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  1. How do economies in EU-CEE cope with labour shortages?
    Autor*in: Astrov, Vasily; Leitner, Sebastian; Grieveson, Richard; Hanzl-Weiss, Doris; Mara, Isilda; Weinberger-Vidovic, Hermine
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Verein "Wiener Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche" (wiiw), Wien

    The EU member states in Central and Eastern Europe (EU-CEE) were experiencing rising labour shortages prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, and ongoing demographic decline means that the issue is likely to resurface once the pandemic is over. As a result,... mehr

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    The EU member states in Central and Eastern Europe (EU-CEE) were experiencing rising labour shortages prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, and ongoing demographic decline means that the issue is likely to resurface once the pandemic is over. As a result, the bargaining power of labour has increased, wages have been generally rising ahead of labour productivity, and industrial action (strikes) - the level of which has remained low in recent decades - has emerged in some instances. In the face of labour and skill shortages, people have been investing in education. The share of employees with tertiary education has increased and vocational training has gained in importance, although active labour market policies have been used only selectively. Employers have increasingly been investing in fixed assets, especially in manufacturing, and the degree of robotisation has risen strongly. Despite domestic concerns that automation would generate massive job losses, our findings suggest that capital deepening has taken place faster where labour was in higher demand. Thus, labour was not substituted with capital, but rather the complementary effect prevailed. Employment actually increased in EU-CEE over the past two decades. Employers could hire not only the formerly unemployed, but also the formerly inactive, and used the relaxed immigration policies to attract foreign workers, especially from Ukraine and the Western Balkan countries. Czechia, Hungary, Slovenia and Slovakia have become net receivers of migrants, while in Bulgaria and Poland immigration largely compensates for the natives who go abroad. However, immigration from non-European countries as a general solution to the problem of labour shortages in EU-CEE is highly problematic in the current domestic political context. Overall, both our findings for the EU-CEE region over recent years and the experience of Western Europe during the 'golden age' (1950-1973) suggest that labour shortages are not in themselves an obstacle to rapid structural change and income growth. However, for such an economic model to be sustainable, more active government policies will be needed, such as greater public investment in education and training, higher minimum wages in order to encourage automation, and more extensive welfare networks in order to deal with the possible negative short-run side-effects of automation.

     
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    hdl: 10419/240652
    Schriftenreihe: Research report / wiiw ; 452 (February 2021)
    Schlagworte: labour shortages; trade unions; migration policy; active labour market policy; investment; FS]vocational training; "golden age"; populism
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 80 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Idealnie nieidealny Instrument
    rola testu rynku pracy w procedurach zatrudniania cudzoziemców
    Autor*in: Wiatrów, Marcin
    Erschienen: marzec 2021
    Verlag:  Ośrodek Badań nad Migracjami, [Warsaw]

    Contemporary developed countries try to balance between maximizing the economic benefits of migration and avoiding the negative consequences of migration. States operate in a situation where it is difficult to precisely define the "real" scale of the... mehr

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    Contemporary developed countries try to balance between maximizing the economic benefits of migration and avoiding the negative consequences of migration. States operate in a situation where it is difficult to precisely define the "real" scale of the labour demand through migration and openly declare the goals to achieve. One of the instruments that respond well to this dilemma is the labour market test (LMT). The LMT is a procedure set to ensure that a foreigner is only hired when a local employee cannot be found. However, the common use of LMT is accompanied by the no less common belief that it is ineffective. Only partially the prevalence of LMT can be explained by the process of mutual learning or, as in the case of the EU, by the process of European integration. The benefits of the LMT are much more important, i.e. the possibility of clear articulation of the protection of the labour market, ensuring a high level of discretion, which allows for adaptation to a given situation and the possibility of "negotiating" between various actors. The possibility of not using the LMT plays an equally important role. The LMT has a different function depending on the migration, economic and political situation of a given country. Therefore an in-depth analysis at the level of an individual country plays a significant role in understanding it. On the example of Poland, it was shown what factors shaped the LMT, the importance of its exclusions and its practical functioning.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: CMR working papers ; 124 = 182
    Schlagworte: labour market test; labour migration; migration policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten)
  3. Future migration flows to the EU
    adapting policy to the new reality in a managed and sustainable way
    Autor*in: Grieveson, Richard; Landesmann, Michael; Mara, Isilda
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Verein "Wiener Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche" (wiiw), Wien

    Even in a baseline scenario in terms of climate change and conflict in the EU's neighbouring regions, there is likely to be a substantial increase in the number of people trying to reach the EU in the coming decades. Moreover, an ever larger share of... mehr

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    Even in a baseline scenario in terms of climate change and conflict in the EU's neighbouring regions, there is likely to be a substantial increase in the number of people trying to reach the EU in the coming decades. Moreover, an ever larger share of those seeking to reach Europe are likely to come from Africa and the Middle East. Migration and integration policy will have to recognise this fact. In this policy note, we do three things. First, we assess the push and pull factors for migration to the EU, provide an overview of the debates about migration in the EU currently, and how these create the structures within which politicians can act. Second, we give an overview of EU policy on migration as it stands, and in particular its evolution since the migration and refugee crisis of 2015-2016. Finally, we detail our proposals for how EU migration policy should evolve in order to meet the challenges that the coming decades will bring. We conclude that the EU must manage future migration flows via a partnership approach, particularly in relation to Africa. The EU should also encourage circular migration, be flexible, devote sufficient resources to support refugees in its neighbouring regions, tackle integration challenges, and communicate properly and honestly.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Policy notes and reports ; 49 (May 2021)
    Schlagworte: Africa; Middle East; Eastern EU partnership countries; migration; migration policy; demographic developments; refugees; migration policies
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Does welcoming refugees attract more migrants?
    the myth of the "Merkel effect"
    Autor*in: Tjaden, Jasper Dag; Heidland, Tobias
    Erschienen: 08/2021
    Verlag:  Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Kiel

    In 2015, German Chancellor Angela Merkel decided to allow over a million asylum seekers to cross the border into Germany. One key concern at the time was that her decision would signal an open-door policy to aspiring migrants worldwide – thus,... mehr

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    In 2015, German Chancellor Angela Merkel decided to allow over a million asylum seekers to cross the border into Germany. One key concern at the time was that her decision would signal an open-door policy to aspiring migrants worldwide – thus, increasing migration to Germany in the long-term. With the continued global rise in forced displacement, Merkel’s decision in 2015 provides a unique case study for the fundamental question of whether welcoming migration policies have sustained effects on migration towards destination countries. We analyze an extensive range of data on migration inflows, intentions, and interest between 2000 and 2020. The results reject the “pull effect” hypothesis while reaffirming states’ capacity to adapt to changing contexts and regulate migration.

     
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    hdl: 10419/240206
    Schriftenreihe: Kiel working paper ; no. 2194 (August 2021)
    Schlagworte: Migrationspolitik; Asylpolitik; Wirkung; Auswirkung; Einwanderung; Einwanderer; Entwicklung; Tendenz; migration; migration policy; asylum and refugee policy; policy signaling; pull effects
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Point Systems, Migration Policy, and International Students Flow
    Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom
    Autor*in: Li, Jing
    Erschienen: 2013
    Verlag:  LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken

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    ISBN: 9783659468766; 3659468762
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    9783659468766
    Auflage/Ausgabe: 1. Aufl.
    Weitere Schlagworte: (Produktform)Electronic book text; Higher Education; high-skilled immigrants; (VLB-WN)1497: Ratgeber/Recht, Beruf, Finanzen/Ausbildung, Beruf, Karriere; Australia; New Zealand; UK; Canada; international student; academic mobility; migration policy; point systems
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  6. Post-enlargement migration and the Great Recession in the E(M)U
    lessons and policy implications
    Autor*in: Kahanec, Martin; Zimmermann, Klaus F.
    Erschienen: 2016
    Verlag:  Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU‐MERIT), Maastricht, the Netherlands

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / United Nations University, UNU-MERIT ; #2016, 066
    Schlagworte: EU enlargement; free movement of workers; labour mobility; migration policy; business cycle; stabilisation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten)
  7. The global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration in the context of the Arab region
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  ESCWA, Beirut, Lebanon

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    Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Bibliothek
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    Schriftenreihe: Situation report on international migration ; 2019
    Schlagworte: Internationale Migration; Umsiedlung; Migrationspolitik; Arabische Staaten; governance; international migration; migration; migration policy; migration statistics; social development; sustainable development
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 224 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. A transnational social contract
    how the South Indian state of Kerala justifies social protection policies towards non-resident keralites
    Autor*in: Burmeister-Rudolph, Mira
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  International Migration Institute network (IMI), [Amsterdam]

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    Schriftenreihe: Working papers / International Migration Institute ; paper no. 172
    Schlagworte: Social protection; emigration; migration policy; welfare state expansion; subnationalgovernment; India; Kerala
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten)
  9. Econometric modelling of managerial decisions at the macro and micro levels
    monograph
    Beteiligt: Ivanova, Natalia (HerausgeberIn); Kozhukhova, Tetiana (HerausgeberIn)
    Erschienen: 2021
    Verlag:  Technology Center, Kharkiv, Ukraine

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  10. Migration policy and labor market integration
    Autor*in: Mitterbacher, Kerstin; Fleiß, Jürgen; Palan, Stefan
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  University of Graz, School of Business, Economics and Social Sciences, [Graz]

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / School of Business, Economics and Social Sciences, University of Graz ; 2022, 02 (August 16, 2022)
    Schlagworte: economic migration; labor market integration; location choice; migration policy
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  11. Analyzing the characteristics of international migration in the Philippines using the 2018 national migration survey
    Autor*in: Tabuga, Aubrey D.; Baiño, Madeleine Louise S.; Vargas, Anna Rita P.
    Erschienen: December 2021
    Verlag:  Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines

    In spite of the significant contribution of international migration to the Philippine economy, there has not been any government survey that can provide a nationally representative information on such phenomenon until 2018 with the conduct of the... mehr

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    In spite of the significant contribution of international migration to the Philippine economy, there has not been any government survey that can provide a nationally representative information on such phenomenon until 2018 with the conduct of the National Migration Survey (NMS) by the Philippine Statistics Authority. The 2018 NMS provides a reliable dataset that can be used to characterize migration phenomenon including international migration. This study took advantage of the presence of such data and examined the characteristics of international migration behavior of Filipinos for purposes of developing stylized facts and putting forward policy insights for improving migration-related and other development policies. The results show that Filipinos have a greater tendency for international migration when compared to the global average. Filipino international migrants move when at their prime ages. Some subnational regions like Ilocos Region, ARMM, Cagayan Valley, and NCR have a greater tendency or capacity for sending international migrants than others. Compared to the general population, international migrants are relatively more educated. International migration by Filipinos is mainly driven by economic reasons. Many Overseas Filipino Workers, particularly women, engaged in elementary occupations (61% of total). Majority of migrants leave children behind, many of whom are minors. Nearly half of first-time migrants did not have a job prior to movement. Not all of the migrants used work visas in entering their destination. Some used tourist visas while others did not need visas. [...]

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Philippine Institute for Development Studies ; no. 2021, 40 (December 2021)
    Schlagworte: international migration; OFW; migration behavior; Philippine migration; migration policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. International trade liberalization and domestic institutional reform
    effects of WTO accession on Chinese internal migration policy
    Autor*in: Tian, Yuan
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  University of Nottingham, GEP, [Nottingham]

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; research paper 2020, 17
    Schlagworte: trade liberalization; institution; migration policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 102 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. The economics of internal migration
    advances and policy questions
    Autor*in: Jia, Ning; Molloy, Raven S.; Smith, Christopher L.; Wozniak, Abigail
    Erschienen: January 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We review developments in research on within-country migration, focusing on internal migration in the U.S. We begin by describing approaches to modelling individuals' migration decisions and equilibrium outcomes across local areas. Next, we summarize... mehr

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    We review developments in research on within-country migration, focusing on internal migration in the U.S. We begin by describing approaches to modelling individuals' migration decisions and equilibrium outcomes across local areas. Next, we summarize evidence regarding the impact of migration on individuals' outcomes, implications of migration for local labor market adjustment, and interactions between migration and housing markets. Finally, we discuss evidence on the efficacy of policies aimed at encouraging migration and conclude by highlighting important unanswered questions that are critical for informing migration-related policy.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250708
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15047
    Schlagworte: migration; internal migration; labor market adjustment; housing markets; migration policy; migration theory
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Polityka migracyjna "bez polityki"
    antynomie tworzenia polityki migracyjnej w polsce w okresie 2016-2022
    Autor*in: Łodziński, Sławomir; Szonert, Marek
    Erschienen: 2023
    Verlag:  Ośrodek Badań nad Migracjami, Luty

    The article focuses on the analysis of the evolution of work on Polish migration policy in the period 2016-2022. The first date is set by events related to the migration crisis in Europe (and its political reception in Poland) and the official... mehr

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    The article focuses on the analysis of the evolution of work on Polish migration policy in the period 2016-2022. The first date is set by events related to the migration crisis in Europe (and its political reception in Poland) and the official withdrawal from the state's migration policy program adopted in 2012. The second date is set by the humanitarian crisis on the PolishBelarusian border (occurring since August 2021 until today, although now with less intensity) and the effects of the war in Ukraine and the reception of war refugees from this country in Poland. At that time, the migration status of our country changed from a typical emigration country to an emigration and immigration country, mainly due to economic migrations based on the dominance of short-term and circular migrations (mainly from Ukraine). In the article, we draw attention to the fundamental importance of the lack of clear goals of the state's migration policy and the lack of rules for their implementation. This mainly concerned the failure to reach a compromise between the goals related to the interests of the economy and the demographic needs of the society and the narrowly understood priorities of maintaining state security. This gave rise to both internal competition between individual institutions within the central administration, and was conducive to high political sensitivity of work on developing the program of this policy. Its effect was that the state's migration policy took on the character of a public policy without politics, i.e. consistent actions in various fields of migration (such as the labor market, Polish diaspora policy, border protection and refugee policy) without a broader political and an official discussion about its long-term goals. This situation was also conducive to the emergence of antinomies in its functioning consisting in the gap between the proclaimed slogans of security and the actual course of migration, leading to "unintentional consequences" in its functioning (Adamczyk 2021).

     
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    hdl: 10419/296934
    Schriftenreihe: CMR working papers ; 130 = 188
    Schlagworte: migration policy; new institutionalism; model of “garbage policy”; institutional bricolage; Poland
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten)
  15. Time, space and skills in designing migration policy
    Autor*in: Burzynski, Michal
    Erschienen: September, 2016
    Verlag:  Center for Research in Economics and Management, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Law, Economics and Finance, Luxembourg

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; 2016, 12
    Schlagworte: migration policy; temporary migration; discrete choice models; H1B visas
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. How do economies in EU-CEE cope with labour shortages?
    study update from wiiw research report 452
    Autor*in: Astrov, Vasily; Grieveson, Richard; Hanzl-Weiss, Doris; Leitner, Sebastian; Mara, Isilda; Weinberger-Vidovic, Hermine; Zavarská, Zuzana
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Verein "Wiener Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche" (wiiw), Wien

    The EU member states in Central and Eastern Europe (EU-CEE) have been experiencing increasing labour shortages, which only briefly subsided in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Ongoing demographic decline suggests that labour shortages will only get... mehr

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    The EU member states in Central and Eastern Europe (EU-CEE) have been experiencing increasing labour shortages, which only briefly subsided in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Ongoing demographic decline suggests that labour shortages will only get stronger over time. As a result, the bargaining power of labour has increased, wages have been generally rising ahead of labour productivity, and industrial action (strikes) - the level of which has remained low in recent decades - has emerged in some instances. In the face of labour and skill shortages, people have been investing in education. The share of employees with tertiary education has increased, and vocational training has gained in importance, although active labour market policies have been used only selectively. Employers have increasingly been investing in fixed assets, especially in manufacturing, and the degree of robotisation has risen strongly. Despite domestic concerns that automation would generate massive job losses, our findings suggest that capital deepening has taken place faster where labour was in higher demand. Thus, labour was not substituted with capital, but rather the complementary effect prevailed. Employment actually increased in EU-CEE over the past two decades - despite the shrinking working-age population. Employers could hire not only the formerly unemployed, but also the formerly inactive, and used the relaxed immigration policies to attract foreign workers, especially from Ukraine and the Western Balkans. Czechia, Hungary, Slovenia and Slovakia and most recently Poland have become net receivers of migrants, while in Bulgaria immigration largely compensates for the natives who go abroad. However, immigration from non-European countries as a general solution to the problem of labour shortages in the region is highly problematic in the current domestic political context. Overall, both our findings for the EU-CEE region over recent years and the experience of Western Europe during the 'golden age' (1950- 1973) suggest that labour shortages are not in themselves an obstacle to rapid structural change and income growth. However, for such an economic model to be sustainable, more active government policies will be needed, such as greater public investment in education and training, higher minimum wages in order to encourage automation, and more extensive welfare networks in order to deal with the possible negative short-run side-effects of automation.

     
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    hdl: 10419/278230
    Schriftenreihe: Research report / wiiw ; 463 (November 2022)
    Schlagworte: labour shortages; trade unions; migration policy; active labour market policy; investment; vocational training; 'golden age'; populism
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 80 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Social assistance and refugee crime
    Autor*in: Auer, Daniel; Slotwinski, Michaela; Ahrens, Achim; Hangartner, Dominik; Kurer, Selina; Kurt, Stefanie; Stutzer, Alois
    Erschienen: April 2024
    Verlag:  CESifo, Munich, Germany

    Despite intense policy debates, the relationship between social welfare and refugee crime remains understudied. Taking steps to address this gap, our study focuses on Switzerland, where mobility restrictions on exogenously assigned refugees coincide... mehr

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    Despite intense policy debates, the relationship between social welfare and refugee crime remains understudied. Taking steps to address this gap, our study focuses on Switzerland, where mobility restrictions on exogenously assigned refugees coincide with cantons’ autonomy in setting social assistance rates. Linking time-varying cantonal benefit rates between 2009 and 2016 to individual-level administrative data, we find that higher social assistance reduces criminal charges, especially for petty crimes and drug offenses. In light of limited (short-run) repercussions for refugees’ labor market participation, our results suggest social assistance can be a cost-effective measure to improve refugee welfare and enhance public safety.

     
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    hdl: 10419/296140
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working papers ; 11051 (2024)
    Schlagworte: immigration; crime; welfare benefits; refugees; migration policy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Changing the migration narrative
    on the power of discourse, propaganda and truth distortion
    Autor*in: Haas, Hein de
    Erschienen: 2024
    Verlag:  International Migration Institute network (IMI), [Amsterdam]

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    Schriftenreihe: Working papers / International Migration Institute ; paper 181 (May 2024)
    Schlagworte: migration policy; migration narratives; public engagement
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten)
  19. Researching the politics of knowledge in migration policy
    Autor*in: Natter, Katharina
    Erschienen: [2024]
    Verlag:  International Migration Institute network (IMI), [Amsterdam]

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    Schriftenreihe: Working papers / International Migration Institute ; paper 179 (March 2024)
    PACES project working paper ; no. 2
    Schlagworte: migration policy; knowledge; power
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten), Illustrationne
  20. The COVID-19 and Filipino migrant workers
    looking into the Philippine government's post-COVID-19 support mechanism
    Autor*in: Tabuga, Aubrey D.; Vargas, Anna Rita P.; Baiño, Madeleine Louise S.
    Erschienen: December 2022
    Verlag:  Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines

    The COVID-19 was an unprecedented event that tested the capacity of the Philippine government in keeping migrant workers and their families protected and secured. It was not only a matter of simple repatriation process, but this also entailed a... mehr

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    The COVID-19 was an unprecedented event that tested the capacity of the Philippine government in keeping migrant workers and their families protected and secured. It was not only a matter of simple repatriation process, but this also entailed a multi-dimensional system that encompasses repatriation, health interventions (e.g., testing for COVID-19, treatment, and health monitoring), accommodation and logistical support for quarantine, and economic interventions in the form of financial grants to eligible workers, among others. Existing policy frameworks have guided government response whenever applicable, however nothing has prepared the system for the scale of effects that the COVID-19 pandemic has brought. Thus, managing the influx of returning overseas migrants in the tens and even hundreds of thousands required no less than a whole-ofnation approach. Government agencies involved were forced to expand their networks, innovate their systems, and adapt to the changing events. This entailed a range of interrelated activities and programs that were facilitated by close collaboration and consistent communication among various actors. Based on the findings of the paper, it is crucial to build on the existing digital systems created during this period, strengthen newly formed and existing partnerships, reexamine OFW's insurance and social protection coverage, and consider the creation of, or expansion of existing, contingency fund to address future events of similar nature and magnitude.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Philippine Institute for Development Studies ; no. 2022, 58 (December 2022)
    Schlagworte: overseas Filipino workers; COVID-19 response; migration policy; crisis management
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. Integration of immigrants in host countries
    what we know and what works
    Autor*in: Frattini, Tommaso
    Erschienen: March 2017
    Verlag:  Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, [Milano]

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    Schriftenreihe: Development studies working papers / Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano ; n. 427
    Schlagworte: migration policy; citizenship; refugee migration
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen