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  1. Enhancing the efficiency and equity of the tax system in Israel
    Autor*in: Röhn, Oliver
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  OECD, Paris, France

    Israel’s tax mix is reasonably growth- and employment-friendly. Nonetheless, tax reform is needed to foster an inclusive recovery from the COVID-19 crisis and help tackle Israel’s main economic and societal challenges of high poverty, including among... mehr

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    Israel’s tax mix is reasonably growth- and employment-friendly. Nonetheless, tax reform is needed to foster an inclusive recovery from the COVID-19 crisis and help tackle Israel’s main economic and societal challenges of high poverty, including among those in work, and slow aggregate productivity growth. The earned income tax credit has been an effective tool to reduce poverty and increase employment among the low-skilled and could be further expanded. The business tax system provides large benefits that aim to incentivise companies to become more productive, but the existing design may create distortions. This preferential tax treatment should be reviewed with a view to better targeting the scheme to ensure net benefits to society. There is also scope to simplify the tax system by removing inefficient tax expenditures and better leverage Israel’s impressive technological capacity to further lower compliance costs and reduce tax evasion. Finally, excise taxes should be adjusted, including by taxing carbon more heavily, to improve environmental and health outcomes.

     

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    Quelle: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    Schriftenreihe: OECD Economics Department working papers ; no. 1646
    Schlagworte: taxes; personal income taxes; business taxes; tax administration; environmental taxation; tax avoidance; transfers; tax evasion; subsidies; Israel; Economics
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Do carbon offsets offset carbon?
    Erschienen: October 2021
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    We develop and implement a new method for identifying wasted subsidies, and use it to provide systematic evidence on the misallocation of carbon offsets in the Clean Development Mechanism - the world's largest carbon offset program. Using newly... mehr

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    We develop and implement a new method for identifying wasted subsidies, and use it to provide systematic evidence on the misallocation of carbon offsets in the Clean Development Mechanism - the world's largest carbon offset program. Using newly constructed data on the locations and characteristics of 1,350 wind farms in India - a context where it was believed, ex ante, that the Clean Development Mechanism could significantly increase development above baseline projections - we estimate that at least 52% of approved carbon offsets were allocated to projects that would very likely have been built anyway. In addition to wasting scarce resources, we estimate that the sale of these offsets to regulated polluters has substantially increased global carbon dioxide emissions.

     

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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/248913
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9368 (2021)
    Schlagworte: carbon offsets; infra-marginal support; subsidies; investment; wind power; misallocation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Transferencias no condicionadas a la vejez: la respuesta a los problemas de focalización y cobertura en el sistema pensional colombiano
    Erschienen: julio de 2021
    Verlag:  CEDE, Centro de Estudios sobre Desarrollo Económico, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia

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    Sprache: Spanisch
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    Format: Online
    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 2021, 36 (julio de 2021)
    Schlagworte: pensions; unconditional transfers; subsidies; savings
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Do carbon offsets offset carbon?
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / Centre for Economic Performance ; no. 1808 (October 2021)
    Schlagworte: carbon offsets; infra-marginal support; misallocation; investment; subsidies; wind power
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Kieler Subventionsbericht: die Finanzhilfen des Bundes in Zeiten der Coronakrise
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Kiel Institut für Weltwirtschaft – Leibniz Zentrum zur Erforschung globaler ökonomischer Herausforderungen, Kiel

    Der vorliegende Kieler Subventionsbericht konzentriert sich auf die Analyse der Finanzhilfen des Bundes 2021 sowie auf die Frage, inwieweit den Ausgaben in den Jahren 2020 und 2021 im Zusammenhang mit der Corona-Pandemie Subventionscharakter zukommt.... mehr

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    Der vorliegende Kieler Subventionsbericht konzentriert sich auf die Analyse der Finanzhilfen des Bundes 2021 sowie auf die Frage, inwieweit den Ausgaben in den Jahren 2020 und 2021 im Zusammenhang mit der Corona-Pandemie Subventionscharakter zukommt. Die Autoren zeigen, dass seit dem Jahr 2014 die Finanzhilfen des Bundes auf Expansionskurs sind. Einschließlich der Finanzhilfen aus dem Zukunftspaket sollen sie im Jahr 2021 auf den historischen Höchststand von 87,2 Mrd. Euro steigen. Das bedeutet Zusatzausgaben in Höhe von 30 Mrd. Euro bzw. ein Anstieg um 52,4 Prozent gegenüber dem Ist-Wert von 57,2 Mrd. Euro des Jahres 2019. Dabei sind die Finanzhilfen des Bundes stark konzentriert: Auf die fünf gewichtigsten Posten entfallen im Jahr 2021: 51 Prozent des Finanzhilfevolumens, auf die zehn gewichtigsten Posten 62,8 Prozent. Die Autoren beobachten einen besonders starken Anstieg der branchenübergreifenden Hilfen um 36,5 Prozent, was auf die Aufstockung der Umweltsubventionen im Rahmen des Zukunftspakets der Bundesregierung zurückzuführen ist. Die Ausgaben des Zukunftspakets, das im Zuge der Corona-Krise zur Stimulierung der deutschen Wirtschaft aufgelegt wurde, haben anders als die Ausgaben des Bundes mit unmittelbarem Pandemiebezug meist Subventionscharakter. Die Finanzhilfen aus diesem Paket betragen insgesamt 2,2 Mrd. Euro im Jahr 2020 und 18,9 Mrd. Euro im Jahr 2021. The present Kiel subsidy report focuses on the analysis of federal financial assistance in 2021 and the extent to which expenditures in 2020 and 2021 related to the Corona pandemic are subsidies. The authors show that since 2014, federal financial assistance has been on an expansionary trajectory. Including grants from the Future Package, they are expected to rise to an all-time high of 87.2 billion euros in 2021. This means additional spending of EUR 30 billion, or an increase of 52.4 percent compared with the actual figure of EUR 57.2 billion in 2019. At the same time, the federal government's financial assistance is highly concentrated: The five most weighty items account for 51 percent of the financial aid volume in 2021, while the ten most weighty items account for 62.8 percent. The authors observe a particularly strong increase of 36.5 percent in cross-industry aid, for which is explained by the increase in environmental subsidies as part of the federal government's Future Package. Spending under the Future Package, which was launched in the wake of the Corona crisis to stimulate the German economy, is mostly in the nature of a subsidy, unlike federal spending directly related to the pandemic. Financial assistance from this package totals EUR 2.2 billion in 2020 and EUR 18.9 billion in 2021.

     

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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9783894563523
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/247787
    Schriftenreihe: Kieler Beiträge zur Wirtschaftspolitik ; Nr. 37 (Dezember 2021)
    Schlagworte: Fiskalpolitik und Haushalt; Deutschland; Steuerpolitik; Subventionen; Subventionsabbau; Forschungsausgaben; Bildungsausgaben; COVID19; Fiscal Policy & National Budgets; Germany; Tax policy; subsidies; Reduction of Subsidies; Research Expenditures; Education Expenditures; COVID19
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 87 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Demand for multi-year catastrophe insurance contracts
    experimental evidence for mitigating the insurance gap
    Erschienen: November 2021
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    People often fail to insure against catastrophes, even when insurance is subsidized. Even when insuring homes, many homeowners still underinsure the full value of their assets. Some researchers have suggested using long-term insurance contracts to... mehr

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    People often fail to insure against catastrophes, even when insurance is subsidized. Even when insuring homes, many homeowners still underinsure the full value of their assets. Some researchers have suggested using long-term insurance contracts to reduce these insurance gaps. We examine insurance decisions in a computer-administered experiment that makes several contributions to our understanding of insurance decisions. First, we provide additional evidence showing that many people prefer long-term insurance. Offering this type of insurance may thus increase insurance penetration. Second, we find that underinsurance can result from the reluctance to update the sum insured if there are costs involved with this updating. Long-term insurance contracts that automatically consider price changes over time can thus also deliver a reduction in the insurance gap. Third, we find that once people have made a decision, they tend to repeat it, demonstrating a strong preference for the status quo. Our research suggests that using this status quo bias may allow insurance companies to further increase insurance demand. As previously demonstrated, our results confirm that subsidies are ineffective in increasing insurance penetration.

     

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    hdl: 10419/248987
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9442 (2021)
    Schlagworte: individual decision-making; choice under risk; disaster insurance; underinsurance; status quo; subsidies
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Subsídos agrícolas da China: desafios entre a demanda doméstica e os compromissos com a Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC)
    Erschienen: junho de 2021
    Verlag:  Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Brasília

    Chinese society has transformed in recent decades, moving from a predominantly agricultural country to one of the largest economies in the world. However, the accelerated industrialization and urbanization process has created considerable gaps... mehr

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    Chinese society has transformed in recent decades, moving from a predominantly agricultural country to one of the largest economies in the world. However, the accelerated industrialization and urbanization process has created considerable gaps between the rural and urban areas and the opportunity cost of continuing in the countryside has become very high, making it necessary to intervene through subsidy policies that stimulate agricultural production, mainly grains, which were adopted in different ways until the end of the 90s. When China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001, its domestic support had to be within the limits set for all member countries. So, it is important to know how the Asian country faced the growing domestic demand for food and at the same time, how did regulated subsidies according to WTO rules. To this end, data from 2011 to 2016 on Notifications from China were analyzed, which revealed some difficulty in staying within the limits as well as opening up short-term opportunities for several grain supply countries, including Brazil, to increase their exports to China.

     

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    Sprache: Portugiesisch
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/240853
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2659
    Schlagworte: China; domestic support; agricultural policy; subsidies
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Eco-innovation and employment: a task-based analysis
    Erschienen: January 2021
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper provides some of the first evidence of the relationship between eco-innovation and employment. Adopting a O*NET based task approach, in a study of the Dutch firms, we show that eco-innovation has no impact on overall employment. However,... mehr

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    This paper provides some of the first evidence of the relationship between eco-innovation and employment. Adopting a O*NET based task approach, in a study of the Dutch firms, we show that eco-innovation has no impact on overall employment. However, compared to non- eco-innovators there is an 18.2% increase in the number of green jobs (equivalent to 12 new green workers for the average firm). This means an average increase in the share of green workers of around 3.3%. Broadly speaking, the increase in the share of green jobs was driven by a reduction in non-green workers and a smaller but still significant increase in the number of green workers. We further show that subsidy-driven policies, rather than regulation-driven policies positively correlate with the number of green workers.

     

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    hdl: 10419/232780
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 14028
    Schlagworte: eco-innovation; green jobs; subsidies
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 71 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Innovation policy and performance of Eastern European countries
    Erschienen: July 2021
    Verlag:  Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

    This paper shows that EU and national innovation subsidy policies stimulated Central and East-ern Europe Countries (CEEC) productivity in the years after their entry to the EU. However, the average effectiveness of national funding was higher for the... mehr

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    This paper shows that EU and national innovation subsidy policies stimulated Central and East-ern Europe Countries (CEEC) productivity in the years after their entry to the EU. However, the average effectiveness of national funding was higher for the Western control group coun-tries than for the CEEC sample. EU innovation subsidies partly compensated the CEEC for the greater innovation effectiveness and impact of western economies. Although they crowded out innovation projects or funding of local governments at the country level, the subsidies crowded in national and local projects at the firm level. Local/regional state innovation aid to enterprises encouraged no increase in labour productivity in all but one of sample CEEC countries. These impacts are assessed in a sequential structural econometric model estimated using Eurostat’s collection of Community Innovation Surveys covering the years 2006-2014.

     

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    hdl: 10419/250339
    Schriftenreihe: Cardiff economics working papers ; no. E2021, 15
    Schlagworte: innovation policy; European Union; R&D; subsidies
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Subsidizing the spread of Covid19
    evidence from the UK's eat-out-to-help-out scheme
    Autor*in: Fetzer, Thiemo
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  The University of Warwick, Centre for Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy, Department of Economics, Coventry, United Kingdom

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / Centre for Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy ; no. 517 (October 2020)
    Schlagworte: health; externalities; coronavirus; subsidies; consumer spending
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten)
  11. Subsidy reforms in the Middle East and North Africa
    strategic options and their consequences for the social contract
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik gGmbH, Bonn

    After independence, energy and food subsidies became a cornerstone of the social contracts in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. Governments spent heavily to reduce poverty and strengthen their own legitimacy. However, as government... mehr

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    After independence, energy and food subsidies became a cornerstone of the social contracts in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. Governments spent heavily to reduce poverty and strengthen their own legitimacy. However, as government rents faded, subsidy spending became financially unsustainable and foreign donors pressed for reforms. Yet, reform has been challenging for all the governments as subsidies affect all consumers, therefore raising the risk of government delegitimisation. Several publications have analysed the subsidy reforms of various MENA countries, but few have systematically analysed their impacts on the prevailing social contracts. This paper shows that reforms in a key policy field such as subsidy spending can affect the nature of social contracts profoundly and distinctly, depending on the reform strategy. It assesses the reform processes that took place in Morocco, Egypt and Iran primarily between 2010 and 2017, thus before the United States once more tightened sanctions against Iran and before the COVID-19 pandemic broke out. We argue that governments applied distinct strategies to reduce subsidy spending without provoking major social unrest to reforms, with the effect that the social contracts of the three countries changed in quite different ways. Morocco’s government removed most subsidies, especially those that predominantly benefitted the middle-class. [...]

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/232574
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / German Development Institute ; 2021, 12
    Schlagworte: Subvention; Sozialhilfe; Soziale Sicherheit; Politische Reform; Forderung; Ziel; Politische Beteiligung; Subsidy reform; government spending; social contract; government legitimacy; social policy; Middle East and North Africa; Morocco; Egypt; Iran; protection; provision; political participation; subsidies; social cash transfers; public dialogue; information of public policies; repression; compensation measures
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Environmental, redistributive and revenue effects of policies promoting fuel efficient and electric vehicles
    Erschienen: March 2022
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    We analyze welfare implications of policies promoting environmentally friendly vehicles employing rich Swiss micro-data on 23,000 newly purchased cars and their buyers. Our estimates reveal substantial income heterogeneity in price elasticity and... mehr

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    We analyze welfare implications of policies promoting environmentally friendly vehicles employing rich Swiss micro-data on 23,000 newly purchased cars and their buyers. Our estimates reveal substantial income heterogeneity in price elasticity and electric vehicle (EV) adoption. While CO2 levies secure road financing revenue, emissions of the new car fleet only slightly decrease. In contrast, subsidies support EV uptake, and lead to a more pronounced emission reduction. Both instruments have redistributive implications. We compute optimal subsidy - fuel tax combinations subject to a pre-specified EV target and to securing road financing in the presence or absence of equity concerns.

     

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    hdl: 10419/260775
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9645 (2022)
    Schlagworte: electric vehicles; mixed logit; welfare; fuel tax; subsidies; CO2 emissions
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Subsidizing compliance
    a multi-unit price list mechanism for legal fishing nets at Lake Victoria
    Erschienen: February 2022
    Verlag:  Heidelberg University, Department of Economics, Heidelberg

    Like many common-pool resources, the Lake Victoria fisheries are characterized by poor compliance with production input regulations that are intended to reduce overexploitation. To explore the use of input subsidies to increase compliance, we... mehr

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    Like many common-pool resources, the Lake Victoria fisheries are characterized by poor compliance with production input regulations that are intended to reduce overexploitation. To explore the use of input subsidies to increase compliance, we determine the subsidy level required to induce demand for legal fishing nets, thereby 15 compensating fishermen for loss of productivity net of enforcement risk. Our study additionally tests the subsidy-enhancing effect of a norm-nudge. A new multiple price list mechanism for eliciting revealed willingness to pay for multiple units of a production input is developed, adapted to the demands of a challenging field setting, and implemented with 462 fishermen at 20 landings sites on the Tanzanian 20 lakeshore. Consistent with the high prevalence of illegal fishing gear at our sites, we find a zero median demand for legal net panels at local market prices. The subsidy required to shift median demand to at least one legal net panel is a 21% discount. Norm-nudging generates no policy-relevant enhancement of the subsidy.

     

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    hdl: 10419/261076
    Schriftenreihe: AWI discussion paper series ; no. 711 (February 2022)
    Schlagworte: compliance; natural resource management; subsidies
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. When is the electric vehicle market self-sustaining?
    evidence from Norway
    Erschienen: December 2021
    Verlag:  Vienna University of Economics and Business, Wien

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    Schriftenreihe: Department of Economics working paper / Vienna University of Economics and Business ; no. 317
    Schlagworte: electric vehicles; network externalities; critical mass; subsidies
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Os subsídios afetam as exportações agrícolas brasileiras?
    análise a partir de modelos gravitacionais

    The aim of the study is to estimate the effects of domestic support subsidies from third countries on Brazilian agricultural exports. The study contributes to the existing literature by applying to the dataset the subsidies provided by the... mehr

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    The aim of the study is to estimate the effects of domestic support subsidies from third countries on Brazilian agricultural exports. The study contributes to the existing literature by applying to the dataset the subsidies provided by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) for different levels of disaggregation of government support. The gravity model is applied to agricultural flows aggregated and disaggregated by products and to Brazilian and world exports, which allows comparison of results. When considering exports of all agribusiness products, the direct support to the producer (producer support estimate - PSE) has a negative effect on shipments from Brazil in the period analyzed. Considering the General services support estimate (GSSE) and consumer support estimate (CSE), which deal with general subsidies to the sector and support to consumers of agricultural products, respectively, they did not show statistical significance. Starting with a more detailed analysis at the sectoral level, the results were different for different sectors: in relation to soybeans, the main product in the Brazilian agricultural export basket, the product-specific subsidy (single commodity transfers - SCT) did not show statistical significance on Brazilian shipments. In addition, Brazil's corn, pork and beef exports appear to have a positive relationship with subsidies provided by competing countries, while sugar shipments appear to be negatively affected. In the Fisheries and Aquaculture sector, the unavailability of data affected the achievement of econometric results for Brazil, but when considering world exports, it was possible to observe a positive relationship between subsidies and exports, that is, the subsidies provided to fisheries and aquaculture by countries may have contributed to the increase in exports in this sector.

     

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    hdl: 10419/261054
    Schriftenreihe: Texto para discussão / Ipea ; 2739
    Schlagworte: subsidies; domestic support; trade policy; exports
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 77 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Credit constrained firms and government subsidies
    evidence from a European Union program
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Bank for International Settlements, Monetary and Economic Department, [Basel]

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    Schriftenreihe: BIS working papers ; no 984 (December 2021)
    Schlagworte: SMEs; subsidies; credit constraints; emerging market economies; difference-in-differences; credit registry micro-data
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Investments in R&D and production capacity with uncertain breakthrough time
    private versus social incentives
    Erschienen: 19 April 2022
    Verlag:  CentER, Tilburg University, [Tilburg]

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / CentER ; no. 2022, 010
    Schlagworte: Research and development; welfare; innovation; subsidies; monopolist; government
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 63 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. No strings attached
    corporate welfare, state intervention, and the issue of conditionality
    Erschienen: April 2022
    Verlag:  Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne, Germany

    This paper contributes to Comparative Political Economy (CPE), developing an analytical concept of corporate welfare. Corporate welfare - the transfer of public funds and benefits to corporate actors with weak or no conditionality - is a prominent... mehr

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    This paper contributes to Comparative Political Economy (CPE), developing an analytical concept of corporate welfare. Corporate welfare - the transfer of public funds and benefits to corporate actors with weak or no conditionality - is a prominent form of state-business relations that CPE scholarship regularly overlooks and misinterprets. Such transfers should be understood as a structural privilege of business in a globalized post-Fordist capitalism, and an increasingly common strategy through which states attempt to steward national economic dynamism within a highly constrained range of policy options. However, without a well-developed concept of corporate welfare - premised upon the key criterion of conditionality - studies that identify a “return” of the state in industrial planning misrepresent these transfers to business as a reassertion of state influence and control, rather than a reflection of state weakness and subordination. The paper provides the analytical building blocks to properly conceptualize transfers to business, works out the core challenges for empirical research, and provides empirical illustrations of this burgeoning phenomenon from the fields of unconventional monetary policy, privatization, and urban political economy. Der Aufsatz entwickelt ein analytisches Konzept der corporate welfare für die Vergleichende Politische Ökonomie. Corporate welfare - der Transfer öffentlicher Mittel an Unternehmen mit schwachen oder gar keinen Konditionalitäten - ist weitverbreitet und wird regelmäßig übersehen oder falsch eingeordnet. Solche Transfers sollten als strukturelles Privileg von Wirtschaftsunternehmen im postfordistischen Kapitalismus verstanden werden und als eine zunehmend verbreitete Strategie, mit der Staaten versuchen, wirtschaftliche Dynamik innerhalb eines stark eingeschränkten Spektrums politischer Optionen zu erzeugen. Ohne ein entwickeltes Konzept der corporate welfare - das auf dem Schlüsselkriterium der Konditionalität basiert - stellen Studien, die eine Rückkehr der Industriepolitik diagnostizieren, Transfers an Unternehmen fälschlicherweise als Wiederbelebung staatlichen Einflusses dar. Der Aufsatz liefert die analytischen Bausteine für eine angemessene Konzeptualisierung von Transfers an Unternehmen, arbeitet die zentralen Herausforderungen für die empirische Forschung heraus und liefert empirische Illustrationen des Problems aus den Bereichen unkonventionelle Geldpolitik, Privatisierungen und regionale Wirtschaftsförderung.

     

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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 21.11116/0000-000A-5CC8-E
    Schriftenreihe: MPIfG discussion paper ; 22, 2
    Schlagworte: Comparative Political Economy; industrial policy; monetary policy; privatization; structural power; subsidies; Geldpolitik; Industriepolitik; Privatisierung; strukturelle Macht; Subventionen; Vergleichende Politische Ökonomie
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (IV, 28 Seiten), Diagramme
  19. Implications of reforming the agricultural subsidies policy in Ecuador
    the case of rice
    Erschienen: 2020
    Verlag:  GEWISOLA, [Braunschweig]

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    Schlagworte: Microsimulation; subsidies; rice productivity; farmer's well-being; agricultural policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 12 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Sanitation and credit constraints
    the role of labelled microcredit in India's Swacch Bharat Mission subsidy scheme
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, [London]

    Remuneration-post-verification subsidies and microcredit have been postulated as potential solutions to imperfect capital markets and commitment problems that impede lumpy human capital investments, but little is known about the merit of combining... mehr

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    Remuneration-post-verification subsidies and microcredit have been postulated as potential solutions to imperfect capital markets and commitment problems that impede lumpy human capital investments, but little is known about the merit of combining these financing mechanisms. We draw on a cluster RCT in rural India of a sanitation labelled microcredit program, implemented by chance around the onset of a large sanitation policy comprising partial subsidies – Swacch Bharat or ‘Clean India’ Mission. Linking our survey data to government, MFI and credit bureau administrative data, we make two contributions: first, we provide rigorous evidence of the impacts of labelled microcredit on household sanitation investment and borrowing behaviour. By testing empirical predictions of a simple model, we demonstrate that this ubiquitous credit characteristic plays an important role in achieving impacts. Second, we show that sanitation labelled microcredit can complement renumeration-post-verification subsidy provision by relaxing sanitation credit constraints for subsidy ineligible households, and by providing bridge and complementary funding for subsidy eligible households.

     

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    hdl: 10419/254259
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / lnstitute for Fiscal Studies ; 22, 09
    Schlagworte: credit constraints; microcredit; subsidies; sanitation; SBM India
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 82 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. The effect of COVID-19 and emergency policies on Colombian households' income
    Erschienen: enero de 2021
    Verlag:  [Universidad Externado de Colombia, Facultad de Economía], [Bogotá, Colombia]

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    Schriftenreihe: Documentos de trabajo / Universidad Externado de Colombia, Facultad de Economia ; no 67 (2021)
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; pandemic; poverty; income distribution; subsidies; microsimulation; Colombia
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Capital misallocation, agricultural subsidies and productivity
    a European perspective
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Trinity College Dublin, Department of Economics, Dublin

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    Schriftenreihe: TEP working paper ; no. 21, 02 (April 2021)
    Schlagworte: Resource misallocation; productivity; subsidies; agriculture
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Japan's low inflation conundrum
    Erschienen: June 2022
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    The paper analyses the reasons for Japan's persistently low inflation since the bursting of the Japanese bubble economy (low inflation conundrum). It is shown that Japan experienced a structural break from a high-growth period with relatively high... mehr

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    The paper analyses the reasons for Japan's persistently low inflation since the bursting of the Japanese bubble economy (low inflation conundrum). It is shown that Japan experienced a structural break from a high-growth period with relatively high inflation to a low-growth period with exceptionally low inflation since the early 1990s. We show based on a stylized accounting model, how funds are created in a country open to international capital flows by domestic savings, credit creation of banks and net capital inflows, being absorbed either by rising asset prices, newly issued bonds or more money being held. Government expenditure financed by government bond purchases of commercial banks is shown to be an important channel of money creation in Japan's post-bubble period. With the price level being assumed to be dependent on both goods with free market prices and goods with prices controlled by the government we show that inflation in Japan has been kept low by mainly three factors directly or indirectly influenced by the Bank of Japan: increased money holding of households and corporations, central bank-backed debt-financed price controls and net capital outflows.

     

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    hdl: 10419/263751
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9821 (2022)
    Schlagworte: Japan; inflation; monetary policy; money supply; fiscal policy; asset prices inflation; balance of payments; price controls; subsidies
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Child care in the United States
    markets, policy, and evidence
    Erschienen: September 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Participation in non-parental child care arrangements is now the norm for preschool-age children in the U.S. However, child care services are becoming increasingly expensive for many families, and quality is highly uneven across providers and... mehr

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    Participation in non-parental child care arrangements is now the norm for preschool-age children in the U.S. However, child care services are becoming increasingly expensive for many families, and quality is highly uneven across providers and sectors, raising questions about the impact of child care costs and quality on parental employment and child development. The U.S. policy landscape is dominated by three policies that subsidize costs for low-income families or attempt to improve the safety and quality of providers: Child Care and Development Fund, regulations, and quality rating and improvement systems. In this paper, I provide a thorough review of the evidence on each policy, focusing on how they influence a wide range of family and provider outcomes. The paper begins with a detailed description of the structure and functioning of the child care market, using the most up-to-date data on families' utilization of care services and provider characteristics. I then draw on a diverse set of studies across multiple fields to summarize the evidence on the impact of child care policy. In the final section of the paper, I offer recommendations for future research in each policy area.

     

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    hdl: 10419/265768
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15547
    Schlagworte: child care; subsidies; regulations; maternal employment; child development
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Die Bundesausgaben in Zeiten von Corona im Fokus des Kieler Bundesausgabenmonitors
    eine Strukturanalyse
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Kiel Institut für Weltwirtschaft - Leibniz Zentrum zur Erforschung globaler ökonomischer Herausforderungen, Kiel

    Der Kieler Bundesausgabenmonitor stellt eine Erweiterung des Kieler Subventionsberichts dar. Es werden nicht nur die Finanzhilfen des Bundes dokumentiert, sondern die gesamten Bundesausgaben im Zeitraum von 2000 bis 2021. Dabei werden die Ausgaben... mehr

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    Der Kieler Bundesausgabenmonitor stellt eine Erweiterung des Kieler Subventionsberichts dar. Es werden nicht nur die Finanzhilfen des Bundes dokumentiert, sondern die gesamten Bundesausgaben im Zeitraum von 2000 bis 2021. Dabei werden die Ausgaben nach einem funktionellen Gliederungsschema dargestellt, das Umverteilungsausgaben im weitesten Sinne, Ausgaben für Produktionsleistungen der Vergangenheit, Ausgaben mit Produktionseffekten in der laufenden Periode, Ausgaben mit Produktionseffekten in der Zukunft, auslandswirksame Zahlungen sowie Sonstiges umfasst. Die Autoren stellen fest, dass über den Beobachtungszeitraum hinweg die Sozialausgaben mit einem Anteilswert zwischen 35 und 40 Prozent der bereinigten Bundesausgaben dominieren. Auch haben am aktuellen Rand die Finanzhilfen deutlich zugenommen, die nunmehr mit knapp 19 Prozent auf dem zweiten Platz der Ausgabenkategorien rangieren. Daraus wird die Schlussfolgerung gezogen, dass die Neigung der politisch Verantwortlichen, Subventionen zu verteilen, im Gefolge der Corona-Krise deutlich zugenommen hat. In diesem Zusammenhang weisen die Autoren darauf hin, dass im Jahr 2021 der Bund aus dem Zukunftspaket Unternehmen mit knapp 20 Mrd. Euro zusätzlich bezuschusst hat, die nicht als sachnotwendige Entschädigungen infolge des Lockdowns gewertet werden können. Diese Mittel haben somit nicht der Stabilisierung der Wirtschaft in der Corona-Krise gedient, sondern haben als Mittel selektiver Industriepolitik eindeutig Finanzhilfecharakter. Vor dem Hintergrund der Einrichtung eines Sondervermögens für Verteidigungszwecke über 100 Mrd. Euro, regen die Autoren an, zur Gegenfinanzierung nicht nur die künftigen Generationen heranzuziehen, sondern auch laufende Subventionen abzubauen. The Kiel Federal Expenditure Monitor is an extension of the Kiel Subsidy Report. It documents not only federal financial assistance but also total federal spending in the period from 2000 to 2021. The Expenditure Monitor presents spending according to a functional classification scheme that includes redistributive spending in the broadest sense, past output spending, current-period output spending, future-period output spending, outgoing payments, and other expenditures. The authors note that over the observation period, redistributive spending dominates with a share of between 35 and 40 percent of adjusted federal spending. Moreover, at the current edge, financial assistance has increased significantly, now ranking second among expenditure categories at just under 19 percent. From these findings the authors conclude that the propensity of policymakers to distribute subsidies has increased significantly in the wake of the Corona crisis. In this context, the authors point out that in 2021 the federal government subsidized companies to the tune of almost EUR 20 billion additionally from the Future Package, which cannot be classified as material compensation as a result of the lockdown. These funds have therefore not served to stabilize the economy in the Corona crisis but, as a means of selective industrial policy, clearly have the character of financial aid. Against the backdrop of the establishment of a special fund for defense purposes worth 100 billion euros, the authors suggest that not only future generations should be called upon to provide the counter-financing, but that in addition current subsidies should be reduced.

     

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    Sprache: Deutsch
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    ISBN: 9783894563561
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/265142
    Schriftenreihe: Kieler Beiträge zur Wirtschaftspolitik ; Nr. 41 (September 2022)
    Schlagworte: Fiskalpolitik und Haushalt; Deutschland; Steuerpolitik; Subventionen; Subventionsabbau; Bundesausgaben; fiscal policy and budget; Germany; tax policy; subsidies; subsidy reduction; federal spending
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 91 Seiten), Illustrationen