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  1. Almost Hollywood, Nearly New Orleans: The Lure of the Local Film Economy
    Autor*in: Mayer, Vicki
    Erschienen: 2017
    Verlag:  University of California Press, Oakland, California

    Early in the twenty-first century, Louisiana, one of the poorest states in the United States, redirected millions in tax dollars from the public coffers in an effort to become the top location site globally for the production of Hollywood films and... mehr

     

    Early in the twenty-first century, Louisiana, one of the poorest states in the United States, redirected millions in tax dollars from the public coffers in an effort to become the top location site globally for the production of Hollywood films and television series. Why would lawmakers support such a policy? Why would citizens accept the policyâ s uncomfortable effects on their economy and culture? Almost Hollywood, Nearly New Orleans addresses these questions through a study of the local and everyday experiences of the film economy in New Orleans, Louisianaâ a city that has twice taken the mantle of becoming a movie production capital. From the silent era to todayâ s Hollywood South, Vicki Mayer explains that the aura of a film economy is inseparable from a prevailing sense of home, even as it changes that place irrevocably.

     

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    Quelle: OAPEN
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9780520967175
    Weitere Identifier:
    Schlagworte: Film, TV & radio; History
    Weitere Schlagworte: new orleans; louisiana; runaway film; film industries; hollywood south; film economy; creative economy; tax incentives; hollywood; Treme (TV series)
    Umfang: 1 electronic resource (162 p.)
  2. Assessing pension-related tax expenditures in South Africa
    evidence from the 2016 retirement reform
    Erschienen: March 2021
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    In 2016, the South African government introduced a comprehensive reform to simplify and harmonize the pension system in order to incentivize pension savings and increase the fairness of the retirement system. Using administrative tax micro-data, we... mehr

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    In 2016, the South African government introduced a comprehensive reform to simplify and harmonize the pension system in order to incentivize pension savings and increase the fairness of the retirement system. Using administrative tax micro-data, we assess the impact of the 2016 reform and find that it triggered a positive impact on the extensive margin (the number of people contributing to pension funds) and a less sharp yet positive effect on the intensive margin (the average value of contributions). The reform was not effective at mitigating the regressive impact of the retirement system because the number of individuals contributing to retirement funds increased relatively more for top earners, and it has also exacerbated the gap between low- and high-income individuals on the intensive margin side. In addition, more resources were allocated to pension-related tax expenditures, which have been proven to be highly concentrated among rich earners, both before and after the reform, hence exacerbating inequality.

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789292569921
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/243380
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2021, 54
    Schlagworte: pension savings; tax incentives; inequality; tax expenditures; retirement
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Cash on the table?
    imperfect take-up of tax incentives and firm investment behavior
    Erschienen: November 2021
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    We investigate whether investment incentives work in less developed countries by exploiting the introduction of accelerated depreciation (AD) for fixed asset investment in China as a natural experiment. In contrast to the large positive impact of... mehr

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    We investigate whether investment incentives work in less developed countries by exploiting the introduction of accelerated depreciation (AD) for fixed asset investment in China as a natural experiment. In contrast to the large positive impact of similar tax incentives in the U.S. and U.K. found in recent studies, we document that AD was ineffective in stimulating Chinese firms' investment. Further, using confidential corporate tax returns from a large province, we find that firms fail to claim the AD benefit on over 80% of eligible investments. Firms’ take-up is significantly influenced by their taxable positions and tax sophistication. Moreover, resources of local tax authorities help improve awareness of the policy. Our study contributes to the understanding of conditions under which tax incentives for investment can be effective.

     

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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
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    hdl: 10419/248958
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9413 (2021)
    Schlagworte: tax incentives; investment; take-up; tax administration
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 72 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Who benefits from tax incentives?
    the heterogeneous wage incidence of a tax credit
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Do workers gain from lower business taxes, and why? We estimate how a large corporate income tax credit in France is passed on to wages and explore the firm- and employee-level underlying mechanisms. The amount of tax credit firms get depends on... mehr

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    Do workers gain from lower business taxes, and why? We estimate how a large corporate income tax credit in France is passed on to wages and explore the firm- and employee-level underlying mechanisms. The amount of tax credit firms get depends on their payroll share of workers paid less than a wage threshold. Exposure to the policy thus varies both across workers depending on their wage and across firms depending on their wage structure. Using exhaustive employer-employee data, we find that half of the surplus generated by the reform falls onto workers. Wage gains load on incumbents in high-skill occupations. The wage earnings of low-skill workers - nearly all individually eligible - do not change. This heterogeneous wage incidence is unlikely to be driven by scale effects or skill complementarities. We find that the groups of workers benefiting from wage gains are also more likely to continue working for the same firm. Further, we show that firms do not change their wage-setting behavior in response to the individual eligibility status of workers. Overall, our results suggest that the wage incidence of the tax credit operated collectively through rent-sharing and benefited workers most costly to replace.

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
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    hdl: 10419/245734
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14683
    Schlagworte: business taxation; tax incentives; wage incidence; rent sharing
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 95 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. The effects of management practices on effective tax rates
    evidence from Ecuador
    Erschienen: August 2021
    Verlag:  Inter-American Development Bank, Department of Research and Chief Economist, [Washington, DC]

    This paper examines the effects of management practices on effective tax rates (ETR) in a sample of medium and large manufacturing firms in Ecuador. We use a novel data set on management practice scores matched with administrative tax data from the... mehr

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    This paper examines the effects of management practices on effective tax rates (ETR) in a sample of medium and large manufacturing firms in Ecuador. We use a novel data set on management practice scores matched with administrative tax data from the Superintendence of Companies and the Internal Revenue Services of Ecuador based on firms' tax filings. We find that better management practices are positively associated with effective tax rates, defined as the share of tax obligations to profits. This result is robust under various specifications controlling for different covariates, and to different measures of effective tax rates. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the use of fiscal incentives is positively associated with higher effective tax rates. However, firms that use fiscal incentives are able to fatten or reduce their effective tax rates as management practices improved. Overall, our findings suggest that government-sponsored policies that seek to promote better management practices may be self-sustained, if the additional tax revenue expected from better management practices through higher profits is able to cover the cost of the programs.

     

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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/245872
    Schriftenreihe: IDB working paper series ; no IDB-WP-01224
    Schlagworte: Management; Unternehmensbesteuerung; Steuertarif; Steuervergünstigung; Steuereinnahmen; Ecuador; management practices; tax obligations; tax incentives; productivity
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. The employment effect of place-based policies
    evidence from India
    Erschienen: November 2020
    Verlag:  World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice & South Asia Region, Office of the Chief Economist, [Washington, DC, USA]

    Many governments in developing countries have pursued policies targeting specific geographic areas over the past several decades. However, only a few have rigorously evaluated the causal impact of these interventions. This paper examines the... mehr

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    Many governments in developing countries have pursued policies targeting specific geographic areas over the past several decades. However, only a few have rigorously evaluated the causal impact of these interventions. This paper examines the effectiveness of a prominent place-based policy in India: the centrally sponsored New Industrial Policy for the state of Uttarakhand. Using georeferenced economic census data, the analysis applies a boundary discontinuity research design and zones in on the unique border between Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, two states that were officially one before the implementation of the New Industrial Policy. The findings show that there was a significant and abrupt increase in employment at the town and village level when crossing the state border from Uttar Pradesh to Uttarakhand after the full implementation of the New Industrial Policy. The conclusion even holds for firms within the same sector. The increase is mainly due to larger firm sizes and expansions into new industries. A main component of the New Industrial Policy was excise tax incentives for certain industries. The paper finds that the increase in cross-border employment is higher for sectors receiving excise tax incentives than others. Additionally, exploring spillovers between industries, the paper shows that, controlling for the direct effects, the sectors with labor requirements similar to those receiving excise tax incentives also experience an increase in employment. Finally, the growth in the number of firms in Uttar Pradesh close to the border remained stable before and after the New Industrial Policy, which suggests the results are not fully driven by firms relocating from Uttar Pradesh to Uttarakhand

     

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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Schriftenreihe: Policy research working paper ; 9477
    World Bank E-Library Archive
    Schlagworte: place-based policies; tax incentives; agglomeration economies; coagglomeration; boundary discontinuity; employment; firm location; India
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Incentive effects of R&D tax incentives
    a meta-analysis focusing on R&D tax policy designs
    Autor*in: Pöschel, Carla
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre, Berlin

    Despite the growing literature on the effectiveness of research and development (R&D) tax incentives, little is known about the differing design aspects of the underlying tax policies. In this paper, I apply meta-regression analysis (MRA) to separate... mehr

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    Despite the growing literature on the effectiveness of research and development (R&D) tax incentives, little is known about the differing design aspects of the underlying tax policies. In this paper, I apply meta-regression analysis (MRA) to separate the distinct provisions through which various tax schemes affect firms' R&D expenditures. Using 192 estimates from 19 studies exploiting the direct approach, the results indicate, on average, greater input additionality effects of hybrid regimes in comparison to volume-based and incremental ones. MetaForest, a novel machine learning algorithm, confirms these results: the moderator for hybrid schemes is the most important variable in explaining the heterogeneity among estimates. Unlike previous MRA, I find only weak evidence for publication bias in this stream of literature. Overall, the relation between tax incentives and R&D expenditures is positive, on average, but the strength varies with methodological variations across studies.

     

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    hdl: 10419/230675
    Auflage/Ausgabe: Revised and renamed August 2020
    Schriftenreihe: Arqus discussion paper ; no. 243 (August 2019)
    Schlagworte: R&D; tax incentives; additionality effects; direct approach; meta-regression analysis; random forest
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Designing fossil fuel subsidy reforms in OECD and G20 countries
    a robust sequential approach methodology
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  OECD, Paris, France

    Reform of support for fossil fuels is often identified as a priority for a country’s fiscal consolidation efforts and for climate action to align financial flows with low-carbon pathways. Its implementation, however, remains elusive for many... mehr

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    Reform of support for fossil fuels is often identified as a priority for a country’s fiscal consolidation efforts and for climate action to align financial flows with low-carbon pathways. Its implementation, however, remains elusive for many countries as they face seemingly irreconcilable policy agendas of economic growth and sustainability coupled with potential political backlash against austerity and rising costs. This paper provides a sequential approach that may assist in providing support for the analysis to a well-informed reform process. Deploying the suggested tools can help policy makers to identify the most distorting government support measures and alternative or complementary policies that deliver the sought-after objectives more efficiently and effectively. The work presented here draws on the OECD’s longstanding experience and tradition in measuring and tracking support measures for fossil fuels, primarily in its Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels (Inventory hereafter) and accompanying reports.

     

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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Schriftenreihe: OECD environment working papers ; no. 168
    Schlagworte: Subsidies; fossil fuels; energy; reform; government support; fossil fuel subsidies; oil; gas; coal; fossil fuel subsidy reform; tax incentives; tax expenditures; ; Environment; Taxation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Aspects of environmentally beneficial tax incentives
    a literature review
    Erschienen: January 2021
    Verlag:  Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Wien

    While environmental taxes aim at making environmentally harmful behaviour more costly, the opposite is true for environmentally beneficial tax incentives. Tax incentives imply foregone public revenues to favour less polluting consumption and... mehr

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    While environmental taxes aim at making environmentally harmful behaviour more costly, the opposite is true for environmentally beneficial tax incentives. Tax incentives imply foregone public revenues to favour less polluting consumption and investment activities in order to achieve environmental policy goals. While there is a large body of theoretical literature on environmental taxes and emissions trading, the theoretical literature on environmentally beneficial tax incentives (as well as direct subsidies) is rather slim. Most of the literature in the field of beneficial tax incentives consists of empirical case studies on concrete tax incentives that have been introduced in individual countries. The paper provides a review of theoretical and empirical literature addressing the effects of environmentally beneficial tax incentives. Hereby, the review of empirical evidence on the impact of specific tax incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions focuses on tax incentives in the transport sector and particularly on those attached to vehicle taxation aiming at supporting the decarbonisation of the car fleet. We also summarise the sparse empirical evidence on tax incentives intended to support the use of public transport, green R&D, and energy efficiency.

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/231461
    Schriftenreihe: WIFO working papers ; 621 (2021)
    Schlagworte: Carbon taxation; environmental taxation; price-based instruments; tax incentives; climate policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten)
  10. Tax incentives to appear small
    evidence from Thai firms and corporate groups
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  [Puey Ungphakorn Institute for Economic Research], [Bangkok]

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / Puey Ungphakorn Institute for Economic Research ; no. 148 (February 2021)
    Schlagworte: bunching; tax incentives; business group; corporate tax; size-dependent policy; tax evasion
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Wealth taxation and charitable giving
    Erschienen: April 2022
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    We provide novel evidence on the linkages between capital taxation and charitable giving on three fronts. First, we use quasi-experimental variation in the annual Norwegian wealth tax to study the effect on how much households give. Inconsistent with... mehr

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    We provide novel evidence on the linkages between capital taxation and charitable giving on three fronts. First, we use quasi-experimental variation in the annual Norwegian wealth tax to study the effect on how much households give. Inconsistent with the notion that households give more in order to reduce future wealth taxes, we find a small negative effect. This is effect is entirely driven by households paying more in wealth taxes. The extensive-margin variation has no effect, which suggests an absence of intertemporal substitution effects in giving. Second, we study bunching at an income-tax exemption threshold for giving and estimate a modest own-price elasticity that is decreasing in income, age, and wealth. Third, we show that these nominally unrelated tax incentives interact: wealth taxation increases the after-tax own-price elasticity of giving. Overall, our evidence is consistent with modest effects of capital taxation on charitable giving that are primarily driven by income effects.

     

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    hdl: 10419/260830
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9700 (2022)
    Schlagworte: charitable giving; wealth taxation; tax incentives
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Saving at tax time
    do additional retroactive savings opportunities increase retirement savings?
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre, Berlin

    Using a series of experiments, we examine whether the additional opportunity to save retroactively for retirement at the time of tax filing increases overall retirement savings. Our findings show that introducing the additional savings opportunity at... mehr

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    Using a series of experiments, we examine whether the additional opportunity to save retroactively for retirement at the time of tax filing increases overall retirement savings. Our findings show that introducing the additional savings opportunity at tax time increases the total savings rate by almost 5 percentage points. This positive effect holds regardless of whether retirement savings are taxed immediately (back-loaded pension plans) or deferred (front-loaded pension plans) or whether subjects expect back taxes or a tax refund. We show that the effect is not due to higher tax salience at tax time but that the additional offer to save nudges impulsive savings behavior. Policymakers may thus consider the introduction of an additional savings opportunity at tax time as a policy tool to encourage retirement savings. In addition, policymakers should consider the advantage of immediate over deferred taxation in increasing retirement savings. We show that the savings gap between immediate and deferred taxation found in previous studies can expand further if savings are additionally allowed at tax filing.

     

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    hdl: 10419/266490
    Schriftenreihe: Arqus discussion paper ; no. 272 (November 2022)
    Schlagworte: Retirement savings; tax incentives; impulsive savings; tax salience; nudging; deferred taxa-tion
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 75 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Do opportunity zones create opportunities?
    the impact of opportunity zones on real estate prices
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Tulane University, Department of Economics, New Orleans, LA

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    Schriftenreihe: Tulane Economics working paper series ; 2303 (April 2023)
    Schlagworte: opportunity zones; tax incentives; place-based development policies; regression discontinuity estimation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Designing fossil fuel subsidy reforms in OECD and G20 countries
    a robust sequential approach methodology
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  OECD, Paris, France

    Reform of support for fossil fuels is often identified as a priority for a country’s fiscal consolidation efforts and for climate action to align financial flows with low-carbon pathways. Its implementation, however, remains elusive for many... mehr

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    Reform of support for fossil fuels is often identified as a priority for a country’s fiscal consolidation efforts and for climate action to align financial flows with low-carbon pathways. Its implementation, however, remains elusive for many countries as they face seemingly irreconcilable policy agendas of economic growth and sustainability coupled with potential political backlash against austerity and rising costs. This paper provides a sequential approach that may assist in providing support for the analysis to a well-informed reform process. Deploying the suggested tools can help policy makers to identify the most distorting government support measures and alternative or complementary policies that deliver the sought-after objectives more efficiently and effectively. The work presented here draws on the OECD’s longstanding experience and tradition in measuring and tracking support measures for fossil fuels, primarily in its Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels (Inventory hereafter) and accompanying reports.

     

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    Schriftenreihe: OECD environment working papers ; no. 168
    Schlagworte: Subsidies; fossil fuels; energy; reform; government support; fossil fuel subsidies; oil; gas; coal; fossil fuel subsidy reform; tax incentives; tax expenditures; ; Environment; Taxation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. The employment effect of place-based policies
    evidence from India
    Erschienen: November 2020
    Verlag:  World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice & South Asia Region, Office of the Chief Economist, [Washington, DC, USA]

    Many governments in developing countries have pursued policies targeting specific geographic areas over the past several decades. However, only a few have rigorously evaluated the causal impact of these interventions. This paper examines the... mehr

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    Many governments in developing countries have pursued policies targeting specific geographic areas over the past several decades. However, only a few have rigorously evaluated the causal impact of these interventions. This paper examines the effectiveness of a prominent place-based policy in India: the centrally sponsored New Industrial Policy for the state of Uttarakhand. Using georeferenced economic census data, the analysis applies a boundary discontinuity research design and zones in on the unique border between Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, two states that were officially one before the implementation of the New Industrial Policy. The findings show that there was a significant and abrupt increase in employment at the town and village level when crossing the state border from Uttar Pradesh to Uttarakhand after the full implementation of the New Industrial Policy. The conclusion even holds for firms within the same sector. The increase is mainly due to larger firm sizes and expansions into new industries. A main component of the New Industrial Policy was excise tax incentives for certain industries. The paper finds that the increase in cross-border employment is higher for sectors receiving excise tax incentives than others. Additionally, exploring spillovers between industries, the paper shows that, controlling for the direct effects, the sectors with labor requirements similar to those receiving excise tax incentives also experience an increase in employment. Finally, the growth in the number of firms in Uttar Pradesh close to the border remained stable before and after the New Industrial Policy, which suggests the results are not fully driven by firms relocating from Uttar Pradesh to Uttarakhand

     

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    Schriftenreihe: Policy research working paper ; 9477
    World Bank E-Library Archive
    Schlagworte: place-based policies; tax incentives; agglomeration economies; coagglomeration; boundary discontinuity; employment; firm location; India
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Estimating policy mix effects
    grants and tax credit complementarities for R&D and innovation outcomes
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  ERC, Enterprise Research Centre, Coventry

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    Schriftenreihe: ERC research paper ; 110 (October 2023)
    Schlagworte: R&D; innovation; policy mix; grant; tax incentives
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten)
  17. The tax attractiveness of EU locations for corporate investments
    a stocktaking of past developments and recent reforms
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, Mannheim, Germany

    Tax incentives are a key component of governments’ investment policy mix as they directly impact companies’ tax burden. In this paper, we illustrate the EU’s tax attractiveness as investment location over time in terms of effective average tax rates... mehr

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    Tax incentives are a key component of governments’ investment policy mix as they directly impact companies’ tax burden. In this paper, we illustrate the EU’s tax attractiveness as investment location over time in terms of effective average tax rates and evaluate potential tax reform options. Our quantitative assessment of recent tax policies suggests that corporate tax rate cuts, notional interest deductions and R&D incentives reduce the effective average tax rate significantly. However, we argue that targeted measures such as accelerated depreciations and R&D incentives are most suitable for creating an attractive tax environment for business investments, especially in the context of the global minimum tax.

     

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    hdl: 10419/283587
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / ZEW ; no. 23, 066 (12/2023)
    Schlagworte: Mannheim Tax Index; effective tax rates; Devereux-Griffith methodology; globalminimum tax; tax incentives; investment; location attractiveness
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (38 ungezählte Seiten), Diagramme
  18. Tax treaties and developing countries
    Autor*in: Zolt, Eric M.
    Erschienen: 2018
    Verlag:  Oxford University Centre for Business Taxation, Oxford

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / Oxford University Centre for Business Taxation ; WP 18, 05 (June 2018)
    Schlagworte: tax treaties; developing countries; tax incentives; allocation of taxing rights
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Tax incentives and R&D
    an evaluation of the 2002 UK reform using micro data
    Autor*in: Guceri, Irem
    Erschienen: 2015
    Verlag:  Oxford University Centre for Business Taxation, Oxford

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Oxford University Centre for Business Taxation ; 15,11
    Schlagworte: R&D; multinational firms; tax incentives
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (42, [4] S.), graph. Darst.
  20. Evaluation of federal tax incentives for private R&D in Belgium
    an update
    Autor*in: Dumont, Michel
    Erschienen: 2015
    Verlag:  Federal Planning Bureau, Brussels

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    Weitere Identifier:
    D/2015/7433/19
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Bureau fédéral du Plan ; 5-15
    Schlagworte: R&D; tax incentives; subsidies; impact assessment
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (106 S.), graph. Darst.
  21. Consistent estimation of the tax-price elasticity of charitable giving with survey data
    Erschienen: October 2016
    Verlag:  Economics School of Social Sciences, the University of Manchester, Manchester

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    Schriftenreihe: Economics discussion paper series ; EDP-1606
    Schlagworte: Charitable giving; tax incentives; bias
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Tax incentives and firm size
    effects on private R&D investment in Spain
    Erschienen: 2014
    Verlag:  UNU‐MERIT [u.a.], Maastricht

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    Schriftenreihe: UNU-MERIT working paper series ; 2014-081
    Schlagworte: tax incentives; effective user cost; panel data; sample selectio
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (37 S.), graph. Darst.
  23. Public support for R&D and the educational mix of R&D employees
    Erschienen: 2014
    Verlag:  Federal Planning Bureau, Brussels

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    Weitere Identifier:
    D/2014/7433/20
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / Federal Planning Bureau ; 8-14
    Schlagworte: R&D; tax incentives; educational mix; wages researchers
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (32 S.), graph. Darst.
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