdl: 10419/232797
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14045
    Schlagworte: veteran health; treatment effects; bounds; instrumental variables
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Financial education for youth
    a randomized evaluation in Uruguay
    Autor*in: Borraz, Fernando; Caro, Ana; Caño-Guiral, Maira; Roa, María José
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Using data from a randomized control trial in Uruguay, we evaluate the impact of an economic and financial education program targeted to senior high-school students. The program is based on an innovative playful approach workshop about monetary... mehr

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    Using data from a randomized control trial in Uruguay, we evaluate the impact of an economic and financial education program targeted to senior high-school students. The program is based on an innovative playful approach workshop about monetary policy and financial supervision. We find that the workshop has a positive and significant impact on student knowledge. Our results shed light on the importance of economic and financial education for the youth in developing countries.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 881
    Schlagworte: BCUEduca; economic education; youth; treatment effects
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten)
  7. Does the estimation of the propensity score by machine learning improve matching estimation?
    the case of Germany's programmes for long term unemployed
    Autor*in: Goller, Daniel; Lechner, Michael; Moczall, Andreas; Wolff, Joachim
    Erschienen: 2019
    Verlag:  School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Economics, University of St.Gallen, St. Gallen

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / University of St.Gallen, School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Economics ; no. 2019, 10 (August 2019)
    Schlagworte: Programme evaluation; active labour market policy; causal machine learning; treatment effects; radius matching; propensity score
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Treatment effect heterogeneity
    Autor*in: Smith, Jeffrey A.
    Erschienen: March 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Knowledge of treatment effect heterogeneity or "essential heterogeneity" plays an important role in our understanding of how programs work and in the design of systems to allocate them among the eligible. This paper provides a relatively... mehr

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    Knowledge of treatment effect heterogeneity or "essential heterogeneity" plays an important role in our understanding of how programs work and in the design of systems to allocate them among the eligible. This paper provides a relatively non-technical survey of the current state of the treatment effect heterogeneity enterprise within economics from both substantive and applied econometric perspectives. It also suggests directions for research on treatment effect heterogeneity going forward.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263367
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15151
    Schlagworte: treatment effects; essential heterogeneity; program evaluation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten)
  9. Financial education for youth: a randomized evaluation in Uruguay
    Autor*in: Borraz, Fernando; Caro, Ana; Caño-Guiral, Maira; Roa, María José
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  [Banco Central del Uruguay], [Montevideo, Uruguay]

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    Schriftenreihe: Documento de trabajo / Banco Central del Uruguay ; no 2021, 011
    Schlagworte: BCUEduca; economic education; youth; treatment effects
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten)
  10. The impact of German public support transfers on firm finance
    evidence from the Covid-19 crisis
    Autor*in: Gärtner, Leo; Marek, Philipp
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt am Main

    The economic policy response to COVID-19 lockdowns included a variety of measures. Their effects on non-financial firms, however, remain unclear. To shed light on the effect of transfers, we investigate the effect of German emergency aid transfers... mehr

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    The economic policy response to COVID-19 lockdowns included a variety of measures. Their effects on non-financial firms, however, remain unclear. To shed light on the effect of transfers, we investigate the effect of German emergency aid transfers (November-December aid), a program designed for small and medium sized firms. Using novel survey data, we exploit variation in application status to estimate its effects on the financial situation of firms. We distinguish between firms that had already used aid transfers and those firms with a pending application. Our results show that firms substantially benefited from the November-December aid program. The provision of transfers improved liquidity and access to credit for distressed firms, while decreasing credit demand. The estimates suggest that firms that had received an approval of their application for November-December aid faced a 5-percentage point lower probability of being confronted with a low liquidity buffer. We also find strong evidence, that firms substituted aid with credit, since firms with a pending application status faced an 8-percentage point higher likelihood of starting credit negotiations. Moreover, the provision of November-December aid improved the creditworthiness of firms. We can show that receiving these transfers increased the probability of obtaining a loan at the desired conditions by 14 to 18 percentage points.

     
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    ISBN: 9783957298874
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    hdl: 10419/260400
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / Deutsche Bundesbank ; no 2022, 19
    Schlagworte: SMEs; emergency aid; treatment effects; COVID-19; firm finance
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Distributional aspects of microcredit expansions
    Autor*in: Christiansen, Tobias G.; Weeks, Melvyn
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  University of Cambridge, Faculty of Economics, Cambridge

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    Schriftenreihe: Cambridge working paper in economics ; 20100
    Schlagworte: Machine learning methods; microcredit; development policy; treatment effects; random forest; elastic net
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten)
  12. Selection and parallel trends
    Autor*in: Ghanem, Dalia; Sant'Anna, Pedro H. C.; Wüthrich, Kaspar
    Erschienen: August 2022
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    One of the perceived advantages of difference-in-differences (DiD) methods is that they do not explicitly restrict how units select into treatment. However, when justifying DiD, researchers often argue that the treatment is "quasi-randomly" assigned.... mehr

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    One of the perceived advantages of difference-in-differences (DiD) methods is that they do not explicitly restrict how units select into treatment. However, when justifying DiD, researchers often argue that the treatment is "quasi-randomly" assigned. We investigate what selection mechanisms are compatible with the parallel trends assumptions underlying DiD. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for parallel trends that clarify whether and how selection can depend on time-invariant and time-varying unobservables. We also suggest a menu of interpretable primitive sufficient conditions for parallel trends, thereby providing the formal underpinnings for justifying DiD based on contextual information about selection into treatment. We provide results for both separable and nonseparable outcome models and show that this distinction has implications for the use of covariates in DiD analyses. Building on our analysis of nonseparable models, we connect DiD to the literature on nonparametric identification in panel models.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9910 (2022)
    Schlagworte: causal inference; conditional parallal trends; covariates; difference-in-differences; selection mechanism; time-invariant and time-varying unobservables; treatment effects
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. German financial state aid during COVID-19 pandemic
    higher impact among digitalized self-employed
    Autor*in: Bertschek, Irene; Block, Jörn; Kritikos, Alexander; Stiel, Caroline
    Erschienen: September 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    In response to strong revenue and income losses that a large share of the self-employed faced during the COVID-19 pandemic, the German federal government introduced a €50bn emergency aid program. Based on real-time online-survey data comprising more... mehr

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    In response to strong revenue and income losses that a large share of the self-employed faced during the COVID-19 pandemic, the German federal government introduced a €50bn emergency aid program. Based on real-time online-survey data comprising more than 20,000 observations, we analyze the impact of this program on the subjective survival probability. In particular, we investigate how the digitalization level of the self-employed influences the program's effectiveness. Employing propensity score matching, we find that the emergency aid program had only moderately positive effects on the confidence of the self-employed to survive the crisis. However, the self-employed whose businesses were highly digitalized, benefitted much more from the state aid compared to those whose businesses were less digitalized. This holds true only for those self-employed in advanced digitalization stages, who started the digitalization processes already before the crisis. Moreover, taking a regional perspective, we find suggestive evidence that the quality of the regional broadband infrastructure matters in the sense that it increases the effectiveness of the emergency aid program. Our findings show the interplay between governmental support programs, the digitalization levels of entrepreneurs, and the regional digital infrastructure. The study helps public policy to increase the impact of crisis-related policy instruments.

     
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    hdl: 10419/265829
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15608
    Schlagworte: self-employment; emergency aid; treatment effects; COVID-19; entrepreneurship; digitalization; resilience
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Emergency-aid for self-employed in the Covid-19 pandemic
    flash in the pan?
    Autor*in: Block, Jörn; Kritikos, Alexander; Priem, Maximilian; Stiel, Caroline; Zylbersztejn, Adam
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Universität Potsdam, Potsdam

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    Schriftenreihe: CEPA discussion papers ; no. 55 (October 2022)
    Schlagworte: Covid-19; emergency-aid; entrepreneurship policy; self-employment; subjective survival probability; treatment effects
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (41 Seiten, 556 KB), Tabellen, Illustrationen
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    The self-employed faced strong income losses during the Covid-19 pandemic. Many governments introduced programs to financially support the self-employed during the pandemic, including Germany. The German Ministry for Economic Affairs announced a €50bn emergency-aid program in March 2020, offering one-off lump-sum payments of up to €15,000 to those facing substantial revenue declines. By reassuring the self- employed that the government ‘would not let them down’ during the crisis, the program had also the important aim of motivating the self-employed to get through the crisis. We investigate whether the program affected the confidence of the self-employed to survive the crisis using real-time online-survey data comprising more than 20,000 observations. We employ propensity score matching, making use of a rich set of variables that influence the subjective survival probability as main outcome measure. We observe that this program had significant effects, with the subjective survival probability of the self- employed being moderately…
  15. Crop insurance and crop productivity
    evidence from rice farmers in eastern India
    Autor*in: Kumar, Anjani; Saroj, Sunil; Mishra, Ashok K.
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA

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    Schriftenreihe: IFPRI discussion paper ; 01996 (January 2021)
    Schlagworte: Crop insurance; rice yield; farm size; India; food security; treatment effects
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Who wins and who loses from state subsidies?
    Autor*in: Du, Jun; Girma, Sourafel; Görg, Holger; Stepanok, Ignat
    Erschienen: April 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    China is perceived to rely on subsidizing firms in targeted industries to improve their performance and stay competitive. We implement an approach that allows for the joint estimation of direct and indirect effects of subsidies on subsidized and... mehr

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    China is perceived to rely on subsidizing firms in targeted industries to improve their performance and stay competitive. We implement an approach that allows for the joint estimation of direct and indirect effects of subsidies on subsidized and non-subsidized firms. We find that firms that receive subsidies experience a boost for productivity. However, our approach highlights the importance of indirect effects, which are generally neglected in the literature. We find that, in general but not always, non-subsidized firms experience reductions in their productivity growth if they operate in a cluster where other firms are subsidized. These negative externalities depend on the share of firms that receive subsidies in the cluster. Aggregating direct and indirect effects into a (weighted) total effect shows that this negative indirect effect tends to dominate. We interpret our results in the light of a simple heterogenous firm type model, which highlights that subsidization, in a competitive environment of firms, may potentially harm non-subsidized firms.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263465
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15249
    Schlagworte: Subvention; Unternehmenserfolg; Externer Effekt; Kausalanalyse; China; subsidies; firm performance; treatment effects; externalities; China
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Sensitivity of policy relevant treatment parameters to violations of monotonicity
    Autor*in: Yap, Luther
    Erschienen: August 9, 2022
    Verlag:  Princeton University, Industrial Relations Section, Princeton

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Princeton University, Industrial Relations Section ; #655
    Schlagworte: Instrumental variables; treatment effects; local average treatment effect; LATE; policy relevant treatment parameters; partial identification; monotonicity; sensitivity analysis
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Does organic farming jeopardize food and nutrition security?
    Autor*in: Aïhounton, Ghislain B. D.; Henningsen, Arne
    Erschienen: June 2023
    Verlag:  Department of Food and Resource Economics (IFRO), University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark

    The prevalence of organic farming and other sustainability standards is increasing around the globe. While effects of organic farming on productivity, income, and poverty alleviation have been analyzed in numerous empirical studies, its effects on... mehr

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    The prevalence of organic farming and other sustainability standards is increasing around the globe. While effects of organic farming on productivity, income, and poverty alleviation have been analyzed in numerous empirical studies, its effects on food and nutrition security are not yet understood. Using data from smallholder cotton farmers in Benin, we empirically investigate how adopting organic farming affects their food and nutrition security. Our results indicate that adopting organic farming substantially reduces their food security, while it tends to slightly reduce the nutritional quality of their diets. Evaluating pathways, we find that the decreased food and nutrition security is likely caused by lower household income due to lower income from cotton farming given a smaller land area cultivated with cotton, while a larger land area cultivated with food crops cannot fully compensate for the reduced income from cotton farming. This alarming result illustrates the need for evaluating and eventually improving programs for organic farming in developing countries to ensure that good intentions for more sustainable production practices do not jeopardize the livelihoods of vulnerable smallholder farmers.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
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    hdl: 10419/272333
    Schriftenreihe: IFRO working paper ; 2023, 02
    Schlagworte: organic farming; food security; dietary diversity; farm households; treatment effects
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 133 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Emergency-aid for self-employed in the Covid-19 pandemic
    flash in the pan?
    Autor*in: Block, Jörn; Kritikos, Alexander; Priem, Maximilian; Stiel, Caroline; Zylbersztejn, Adam
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Universität Potsdam, Potsdam

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    Schriftenreihe: CEPA discussion papers ; no. 55 (October 2022)
    Schlagworte: Covid-19; emergency-aid; entrepreneurship policy; self-employment; subjective survival probability; treatment effects
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (41 Seiten, 556 KB), Tabellen, Illustrationen
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    The self-employed faced strong income losses during the Covid-19 pandemic. Many governments introduced programs to financially support the self-employed during the pandemic, including Germany. The German Ministry for Economic Affairs announced a €50bn emergency-aid program in March 2020, offering one-off lump-sum payments of up to €15,000 to those facing substantial revenue declines. By reassuring the self- employed that the government ‘would not let them down’ during the crisis, the program had also the important aim of motivating the self-employed to get through the crisis. We investigate whether the program affected the confidence of the self-employed to survive the crisis using real-time online-survey data comprising more than 20,000 observations. We employ propensity score matching, making use of a rich set of variables that influence the subjective survival probability as main outcome measure. We observe that this program had significant effects, with the subjective survival probability of the self- employed being moderately…
  20. Human capital investments in children
    a comparative analysis of the role of parent-child shared time in selected countries
    Autor*in: Österbacka, Eva; Merz, Joachim; Zick, Cathleen D.
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  FFB, Lüneburg

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  21. The impact of the euro on euro area GDP per capita
    Autor*in: Fernández, Cristina; García Perea, Pilar
    Erschienen: 2015
    Verlag:  Banco de España, Madrid

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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
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    Schriftenreihe: Documentos de trabajo / Banco de España, Eurosistema ; no. 1530
    Schlagworte: treatment effects; synthetic control method; monetary union
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
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    Zusammenfassung in spanischer Sprache
  22. Mostly harmless simulations?
    on the internal validity of empirical Monte Carlo studies
    Autor*in: Advani, Arun; Kitagawa, Toru; Słoczyński, Tymon
    Erschienen: September 21, 2018
    Verlag:  Brandeis University, Department of Economics and International Business School, Waltham, MA

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    Auflage/Ausgabe: This version: September 21, 2018
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / Brandeis University, Department of Economics and International Businesss School ; 124
    Schlagworte: empirical Monte Carlo studies; program evaluation; selection on observables; treatment effects
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten)
  23. A general weighted average representation of the ordinary and two-stage least squares estimands
    Autor*in: Słoczyński, Tymon
    Erschienen: October 2, 2018
    Verlag:  Brandeis University, Department of Economics and International Business School, Waltham, MA

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    Auflage/Ausgabe: This version: October 2, 2018
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / Brandeis University, Department of Economics and International Businesss School ; 125
    Schlagworte: heterogeneity; ordinary least squares; propensity score; two-stage least squares; treatment effects
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 72 Seiten)
  24. Average gaps and Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions
    a cautionary tale about regression estimates of racial differences in labor market outcomes
    Autor*in: Słoczyński, Tymon
    Erschienen: 2018
    Verlag:  Brandeis University, Department of Economics and International Business School, Waltham, MA

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / Brandeis University, Department of Economics and International Businesss School ; 127
    Schlagworte: black–white gaps; decomposition methods; test scores; treatment effects; wages
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Human capital investments in children
    a comparative analysis of the role of parent-child shared time in selected countries
    Autor*in: Merz, Joachim; Österbacka, Eva; Zick, Cathleen D.
    Erschienen: 2010
    Verlag:  FFB, Lüneburg

    Parents invest in their children’s human capital in several ways. We investigate the extent to which the levels and composition of parent-child time varies across countries with different welfare regimes: Finland, Germany and the United States. We... mehr

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    Parents invest in their children’s human capital in several ways. We investigate the extent to which the levels and composition of parent-child time varies across countries with different welfare regimes: Finland, Germany and the United States. We test the hypothesis of parentchild time as a form of human capital investment in children using a propensity score treatment effects approach that accounts for the possible endogenous nature of time use and human capital investment. Result: There is considerable evidence of welfare regime effects on parent-child shared time. Our results provide mixed support for the hypothesis that non-care related parent-child time is human capital enriching. The strongest support is found in the case of leisure time and eating time. Eltern investieren in ihre Kinder auf unterschiedliche Weise. Wir untersuchen wie das Ausmaß und die Zusammensetzung von Eltern-Kind Zeiten in unterschiedlichen Ländern mit differenten Wohlfahrtsregimes variiert: Finnland, Deutschland und die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. Komposition: Wir testen die Hypothese der Eltern-Kind Zeiten als eine Form von Humankapitalinvestitionen in Kinder mit einem ‚propensity score treatment effects’-Ansatz für die mögliche Endogenität der Zeitverwendung und Humankapitalinvestition. Resultat: Wohlfahrtsregime haben einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die von Eltern mit ihren Kindern verbrachte Zeit. Unsere Resultate unterstützen die Hypothese, dass Eltern-Kind Zeiten, die nicht als Kinderbetreuung zu charakterisieren sind, Humankapital anreichern. Die stärkste Unterstützung wurde für die Bereiche Freizeit und gemeinsam verbrachte Essenszeiten gefunden.

     
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